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Exploring Malnutrition Risk among Infants under Five Years in Guéra Province, Chad: A Cross-Sectional Study

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2025年第1期16卷 95-119页

作者： Nassaradine Macki Minawir Donatien Serge Mbaga mahamat béchir bernard Sodio Alpha Seydou Yaro cole Doctorale des Sciences et des Technologies du Mali Universit des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB) Bamako Mali cole Suprieure des Sciences de la Sant Siantou Institut Universitaire Siantou Yaound Cameroon Facult des Sciences de la Sant Humaine Universit de N'Djamna N'Djamna Chad Laboratoire dEntomologie-Parasitologie Facult des Sciences et Techniques (FST) Universit des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB) Bamako Mali Malaria Research and Training Center Point G Facult de Mdecine et dOdontostomatologie (FMOS) Universit des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB) Bamako Mali

background: Malnutrition, a serious public health concern, is influenced by various factors. Objective: The study aims to explore malnutrition issues among infants under five years old in Guéra Province. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and a two-stage cluster sampling method to select participants. The study population was infants aged between 0 - 24 months. Data collection was done between June 2023 and September 2024;it included anthropometric measurements, blood analyses, and interviews. Anthropometric parameters were calculated using ENA for SMART software. Statistical analyses were performed by R Studio to investigate associations between different characteristics, using logistic regression models to identify risk factors. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study included 377 infants in eight villages in Guéra Province, Chad. The sample was predominantly girls (55.3%), with a median age of 16 months. Most infants (94%) were mixed-fed, and only 6% were exclusively breastfed. We found that 7.3% of children were globally malnourished, with higher rates in boys 9.6%. A significant disparity existed between boys and girls in global acute malnutrition (GAM) rates, with boys having a higher prevalence of 17.9%. A substantial proportion of Infants were underweight, with males 27.4%. Stunting was prevalent 20.1%. Several factors were associated with malnutrition, including gender, feeding practices, infectious diseases, and socioeconomic factors. Diarrhea, malaria, limited access to drinking water, and early diet diversification were significantly associated with malnutrition. Conclusion: Targeted interventions are necessary to address these issues and improve the nutritional status of children in the Guéra province.

关键词： Malnutrition Undernutrition Overnutrition Stunting Wasting Infant

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Study of Copper Thin Films Resistivity by Using Van der Pauw Method at Low Frequencies

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第11期12卷 1944-1953页

作者： Désiré Allassem b. Mahamout mahamat Adoum Kriga Yaya Dagal Dari mahamat Hassan béchir mahamat Ahmat Taha Yacoub Nassian Nimir Jean Pierre Chatelon Jean-Jacques Rousseau Research Laboratory in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy (LR3E) Higher National Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Abeche (INSTA) Abeche Chad Hubert Curien Laboratory (LabHC) Jean Monnet University Saint-Etienne France University of Ndjamena Ndjamena Chad

The objective of this work research is the use of four-point measurements and so-called Van Der Pauw methods in measuring the resistivity of copper thin films widely used in the manufacture of planar components such as inductor and others. Aligned configuration and square configuration are commonly used to measure thin films resistivity before use. but differences in values between the two configurations according to frequency and thickness were observed according to the authors. Measurements with both configurations on the same thin films must make it possible to know measurements evolution as a function of frequency and thickness. The observation of measuring frequency ranges of each configuration and the minimum thicknesses to have solid copper resistivity are the main contributions of the paper. This electrical characterization is carried out on copper thin films deposited on alumina substrates (50 mm × 20 mm × 635 μm) using RF sputtering technique. Copper thin films with various thicknesses (3.3 μm, 3.6 μm and 5.2 μm) were characterized. Low-frequency electrical characterization of these thin films was performed by four-point measurement method and using an HP 4284A type LCRmeter over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. Van der Pauw’s method was used to calculate resistivity. These studies allowed us to know influence of measurement configurations and influence of parameters such as frequency and thickness of the copper thin films on resistivity.

关键词： Thin Film Characterization Van der Pauw Resistivity Thickness LCRmeter

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Introspective Study of Trans-Tibias Amputees in View of the Design of a Durable Prosthetic Foot

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2025年第1期15卷 259-273页

作者： boukar Abdelhakim mahamat Maintah Ardjoune Debsi Edjibey Department of Technology Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences University of NDjamena NDjamena Chad Center for Equipment and Rehabilitation of Kabalaye (CERK) NDjamena Chad

The prosthesis is an artificial device that can replace an organ of a human body member to restore a compromised function. It is necessary following the removal of a human organ, which can occur as a result of an illness, trauma or congenital malformation. The trans-tibia prosthesis, in particular, allows the amputee patient to recover the impaired function and regain autonomy, while facilitating their daily social integration. The trans-tibia prosthesis consists of a socket, a sleeve, connecting elements and a prosthetic foot. Each of these components plays a very important role. Among these components, the prosthetic foot usually called “SACH foot” is very often replaced due to cracking and therefore has a fairly short lifespan. At the Center for Equipment and Rehabilitation of Kabalaye (CERK), the SACH foot made using polyurethane and wood is imported and is given to patients with reduced mobility. The aim of this article is twofold, on the one hand, to make a social and pathological study of trans-tibia amputees in relation to the use of the SACH foot prosthesis, on the other hand, to compare this foot with a new prosthetic foot proposed and which is manufactured using extruded polystyrene. The result of prosthetic tests carried out on twenty-four amputees showed that the foot manufactured using extruded polystyrene is better in terms of resistance, bulk and adaptability to active amputees.

关键词： Prosthesis Prosthetic Foot Trans-Tibia Amputee SACH Foot

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Impact of Social Determinants on Vector-borne Parasitic Diseases in Chad: A Case Study of Grand-Sido and Kouh-Est

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2025年第1期15卷 110-126页

作者： mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim Abdelsalam Hassan Gogo Hassane mahamat Hassane Petra berger Djoukzoumka Signaboubo Aly Savadogo Abdelsalam Tidjani Soerge Kelm Department of Public Health Faculty of Human Health Sciences University of NDjamena NDjamena Chad Centre for biomolecular Interactions bremen Department of Biology and Chemistry University of Bremen Bremen Germany Laboratory of biochemistry and Applied Immunology Biochemistry-Microbiology Department University Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Dveloppement NDjamena Chad

background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) significantly influence diseases with environmental components, like vector-borne parasitic diseases. This study aims to examine how these factors influence vector-borne parasitic diseases (VbPDs) transmission in Chad and provide recommendations for policy improvements. Methods: The study adopts the WHO Conceptual Framework of SDOH to compare two regions in Southern Chad: Kouh-Est, which has an ongoing vector control program, and Grand-Sido, which lacks such a program. The study includes both nomadic and sedentary populations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the SDOH influencing VbPDs. Households were randomly selected. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, literacy, knowledge of VbPDs and protective measures, and access to education and health facilities were collected. Results: A total of 202 households from 17 villages, including 820 participants, were surveyed. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing were the main occupations, involving 84.1% of participants. Literacy was low, with 36.7% non-educated, 47.7% completing primary school, 14.5% secondary school, and only 0.3% reaching tertiary education. Most villages lacked schools beyond the primary level, and nomadic populations were significantly less educated than sedentary ones (p Conclusion: Educational deficiencies, lack of protective measures against vectors, inadequate healthcare resources, and lifestyle conditions aggravated by poor road infrastructure, limited transportation, and economic constraints contribute to worsened VbPDs outcomes in these rural populations. Addressing these systemic issues in the surveyed communities is essential for improving health equity and VbPDs outcomes in these regions specifically and in similar populations settings more broadly.

关键词： Social Determinants of Health Vector-borne Parasitic Diseases Chad

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Evaluation of PPR Seroconversion in the Provinces of N’Djamena, Chari baguirmi, Hadjar Lamis, bahr Elgazal, and Lac

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2025年第1期15卷 30-38页

作者： mahamat Abdoulaye bechir Abdelsalam Adoum Doutoum Arada Izzedine Abdel-Aziz Ministry of Higher Education Research and Innovation University of NDjamena NDjamena Chad Ministry of Higher Education Research and Innovation Adam Barka University of Abch NDjamena Chad Ministry of Livestock and Animal Production Institute of Research in Livestock for Development (IRED) NDjamena Chad

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the post-vaccination seroconversion of small ruminants after the 2022-2023 vaccination campaign against peste des petits ruminants, as part of the national PPR control and eradication strategy. Methodology and Results: The study was conducted in the study area comprising the provinces of Chari-baguirmi, N’Djamena, bahr Elgazale, Kanem and Lac. It involved the collection of 1687 samples of sera from small ruminants, which were analysed in the laboratory using the Eliza competition diagnostic method. Statistical analyses of the data obtained were carried out using the R Studio 4.1.2 software. The data analyses made it possible to assess post-vaccination seroconversion at the level of the study area, regions and municipalities, as well as to see the effect of sex, marking and the “vaccinated and unvaccinated animal” aspect on PPR seroconversion. At the level of the study area, an overall seroconversion of 73.56% (higher than the rate set by the national strategy) was obtained, but it was distributed differently between provinces and municipalities. Conclusion and Application of Results: Provinces such as bahr Elgazal (69.84%) and Lac (68.78%) experienced a seroconversion to decaf of the rate set by the national strategy for the control and eradication of PPR. The municipalities with low seroconversion rates were the 1st district of the city of N’Djamena (54.29%) and Amsileb (49.02%). Thus, it would be suggested that the General Directorate of Veterinary Services, through its Animal Health Directorate, intensify its efforts in municipalities with a low seroconversion rate and maintain the gains made in those with high rates. In this context, it is important to ensure that vaccines are administered appropriately and that the cold chain is functioning properly to achieve the objective of the national strategy for the control and eradication of peste des petits ruminants in Chad.

关键词： Plague Small Ruminants Seroconversion Post-Vaccination Chad

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Energy and Thermodynamics of the Quantum-Corrected Schwarzschild black Hole

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Chinese Physics Letters 2017年第8期34卷 21-24页

作者： mahamat Saleh bouetou bouetou Thomas Timoleon Crepin Kofane Department of Physics Higher Teachers' Training College University of Maroua Maroua 55 Cameroon Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique University of Yaounde I Yaounde 8390 Cameroon The African Center of Excellence in Information and Communication Technologies University of Yaounde I Yaounde 8390 Cameroon The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste II-34014 Italy Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Yaounde I Yaounde 812 Cameroon

Energy and thermodynamics are investigated in the Schwarzschild black hole spacetime when considering corrections due to quantum vacuum fluctuations. The Einstein and M？ller prescriptions are used to derive the expressions of the energy in the background. The temperature and heat capacity are also derived. The results show that due to the quantum fluctuations in the background of the Schwarzschild black hole, all the energies increase and the Einstein energy differs from M？ller＇s one. Moreover, when increasing the quantum correction factor aa, the difference between Einstein and M？ller energies, the Unruh–Verlinde temperature as well as the heat capacity of the black hole increases while the Hawking temperature remains unchanged.

关键词： Energy and Thermodynamics of the Quantum-Corrected Schwarzschild black Hole

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Quasi-Normal Modes of Gravitational Perturbation around a Reissner-Nordstroem black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence

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Chinese Physics Letters 2009年第10期26卷 228-231页

作者： mahamat Saleh bouetou bouetou Thomas Timoleon Crepin Kofane Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Yaounde I PO Box 812 Cameroon Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique University of Yaounde I PO Box 8390 Cameroon The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics PO Box 586 Strada Costiera Ⅱ-34014 Trieste Italy

We investigate quasi-normal （QN） modes of gravitational perturbation around a Reissner-Nordstroem black hole surrounded by quintessence. The third-order Wentzel-Kramers-brillouin approximation is used to evaluate QN frequencies. The behavior of the gravitational perturbation is plotted for some frequencies. Due to the presence of quintessence, QN modes of the Reissner-Nordstroem black hole damp at a slower rate.

关键词： Gravitation and cosmology Astrophysics and astroparticles

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Hawking radiation from a five-dimensional Lovelock black hole

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Frontiers of physics 2015年第5期10卷 109-113页

作者： mahamat Saleh bouetou bouetou Thomas Timoleon Crepin Kofane Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of YaoundeI P.O. Box 812 Yaounde Cameroon Department of Physics Higher Teachers' Training College University of Maroua P.O. Box 55 Maroua Cameroon National Advanced School of Engineering University of Yaounde I P.O. Box 8390 Yaounde Cameroon The Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems Nothnitzer Strasse 38 01187 Dresden Germany

We investigate Hawking radiation from a five-dimensional Lovelock black hole using the Hamilton- Jacobi method. The behavior of the rate of radiation is plotted for various values of tile ultraviolet correction parameter and the cosmological constant. The results show that, owing to the ultraviolet correction and the presence of dark energy represented by the cosmological constant, the black hole radiates at a slower rate in comparison to the case without ultraviolet correction or cosmological constant. Moreover, the presence of the cosmological constant makes the effect of the ultraviolet correction on the black hole radiation negligible.

关键词： Hawking radiation Lovelock black hole Hamilton-Jacobi method

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Quasi-Local Energy Distribution and Thermodynamics of Reissner-Nordstrom black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2011年第2期55卷 291-295页

作者： mahamat Saleh bouetou bouetou Thomas Timoleon Crepin Kofane Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Yaounde Dpartment of Physics Higher Teacher's Training College University of Maroua Ecole Nationale Superieure Polytechnique University of Yaounde

We investigate quasi-local energy distribution and thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole space-time surrounded by quintessence. We use the quasi-local energy distribution from Einstein energy-momentum complex. We plot the variation of the energies, temperature and heat capacity with the state parameter related to the quintessence ωq. We show that due to the presence of quintessence, the total energy of the outer region as well as the temperature and heat capacity decreases with the increase of the density of quintessence, while the total energy of the black hole region increases.

关键词： quasi-local energy distribution thermodynamics Reissner-NordstrSm black hole quintessence

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Hypoglycaemic,anti-hyperlipidemic,and anti-inflammatory activities of Asparagus africanus(Asparaceae)extract on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical biomedicine 2024年第12期14卷 532-539页

作者： Focham Evans Ngwenah Oumar mahamat Tume Christopher Department of biochemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BamendaBamendaCameroon Department of Zoology Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BamendaBamendaCameroon

Objective:To investigate the toxicity and effect of the extract on some complications of diabetes in Wistar ***:Type 2 diabetes was induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin(35 mg/kg,i.p.).Aqueous extract of Asparagus africanus(EAA)was prepared and administered(p.o.)for 28 d to groups of diabetic rats as well as to groups of normal rats for *** blood glucose levels,inflammatory cytokines,and lipid profiles were assessed in diabetic *** and organ weight as well as liver and kidney functions were examined to assess the sub-acute ***:EAA for 28 d did not affect the body weight,the weight of the liver,kidney,and heart as well as the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,urea,uric acid and creatinine in normal *** diabetic rats,the administration of EAA significantly lowered hyperglycemia,reduced interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β,and tumour necrosis factor-αlevels,and increased the level of *** also lowered cholesterol,triglyceride,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and augmented high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the *** a result of the anti-lipidemic effect,EAA reduced the atherogenic index,Castelli indices,and atherogenic coefficient in diabetic *** showed the presence of flavonoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins,terpenes,and ***:The findings of this study demonstrated that EAA is *** has the potential to reduce the glucose level and the risk of inflammation and atherogenesis in diabetic patients.

关键词： Type 2 diabetes Hypoglycaemi a Antihyperlipidemia Antiinflammation Aspasragus africanus Aqueous extract Cardiovascular indices Phytochemicals

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