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An Integrated Approach to Crop Genetic Improvement

journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第4期54卷 250-259页

作者： Martin A.j.Parry malcolm j.hawkesford Rothamsted Research Plant Science Department

The balance between the supply and demand of the major food crops is fragile, fueling concerns for long-term global food security. The rising population, increasing wealth and a proliferation of non- food uses （e.g. bioenergy） has led to growing demands on agricul- ture, while increased production is limited by greater urbanization, and the degradation of land. Furthermore, global climate change with increasing temperatures and lower, more erratic rainfall is projected to decrease agricultural yields. There is a predicted need to increase food production by at least 70% by 2050 and there- fore an urgent need to develop novel and integrated approaches, incorporating high-throughput phenotyping that will both increaseproduction per unit area and simultaneously improve the resource use efficiency of crops. Yield potential, yield stability, nutrient and water use are all complex multigenic traits and while there is genetic variability, their complexity makes such traits difficult to breed for directly. Nevertheless molecular plant breeding has the potential to deliver substantial improvements, once the component traits and the genes underlying these traits have been identified. In addition, interactions between the individual traits must also be taken into account, a demand that is difficult to fulfill with traditional screening approaches. Identified traits will be incorporated into new cultivars using conventional or biotechnological tools. In order to better understand the relationship between genotype, component traits, and environment over time, a multidisciplinary approach must be adopted to both understand the underlying processes and identify candidate genes, QTLs and traits that can be used to develop improved crops.

关键词： Germpiasm variation nitrogen TILLING transformation trait water wheat yield.

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Iron deprivation results in a rapid but not sustained increase of the expression of genes involved in iron metabolism and sulfate uptake in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2014年第1期56卷 88-100页

作者： Anna Rita Paolacci Silvia Celletti Giulio Catarcione malcolm j.hawkesford Stefania Astolfi Mario Ciaffi DAFNE University of Tuscia via S.C.de Lellis 01100 Rothamsted Research West Common Harpenden

Characterization of the relationship between sulfur and iron in both Strategy I and Strategy II plants, has proven that low sulfur availability often limits plant capability to cope with iron shortage. Here it was investigated whether the adaptation to iron deficiency in tomato （Solanum lycopersicum L.） plants was associated with an increased root sulfate uptake and translocation capacity, and modified dynamics of total sulfur and thiols accumulation between roots and shoots. Most of the tomato sulfate transporter genes belonging to Groups 1, 2, and 4 were significantly upregulated in iron-deficient roots, as it commonly occurs under S-deficient conditions. The upregulation of the two high affinity sulfate transporter genes, SlST1.1 and SlST1.2, by iron deprivation clearly suggests an increased root capability to take up sulfate. Furthermore, the upregulation of the two low affinity sulfate transporter genes SlST2.1 and SlST4.1 in iron-deficient roots, accompanied by a substantial accumulation of total sulfur and thiols in shoots of＆amp;nbsp;iron-starved plants, likely supports an increased root-to-shoot translocation of sulfate. Results suggest that tomato plants exposed to iron-deficiency are able to change sulfur metabolic balance mimicking sulfur starvation responses to meet the increased demand for methionine and its derivatives, al owing them to cope with this stress.

关键词： Iron strategy I sulfate accumulation sulfate transporters tomato

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Time series canopy phenotyping enables the identification of genetic variants controlling dynamic phenotypes in soybean

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2023年第1期65卷 117-132页

作者： Delin Li Dong Bai Yu Tian Ying-Hui Li Chaosen Zhao Qi Wang Shiyu Guo Yongzhe Gu Xiaoyan Luan Ruizhen Wang jinliang Yang malcolm j.hawkesford james C.Schnable Xiuliang jin Li-juan Qiu The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement(NFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Enhancement(MOA)/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology(Beijing)(MOA) Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081 China Crops Research Institute of jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanchang 330200 China College of Agriculture Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China Soybean Research Institute Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA Plant Sciences Department Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenHertfordshire AL52JQ UK

Advances in plant phenotyping technologies are dramatically reducing the marginal costs of collecting multiple phenotypic measurements across several time ***,most current approaches and best statistical practices implemented to link genetic and phenotypic variation in plants have been developed in an era of single-time-point ***,we used time-series phenotypic data collected with an unmanned aircraft system for a large panel of soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)varieties to identify previously uncharacterized ***,we focused on the dissection of canopy coverage(CC)variation from this rich data *** also inferred the speed of canopy closure,an additional dimension of CC,from the time-series data,as it may represent an important trait for weed ***-wide association studies(GWASs)identified 35 loci exhibiting dynamic associations with CC across developmental *** time-series data enabled the identification of 10 known flowering time and plant height quantitative trait loci(QTLs)detected in previous studies of adult plants and the identification of novel QTLs influencing *** novel QTLs were disproportionately likely to act earlier in development,which may explain why they were missed in previous single-time-point ***,this time-series data set contributed to the high accuracy of the GWASs,which we evaluated by permutation tests,as evidenced by the repeated identification of loci across multiple time *** novel loci showed evidence of adaptive selection during domestication,with different genotypes/haplotypes favored in different geographic *** summary,the time-series data,with soybean CC as an example,improved the accuracy and statistical power to dissect the genetic basis of traits and offered a promising opportunity for crop breeding with quantitative growth curves.

关键词： canopy coverage dynamic regulation GWAS soybean time series unmanned aircraft system

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Effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Dy10 on wheat dough properties and end-use quality

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农业科学学报:英文版 2023年第6期22卷 1609-1617页

作者： WANG Yan GUO Zhen-ru CHEN Qing LI Yang ZHAO Kan WAN Yong-fang malcolm jhawkesford jIANG Yun-feng KONG Li PU Zhi-en DENG Mei jIANG Qian-tao LAN Xiu-jin WANG ji-rui CHEN Guo-yue MA jian ZHENG You-liang WEI Yu-ming QI Peng-fei State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China Chengdu 611130P.R.China Triticeae Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu 611130P.R.China Rothamsted Research Harpenden AL52JQUK

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GSs) are the most critical grain storage proteins that determine the unique processing qualities of wheat. Although it is a part of the superior HMW-GS pair(Dx5+Dy10), the contribution of the Dy10 subunit to wheat processing quality remains unclear. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Dy10 on wheat processing quality by generating and analyzing a deletion mutant(with the Dy10-null allele), and by elucidating the changes to wheat flour following the incorporation of purified Dy10. The Dy10-null allele was transcribed normally,but the Dy10 subunit was lacking. These findings implied that the Dy10-null allele reduced the glutenin:gliadin ratio and negatively affected dough strength(i.e., Zeleny sedimentation value, gluten index, and dough development and stability times) and the bread-making quality;however, it positively affected the biscuit-making quality. The incorporation of various amounts of purified Dy10 into wheat flour had a detrimental effect on biscuit-making quality. The results of this study demonstrate that the Dy10 subunit is essential for maintaining wheat dough strength. Furthermore, the Dy10-null allele may be exploited by soft wheat breeding programs.

关键词： HMW-GS nonsense mutation Dy10-null allele end-use quality

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The Sulfate Transporter Family in Wheat： Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Relation to Nutrition

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Molecular Plant 2010年第2期3卷 374-389页

作者： Peter Buchner Saroj Parmar Anne Kriegel Magali Carpentier malcolm j. hawkesford Rothamsted Research Plant Science Department West Common Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK Molecular Plant Nutrition University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany

Sulfate uptake and distribution in plants are managed by the differential expression of a family of transporters, developmentally, spatially, and in response to sulfur nutrition. Elucidation of the signaling pathways involved requires a knowledge of the component parts and their interactions. Here, the expression patterns of the full complement of sulfate transporters in wheat, as influenced by development and sulfur nutrition, are described. The 10 wheat sulfate transporters characterized here are compared to the gene families for both rice and Brachypodium, for whom full genome information is available. Expression is reported in young seedlings with a focus on roles in uptake from nutrient solution and differential expression in relation to sulfate deprivation. In addition, patterns of expression in all organs at the grain filling stage are reported and indicate differential responses to nutritional signals of the individual transporters in specific tissues and an overall coordination of uptake, storage, and remobilization to deliver sulfur to the developing grain.

关键词： Sulfate transporter wheat transcriptional regulation sulfur nutrition grain filling.

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Identification of Differentially Senescing Mutants of Wheat and Impacts on Yield,Biomass and Nitrogen Partitioning

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journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第8期54卷 555-566页

作者： Adinda P.Derkx Simon Orford Simon Griffiths M.john Foulkes malcolm j. hawkesford Plant Biology and Crop Science Department Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK Division of Plant&Crop Sciences School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusNr LoughboroughLE12 5RDUK john Innes Centre Norwich Research ParkColneyNorwich NR4 7UHUK

Increasing photosynthetic capacity by extending canopy longevity during grain filling using slow senescing stay-green genotypes is a possible means to improve yield in wheat. Ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS） mutated wheat lines （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Paragon） were screened for fast and slow canopy senescence to investigate the impact on yield and nitrogen partitioning. Stay-green and fast-senescing lines with similar anthesis dates were characterised in detail. Delayed senescence was only apparent at higher nitrogen supply with low nitrogen supply enhancing the rate of senescence in all lines. In the stay-green line 3 （SG3）, on a whole plant basis, tiller and seed number increased whilst thousand grain weight （TGW） decreased; although a greater N uptake was observed in the main tiller, yield was not affected. In fast-senescing line 2 （FS2）, yield decreased, principally as a result of decreased TGW. Analysis of N-partitioning in the main stem indicated that although the slow-senescing line had lower biomass and consequently less nitrogen in all plant parts, the proportion of biomass and nitrogen in the flag leaf was greater at anthesis compared to the other lines; this contributed to the grain N and yield of the slow-senescing line at maturity in both the main tiller and in the whole plant. A field trial confirmed senescence patterns of the two lines, and the negative impact on yield for FS2 and a positive impact for SG3 at low N only. The lack of increased yield in the slow-senescing line was likely due to decreased biomass and additionally a possible sink limitation.

关键词： Wheat senescence stay-green grain-filling yield nitrogen.

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Developments in automated field phenotyping of wheat at Rothamsted

Developments in automated field phenotyping of wheat at Roth...

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2017全国植物表型组学研讨会

作者： malcolm hawkesford Plant Sciences Department Rothamsted Research

Two approaches to field phenotyping of wheat germplasm and experimental field trials will be *** the first drone technology coupled with imagery provided by a rage of imagers is used to monitor large field trials,recording crop height,canopy development(as determined by green pixel counts),indices such as N DVI,and canopy temperatures,(as an indicator of water use)(Holman et al.,2016).Secondly more intensive deep phenotyping is achieved with an autonomous robotic gantry system(Sadeghi-Tehran et al.,2017;Virlet et al.,2017).A sensor platform is positionable in three dimensions at any point within the experimental area(0.1 ha) and may be programmed for continuous operation,with a positioning accuracy of better than 0.5 *** platform houses multiple RGB cameras,thermal camera,two hyperspectral cameras,a capacity for imaging chlorophyll fluorescence and two laser scanners producing high resolution 3 D imagery.A major development is overlaying image data from multiple sensors to aid in spatially-targeted spectral *** image analysis requires feature extraction to measure specific traits and examples will be discussed.

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The origin of genetic risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a commentary on Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a “Cantonese cancer”?

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Chinese journal of Cancer 2010年第5期29卷 527-537页

作者： malcolm j. Simons Simons Haplomics Limited

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) occurs with highest incidence in Southeastern China among Cantonese-speaking Chinese, giving rise to the common name of 'Cantonese cancer'. Chinese in the province of Guangdong have the

关键词：鼻咽癌广东省评论危险遗传中国东南中部地区风险

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Evolution of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels With Particular Emphasis on the “Near Stoichiometry” Low Carbon,0.10 Percent Niobium “HTP” Concept

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journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 652-657页

作者： Gray j.malcolm Microalloyed Steel Institute Inc. 5100 Westheimer Ste 540HoustonTX 77056 USA

Microalloyed linepipe steels were first introduced in 1959 at strength levels around 52-60 ksi [1] [2].The steels were generally strengthened by niobium or vanadium used *** strengths levels increased to X-70 in the early 1970’s niobium and vanadium were used in combination and controlled rolling was introduced on a broad *** strengths decrease tolerance for impurities and non-metallic inclusions which required improved steelmaking ***,carbon,and nitrogen were reduced and continuous casting was increasingly applied which required improved ladle refining and deoxidation ***-molybdenum steels were introduced by IPSCO in 1972 [3] and by Italsider in 1974 [4].Steels with higher niobium contents were also introduced in the early 1970’s but available steelmaking technologies limited the use of optimum niobium to carbon ratios,*** approaching *** the steels benefited from the effect of niobium in retarding austenite recrystallization at relatively high rolling temperatures and they developed attractive combinations of strength and toughness in old manufacturing facilities using simple (relaxed) rolling *** in the price of molybdenum and vanadium in the past decade and expanded application of API Grade X-80 linepipe,have led to more widespread use of niobium contents up to 0.11 percent,in combination with 0.02-0.03 percent carbon (near stoichiometry) thus maximizing the effects of solute niobium during rolling,in lowering transformation temperature,and thereby reducing reliance on other alloying,often expensive,*** history of these developments will be presented and applications of the concept will be summarized.

关键词： HTP Low Carbon,0.10 Percent Niobium Near Stoichiometry Evolution of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels With Particular Emphasis on the Concept

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a paradigm of cancer genetics

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Chinese journal of Cancer 2011年第2期30卷 79-84页

作者： malcolm j. Simons Department of Experimental Research Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Simons Haplomics Limited

The unusual incidence patterns for nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) in China,Northeast India,Arctic Inuit,Peninsular and island Southeast Asia,Polynesian Islanders,and North Africans indicate a role for NPC risk genes in Chinese,Chinese-related,and not-obviously Chinese-related *** interest in NPC genetic risk has been stimulated by a hypothesis that NPC population patterns originated in Bai-Yue /pre-Austronesian-speaking aborigines and were dispersed during the last glacial maximum by Sundaland *** articles in this issue of the Chinese journal of Cancer,first presented at a meeting on genetic aspects of NPC [National Cancer Center of Singapore(NCCS),February 20-21,2010],are directed towards incidence patterns,to early detection of affected individuals within risk populations,and to the application of genetic technology advances to understanding the nature of high *** presents a general framework for understanding population migrations that underlie NPC and similar complex diseases,including other viral *** et *** genetic markers to detail migration from East Asia through Taiwan to the populating of Island *** dispersal in a westward direction took mongoloid peoples to modern day Northeast India adjacent to Western China(Xinjiang).NPC incidence in mongoloid Nagas ranks amongst the highest in the world,whereas elsewhere in India NPC is *** et *** incidence patterns in Southeast China that have occurred over recent ***,ji et *** the utility of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus in early NPC *** genetic risk factors still remain largely unknown,human leukocyte antigen(HLA) genes have been a focus of attention since the discovery of an HLA association with NPC in 1973 and,two years later,that NPC susceptibility in highest-risk Cantonese involved the co-occurrence of multi-HLA locus combinations of HLA genes as chromosome combinations,or haplotypes(***-A2-B46

关键词：鼻咽癌遗传学癌症人类白细胞抗原全国人民代表大会遗传亲缘关系风险监测中国西部

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