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Comparative assessment of natural and synthetic reproductive inhibitors in Oreochromis niloticus

International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2024年第5期17卷 284-292页

作者： Rafia Jamal Farkhanda Asad Shabana Naz Syed makhdoom hussain Department of Zoology Government College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPunjabPakistan

Nowadays, natural sources of sex reversal agents are preferred over synthetic ones in fish farming due to their reliability and economic value. This study compared the effectiveness of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), Carica papaya seed meal (PSM), and common carp testes (CCT) with tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in terms of sex reversal, hematological parameters, gonadal histology, enzymatic activity, and overall growth. A 90-day trial was conducted with 560 tilapia fry (2- 3 days old) distributed into one control and six treatment aquaria, each with two replicates. Fries were fed with a control diet (T0) or one of six experimental diets (T1-T6) containing different MT, PSM, or CCT levels for 30 days, followed by the control diet for 60 days. MT induced the highest male proportion (85% and 75% in T2 and T1, respectively), while PSM and CCT enhanced tilapia’s growth and carcass composition. Histological analysis revealed gonadal deformities in MT and PSM treatments, which might lead to sterility. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was reduced in natural treatments as compared with synthetic ones. Hematological parameters did not show any adverse effects of PSM and CCT. Protease and amylase activities were higher in PSM and CCT than in MT, indicating better digestion and feed absorption. PSM and CCT are biodegradable, locally available, and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic hormones to change sex in tilapia. Natural sources (plant and animal by-products) are preferable to synthetic sources as they are less expensive and control prolific breeding in tilapia.

关键词： sex reversal natural reproductive inhibitors synthetic reproductive inhibitors Oreochromis niloticus Carica papaya

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Wheat Yield Response to Foliar Fungicide Application against Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2017年第3期7卷 160-168页

作者： Krishna Dev Joshi Ghulam Ullah Attiq Ur Rehman Muhammad Makky Javaid Javed Ahmad makhdoom hussain Angela Pacheco Ibni Amin Khalil Amanullah Baloch International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Texcoco Edo. de México CP 56130 Mexico Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan

A study was conducted on reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina with foliar application of fungicides during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons at the Wheat Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three fungicides： Folicur （tebuconazole） at 300 mL/ha, Nativo （tebuconazole ＋ trifloxystrobin） at 300 g/ha and Tilt （propiconazole） at 500 mL/ha were applied single or two times to Morocco and Sehar-06 wheat varieties used in the trial. The trial plots were first sprayed at the Zadok＇s scale （ZS） 3 stage and second sprayed between ZS 4.3 and 5.4 stages. The greenness of the trial crop was measured using GreenSeeker. Foliar application of fungicides significantly reduced the loss of grain yield and 1,000-grain weight （TGW） of wheat due to leaf rust in comparison to the control without fungicides application. Of the three fungicides, two times spray of Nativo reduced the grain yield loss of leaf rust susceptible mega wheat variety Sehar-06 by 45%-56% and the loss of TGW by 42%, also giving the highest marginal return in the trial. Single application of Nativo was equally effective as two times spray of Folicur in reducing the loss of wheat grain yield. Two times spray of Folicur was found to be the second choice of fungicide for reducing the yield loss of wheat. The research identified suitable fungicides for reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust and also generated important scientific knowledge required to manage a sudden outbreak of leaf rust to ensure food security.

关键词： Wheat variety leaf rust yield loss yield response foliar spray of fungicide resistance breeding.

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Yield and Profit from New and Old Wheat Varieties Using Certified and Farmer-Saved Seeds

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2016年第3期6卷 141-150页

作者： Krishna Dev Joshi Attiq Ur Rehrnan Ghulam Ullah Amanullah Baloch makhdoom hussain Javed Ahmad Mohammad Ishaq Gulzar Ahmad Nadeem Abroad Syed Haider Abbas Maqsood Qamar Mumtaz Abroad Abid Ilyas Dar Badar-uddin Khokhar Muhammad Sajid Akhlaq hussain Muhammad Imtiaz International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwa148800 Pakistan National Agriculture Research Centre lslamabad 44000 Pakistan Engro Fertilizers Limited Lahore 54000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Sakrand 67210 Pakistan Pride Seed Company Mardan 23200 Pakistan

Wheat is a strategic crop for food security in Pakistan with predominance of smallholder farmers. Farmer-saved seed （FSS） is used nearly by 75% of farmers for wheat production. Frequent variety or seed replacement is uncommon even among large-scale farmers, and certified seed （CS） is mostly bought to verify the value of new varieties. Replacing old and obsolete varieties by new high yielding disease resistant varieties is key to transferring new genetic gains to farmers. For the first time in Pakistan, on-farm factorial experiments involving seven new and five old wheat varieties and their corresponding CS and FSS were conducted. A total of 49 farmers representing major wheat cropping patterns throughout the country participated in these trials in the 2014 and 2015 wheat growing seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference between wheat varieties and between seed classes. New variety ＋ CS gave 33.8% more grain yield as well as higher marginal return over farmers＇ variety ＋ FSS. Grain yield and returns from new variety ＋ FSS and farmers＇ variety ＋ CS were at par. Scientific knowledge generated in this research demonstrated that use of CS ＆new wheat varieties is best option, while growing new varieties with FSS is a second choice for the advantages accruing from their built-in genetic traits of economic importance over growing CS of old and obsolete varieties. Having more flexible seed system will help accelerate the delivery of new genetic gains to farmers＇ fields.

关键词： Certified seed farmer-saved seed variety and seed replacement smallholder farmers yield return varietal popularization.

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