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Sustainability and virtual water:The lessons of history

Geography and Sustainability 2022年第4期3卷 358-365页

作者： majid labbaf khaneiki Abdullah Saif Al-Ghafri Björn Klöve Ali Torabi Haghighi UNESCO Chair on Aflaj Studies and Archaeo-Hydrology University of NizwaNizwaOman Water Energy and Environmental Engineering UnitFaculty of TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland

This article aims to show that virtual water has historically been an adaptation strategy that enabled some arid regions to develop a prosperous economy without putting pressure on their scarce water *** water is referred to as the total amount of water that is consumed to produce goods and *** an example,in arid central Iran,the deficiency in agricultural revenues was offset by more investment in local industries that enjoyed a perennial capacity to employ more *** revenues of local industries weaned the population from irrigated agriculture,since most of their raw materials and also food stuff were imported from other regions,bringing a remarkable amount of virtual *** virtual water not only sustained the region’s inhabitants,but also set the stage for a powerful polity in the face of a rapid population growth between the 13th and 15th centuries *** resultant surplus products entailed a vast and safe network of roads,provided by both entrepreneurs and ***,it became possible to import more feedstock such as cocoons from water-abundant regions and then export silk textiles with considerable *** article concludes that a similar model of virtual water can remedy the ongoing water crisis in central Iran,where groundwater reserves are overexploited,and many rural and urban centers are teetering on the edge of socio-ecological *** holds an urgent lesson on sustainability for our today’s policy that stubbornly peruses agriculture and other high-water-demand sectors in an arid region whose development has always been dependent on virtual water.

关键词： Proto-industrialization Water scarcity Non-hydraulic polity Virtual water Political economy

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