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Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns and Prevalence of Surgical Site Infections in Caesarean Section Deliveries at Two Tertiary Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第8期13卷 313-330页

作者： maisa kasanga Misheck Chileshe Steward Mudenda Raphael Mukosha Maika kasanga Victor Daka Tobela Mudenda Maureen Chisembele John Musuku Benjamin Bisesa Solochi Jian Wu College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Department of Pathology and Microbiology University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Mary Begg Health Services Ndola Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Laboratory Department Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Department of Pathology Ndola Teaching Hospital Ndola Zambia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Zambia-School of Medicine Lusaka Zambia Women and Newborn Hospital University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital Lusaka Zambia

Introduction: A caesarean section (CS) is one of the most frequently performed obstetric surgeries in the world and its use has increased dramatically in recent years. The number of caesarean section cases worldwide has been increasing each year, and the World Health Organization (WHO) reported an excess of 10% - 15% of CS procedures for all births. However, some women experience surgical site infections (SSIs) after undergoing CS delivery. This study investigated the prescribing patterns of antibiotics in CS deliveries and the prevalence of SSIs at two tertiary hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2020 at the Women and Newborn University Teaching Hospital (UTH) and the Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, in Lusaka, Zambia. Results: Of a total of 838 women who delivered via CS, more than half were aged between 21 and 25 years (n = 461, 55.0%), 56.3% were from low-cost residential areas, and 57% had emergency CS delivery. The prevalence of SSIs was 6.0%, with the level of education (OR 0.377, 95% CI 0.150 - 0.946), type of caesarean section (OR 6.253, 95% CI 2.833 - 13.803), and oral antibiotics post-caesarean (OR 0.218, 95% CI 0.049 - 0.963). The duration of IV antibiotic treatment significantly predicted SSI (p Conclusion: This study found that the third-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime) and triple combination therapy (benzylpenicillin, gentamicin, and metronidazole) were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics before and after CS. The level of education, type of CS, oral antibiotics post-CS, facility, and duration of administering IV antibiotics were all predictors of SSIs.

关键词： Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns Caesarean Section Post-Operative Antibiotics Prophylactic Antibiotics Surgical Site Infections

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Global Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2023年第8期14卷 271-328页

作者： Steward Mudenda Billy Chabalenge Victor Daka Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Kyembe Ignitius Salachi Shafiq Mohamed Webrod Mufwambi maisa kasanga Scott Kaba Matafwali Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Medicines Management and Pharmacy Services St James University Hospital Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust Leeds UK Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that has escalated due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and the environment. Developing and implementing strategies to reduce and combat AMR is critical. Purpose: This study aimed to highlight some global strategies that can be implemented to address AMR using a One Health approach. Methods: This study employed a narrative review design that included studies published from January 2002 to July 2023. The study searched for literature on AMR and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in PubMed and Google Scholar using the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Results: This study reveals that AMR remains a significant global public health problem. Its severity has been markedly exacerbated by inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and the broader ecological environment. Several strategies have been developed to address AMR, including the Global Action Plan (GAP), National Action Plans (NAPs), AMS programs, and implementation of the AWaRe classification of antimicrobials. These strategies also involve strengthening surveillance of antimicrobial consumption and resistance, encouraging the development of new antimicrobials, and enhancing regulations around antimicrobial prescribing, dispensing, and usage. Additional measures include promoting global partnerships, combating substandard and falsified antimicrobials, advocating for vaccinations, sanitation, hygiene and biosecurity, as well as exploring alternatives to antimicrobials. However, the implementation of these strategies faces various challenges. These challenges include low awareness and knowledge of AMR, a shortage of human resources and capacity building for AMR and AMS, in adequate funding for AMR and AMS initiatives, limited laboratory capacities for surveillance, behavioural change issues, and ineffective leadership and multidisciplinary teams. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study established that AMR is prevale

关键词： Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Stewardship AWaRe Classification One Health Approach One Health Perspective Strategies Surveillance

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Challenges Affecting African Countries in the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Interventional Strategies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第3期12卷 496-517页

作者： Steward Mudenda Kennedy Mwila Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Victor Daka Godfrey Mayoka maisa kasanga Michelo Banda Moses Mukosha Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Martin Kampamba Lungwani Tyson Muungo Ronald Kampamba Mutati Webrod Mufwambi Misheck Chileshe Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Graduate School of Education Peking University Beijing China Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Department of Pathology and Microbiology University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Mary Begg Health Services Ndola Zambia

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many global challenges, especially in resource-constrained countries. Africa, a continent with a large number of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), shares this burden disproportionately compared to developed countries. Here we review some of the major challenges African countries face in the fight against COVID-19 and propose some mitigation measures. Studies have reported low adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in most African countries. Additionally, there has been a shortage of healthcare workers, inadequate surveillance and diagnostic tools, unavailability of drugs in healthcare facilities, increased wrong beliefs, myths, misinformation and misconceptions about COVID-19 and vaccinations, and an already existing burden of infectious and non-infectious diseases across the African continent. Despite being very challenging to implement across African countries, telehealth is a critical solution to offer healthcare services during disease outbreaks. Many African countries have faced challenges in the fight against COVID-19. The training of healthcare workers (HCWs) must be strengthened to help address the shortage. In addition, African countries should strive to invest in research and capacity-building to be self-reliant regarding diagnostic tests. Thus, there is an urgent need to address the challenges faced by African countries in this fight, which may even include increased collaborations with other countries.

关键词： Africa African Countries Challenges COVID-19 COVID-19 Vaccines Pandemic Telehealth Vaccination

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Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Workers in Africa, Associated Factors and Coping Mechanisms: A Systematic Review

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第3期12卷 518-532页

作者： Steward Mudenda Billy Chabalenge Scott Matafwali Victor Daka Misheck Chileshe Webrod Mufwambi Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Josephine Chali Mukuka Chomba Michelo Banda Racheal Mwaweza Ronald Kampamba Mutati Tyson Lungwani Muungo John Balidawa Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo James Mwanza maisa kasanga Shafiq Mohamed Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia MaryBegg Health Services Ndola Zambia Faculty of Paediatrics and Child Health Lusaka College of Nursing Lusaka Zambia Unicaf University Kampala Uganda Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia College of Public Health Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China Department of Pathology and Microbiology University Teaching Hospitals Lusaka Zambia Remedium Pharmaceuticals limited Salama Park Lusaka Zambia

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health problem that has caused harm to the mental health of healthcare workers. In Africa, the COVID-19 pandemic has led healthcare workers to experience mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia and burnout. This study aimed to review published studies on the effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare workers, associated factors and coping strategies that have been employed in Africa. Methods: This was a systematic review that was conducted through searching databases including;PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. The study included published literature from January 2020 to May 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. The selection of articles was conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 39 articles were retrieved, of which only 18 met the inclusion criteria and were used in this study. Our review revealed that healthcare workers experienced mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, stress and burnout that were associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Coping strategies such as religious practices, support from family members and colleagues and avoiding listening to social media about COVID-19 were used to minimize mental health problems. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused increased mental health disorders among healthcare workers in Africa. Identification of factors associated with mental health problems is cardinal in developing coping mechanisms against the psychological impact of COVID-19. Therefore, there is a need for governments to develop and implement strategies for protecting the mental health of healthcare workers during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

关键词： Africa Coping Mechanisms COVID-19 Factors Healthcare Workers Mental Health Pandemic Psychological Impact

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Seasonal variations of polybrominated flame retardants bound to car dust under Mediterranean climate

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第8期30卷 124-132页

作者： Yael Dubowski maisa Inibtawi David M.Broday Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDEs） are commercial flame retardants that have been commonly used in vehicle interior to reduce fire-related hazards. Due to high temperatures and intense insolation that can be attained inside cars parked in the sun, additive PBDEs are prone to leach out and attach to in-vehicle dust, as well as to photo-debrominate. This study examines seasonal variations of concentrations of three common PBDE congeners（BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209） in car dust in Israel. The overall concentrations of these BDEs ranged from 1 to 29 μg/g, and were higher in the summer than in the winter（average of 10.2 and5.3 μg/g, respectively）. Congener-specific concentrations showed distinct seasonal pattern,representing the interplay between leaching, evaporation and photodebromination. Photolysis of the three congeners, while adsorbed on glass filters and exposed to solar radiation, revealed first order kinetics with debromination rates on the order of 10-2/min. Hence, seasonal variations of the meteorological conditions were found to affect the in-vehicle PBDE concentrations, and are therefore expected also to affect the exposure of passengers to PBDEs.

关键词： Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) Flame retardants Car dust Debromination Mediterranean climate Photolysis

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A Novel Lightweight Image Encryption Scheme

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第4期75卷 2137-2153页

作者： Rawia Abdulla Mohammed maisa’a Abid Ali Khodher Ashwak Alabaichi Department of Computer Science University of TechnologyBaghdadIraq Department of Biomedical Engineering University of KerbalaKerbalaIraq

Encryption algorithms are one of the methods to protect dataduring its transmission through an unsafe transmission medium. But encryptionmethods need a lot of time during encryption and decryption, so itis necessary to find encryption algorithms that consume little time whilepreserving the security of the data. In this paper, more than one algorithmwas combined to obtain high security with a short implementation time. Achaotic system, DNA computing, and Salsa20 were combined. A proposed5D chaos system was used to generate more robust keys in a Salsa algorithmand DNA computing. Also, the confusion is performed using a new *** proposed chaos system achieves three positive Lyapunov *** results demonstrate of the proposed scheme has a sufficient peak signalto-noise ratio, a low correlation, and a large key space. These factors makeit more efficient than its classical counterpart and can resist statistical anddifferential attacks. The number of changing pixel rates (NPCR) and theunified averaged changed intensity (UACI) values were 0.99710 and UACI33.68. The entropy oscillates from 7.9965 to 7.9982 for the tested encryptedimages. The suggested approach is resistant to heavy attacks and takes lesstime to execute than previously discussed methods, making it an efficient,lightweight image encryption scheme. The method provides lower correlationcoefficients than other methods, another indicator of an efficient imageencryption system. Even though the proposed scheme has useful applicationsin image transmission, it still requires profound improvement in implementingthe high-intelligence scheme and verifying its feasibility on devices with theInternet of Things (IoT) enabled.

关键词： Chaotic system lightweight confusion diffusion encryption Salsa20

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Strategic Analysis of a Regulatory Conflict Using Dempster-Shafer Theory and AHP for Preference Elicitation

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2019年第4期28卷 415-433页

作者： maisa M. Silva Keith W. Hipel D. Marc Kilgour Ana Paula C. S. Costa Department of Management Engineerin& Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada Department of Mathematics Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterloo Canada

Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are integrated in order to elicit preference information from experts regarding decision makers (DMs) involved in a regulatory conflict. More precisely, DST is used for combining expert knowledge regarding preferences of a specific DM (the regulatory body), and AHP is employed for ranking feasible states in the conflict for this same DM. In order to illustrate how this preference elicitation proposal can be conveniently implemented in practice within the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR), it is applied to a real construction dispute located in the city of Ipojuca, Brazil. The conflict is modeled with three DMs: support, opposition, and the regulatory body. Results show that the new preference methodology possesses many inherent advantages including high flexibility the ability to capture uncertainty or even ignorance about preferences, the possibility of combining expert knowledge with respect to missing preferences, and a substantial reduction in the number of pairwise comparisons of states required to express preference information.

关键词： Regulatory conflict graph model for conflict resolution absence of preference information DST-AHP

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Content-Based Image Retrieval Using SOM and DWT

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2015年第2期8卷 51-61页

作者： Ammar Huneiti maisa Daoud Department of Computer Information Systems the University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) from a large database is becoming a necessity for many applications such as medical imaging, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), space search and many others. However, the process of retrieving relevant images is usually preceded by extracting some discriminating features that can best describe the database images. Therefore, the retrieval process is mainly dependent on comparing the captured features which depict the most important characteristics of images instead of comparing the whole images. In this paper, we propose a CBIR method by extracting both color and texture feature vectors using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the Self Organizing Map (SOM) artificial neural networks. At query time texture vectors are compared using a similarity measure which is the Euclidean distance and the most similar image is retrieved. In addition, other relevant images are also retrieved using the neighborhood of the most similar image from the clustered data set via SOM. The proposed method demonstrated promising retrieval results on the Wang Database compared to the existing methods in literature.

关键词： Image Retrieval SOM DWT Feature Vector Texture Vector

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Comparison and Assessment of Success of Models in Watershed Simulation and Management

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014年第6期6卷 599-608页

作者： maisa’a W. Shammout Water Energy and Environment Center The University of Jordan Amman Jordan

In Jordan, Zarqa River Basin (ZRB) has been taken as a case study for applying water management models because of its limited water resources and due to the fact that the basin is dwelling with about 52% of Jordan’s population. The surface water resources are mainly used for agriculture because they are mixed with treated water and cannot be used for domestic purposes. This paper aims to demonstrate the contributions of Models in watershed management that provide indirect ways of assessing and confirming the success of models in water flow simulation. The method includes transferring the computed hydrologic parameters for Zarqa basin’s sub-catchments within Watershed Modeling System (WMS) into Water Resources Model (WRM) and HEC-1 models. Then the results of the HEC-1 and WRM models are compared according to their basin’s simulation with the real basin. The study includes description of the HEC-1, WRM models philosophy, the models representation, and simulation results and analysis of the Zarqa River Basin. Comparing the results of WRM and HEC-1 models proved their simulation efficiency in predicting the flow of Zarqa River Basin. Nevertheless, the philosophy of HEC-1 is a single storm event and is based on values of curve number, while WRM philosophy describes the water flow and availability, and demand and supply balance on a daily basis across the basin. The models’ predictions for the real flow definitely establish the modeling certainty and help the water resources’ developers to incorporate different basin features for watershed representation, simulation, and management. Hence, the certainty of the results in modeling provides indirect ways of assessing the success of models’ simulations.

关键词： Water Scarcity Watershed Management Watershed Modeling System Water Resources Model Watershed Simulation

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The Fate of Disi Aquifer as Stratigic Groundwater Reserve for Shared Countries (Jordan and Saudi Arabia)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2011年第10期3卷 711-714页

作者： Alsharifa Hind Jasem maisa'a Shammout Dheaya AlRousan Marwan AlRaggad 不详

Disi is a fossil groundwater shred between Jordan and Saudi Arabia with a very high quality properties, this water is limited and has been used for irrigation purposes between both countries, this study helps in highlighted the importance of this water as stratigic reserve to be use later on. This study shows that the amounts of groundwater affected by the thickness of the saturated zone in the aquifer, the porosity of the aquifer and the groundwater flow in the basin. Abstraction from the aquifer will affect water quality so this point must be clearly understood all the time.

关键词： Aquifer Groundwater Fossile Aquifer Safe Yeild Transboundary Aquifer Rock Retention Groundwater Flow Saturated Zone

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