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Nutritional Status, Feeding Practices and Factors Associated to Undernutrition among 6 to 59 Months of Age Orphans in the Arusha Region

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第6期14卷 1012-1037页

作者： Philip Mrindoko Matei Mselle Lucy Frisch Ali Iman magreth swai Zaituni Hatibu Ikupa Minga Arnold Likiliwike Elise Kimambo Nyemo Peter Baraka Moshi Aisa Shayo Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Moshi Tanzania Institute of Public Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Moshi Tanzania

Background: Orphans are potentially at greater risk of malnutrition because they are more likely to be extremely poor and receive less medical and social care. Children living in orphanages tend to be neglected and may be malnourished and they’re at risk of losing their full potential, with consequences to the child, nation and worldwide. Despite the nutritional concerns raised globally and in neighboring countries among these children, there exists an inadequate body of information about orphans’ nutritional status and feeding practices in Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to malnutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Study Objective: To assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to undernutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Methodology: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study conducted in selected orphanage Centre in the Arusha region. A representative sample size of 216 children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha orphanages was selected to participate in the study. Multistaging sampling was used to select the study participants. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were used during data collection. The data collected were entered, processed, and analyzed;continuous variables were summarized by use of mean and Standard deviation, while categorical variables were summarized by use of frequency, percentages and figures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio with 95% CI and measure the strength of association between the outcomes with respect to selected independent variables. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 216 children from the orphanage Centre were involved in this study. Prevalence of Stunting, underweight and wasting among orphan ch

关键词： Undernutrition Eating Habits Under Five Children Home Based Care

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Rare Case of Surviving Infant with Strawberry Yoghurt like Blood Diagnosed to Be Infantile Hypertriglyceridemia at 1 Month Old: A Case Report

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2021年第4期11卷 777-785页

作者： Matei Mselle Aisa Shayo Ronald Mbwasi Faith Mosha Jeremia Pyuza Philip Mrindoko Nyemo Peter Elton Meleki Elise Kimambo Arnold Likiliwike Lucy Frisch magreth swai Zaituni Hatibu Ally Iman Beatrice Maringo Linda Kissila Ikupa Minga Deborah Mchaile Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College Moshi Tanzania Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania Department of Clinical Laboratory Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Moshi Tanzania

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia in children means increased plasma fasting Triglyceride levels above the 95th percentile for age and sex. For children aged 0 to 9 years, a triglyceride level greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl is considered above the 95th percentile. Hypertriglyceridemia can be mild to borderline high, moderate to high, very high, severe and very severe (>2000 mg/dl). We present the case of a 1 month and 3 weeks old baby who presented with difficulty in breathing. It was accidentally found to have strawberry yoghurt like blood during phlebotomy, of which upon investigation had very high triglyceride levels of >2000 mg/dl. Case Presentation: 1 month and 3 weeks old female baby, admitted as referral from nearby health centre presenting with difficulty in breath, her blood sample was incidentally found to appear as strawberry yoghurt like. Clinically the infant had features suggestive of respiratory distress, with no other systemic abnormalities noted. Chest X-ray that was don

关键词： Strawberry Yoghurt Like Blood Hypertriglyceridemia Tanzania

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Urban growth dynamics and expansion forms in 11 Tanzanian cities from 1990 to 2020

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2023年第1期16卷 1985-2001页

作者： Neema Simon Sumari Fanan Ujoh Calvin Samwel swai Muchen Zheng Department of Informatics and Information TechnologyCollege of Natural and Applied Sciences(CoNAS)Sokoine University of AgricultureMorogoroTanzania Center for Sustainability and Resilient Infrastructure and Communities(SaRIC) London South Bank UniversityLondonUnited Kingdom Department of Water Resources and Environmental Management Faculty of GeoInformation Science and Earth Observation(ITC)University of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands School of Resource and Environmental Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhanPeople’s Republic of China

With rapid urban expansion across Tanzania,there is a need to institute steps to address factors and forms as well as impacts and challenges associated with the observed *** study’s aim is to use spatial urban landscape indices to analyze the spatial changes in urban forms,patterns,and rates across 11 urban centers in Tanzania over a 30-year study period(1990–2020).During the past three decades,urban lands of 11 cities and town in Tanzania have grown by a total of 480 *** growth was found as the most dominant form of urban expansion in Tanzania while Dodoma,the capital city of Tanzania,had the highest rate of urban expansion when compared to all other individual *** most robust and significant interaction of the AWMLEI and MLEI was found in Kigoma,Arusha,Mtwara,Mafinga,and Tunduma *** contrast,Mbeya agricultural city,Arusha the tourist city,Tabora,and Geita Lake zone areas did show their own peculiarities revealing an interesting spatial temporal variation in rate and form of *** outcome of this study reveals that the influence and management of economic and socio-cultural opportunities will be an effective tool for the determination of the rapidly expanding cities and towns of Tanzania.

关键词： Urban growth indices drivers of urban forms urban forms and patterns landscape metrics Tanzania

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A survey of zoonotic diseases in trade cattle slaughtered at Tanga city abattoir:a cause of public health concern

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第1期2卷 55-60页

作者： swai ES Schoonman L Veterinary Investigation Centre(VIC) Tanga Dairy Trust(TADAT)

Objective:To estimate the prevalence of hydatidosis,cysticercosis,tuberculosis,leptospirosis,brucellosis and toxoplasmosis in slaughtered bovine stock(aged≥3 years)at Tanga city abattoir,***:Prevalence estimation of the five zoonotic diseases was undertaken through an active abattoir and sero-survey was carried out in Tanga city,during the period of January 2002and March *** samples collected from a sub-sample(n=51)of the slaughter stock were serologically screened for antibodies against brucellosis,leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis using Rose Bengal plate test,microscopic agglutination test(for 5 serovars of Leptospira interrogans)and Eiken latex agglutination test,*** same animals were tested for tuberculosis using the single intradermal tuberculin ***:Post mortem examination of 12 444 slaughter cattle(10 790 short horn zebu and 1 654 graded)over a period of twenty two months,showed a prevalence of 1.56%(194)for hydatidosis,1.49%(185)for cysticercosis and 0.32%(40)for *** all three zoonoses,a statistically significant difference in infection rates was noted between the short horn zebu and graded breeds(P<0.05).The overall seroprevalences of animals with brucellosis,toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis antibodies were found to be 12%,12%and 51%,*** most common leptospiral antibodies detected were those against antigens of serovars Leptospira hardjo(29%),Leptospira tarassovi(18%),Leptospira bataviae(4%)and Leptospira pomona(0%).With regard to tuberculosis,10%(n=5)of the animals tested were classified as non-specific reactors or ***:The study findings suggest that brucellosis,toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis are prevalent in Tanga and provide definitive evidence of slaughtered stock exposure to these zoonotic agents with concurrent public health consequences.

关键词： Abattoir Slaughter stock Zoonoses Risk Tanga Tanzania Brucellosis Toxoplasmosis Leptospirosis Antibody Seroprevalence Zoonotic disease

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Microbial quality and associated health risks of raw milk marketed in the Tanga region of Tanzania

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2011年第3期1卷 217-222页

作者： swai ES Schoonman L Veterinary Investigation Centre(VIC) Tanga Dairy Trust(TADAT)

Objective:To evaluate micmbial quality and associated health risks of raw milk marketed in the Tanga region of ***:A microbial quality assessment of marketed raw milk was undertaken by evaluating 59 samples of milk from selling points(collecting centres =15),bicycle boys(12) and kiosks/restaurants(32) in Tanga city during April-May *** and milkborne hazards were assessed using a combination of tests in order to quantify the occurrence of Brucellosis(milk ring test),Escherichia coli(***) O157:H7(culture),the coliforra bacteria as well as standard plate count(SPC).Specific gravity(SG) determination was used as an indicator of ***:The mean coliform plate count(c.f.u/mL) of milk handled by bicycle boys(4.2×10~6) was significantly higher than that handled by collecting centres(3.0×10~6) and kiosk/ restaurants(1.4× 10~6),respectively(P < 0.05).Of the 59 milk samples collected,33(56%) were Brucella milk ring test(MRT)-positive and 78%and 17%of the samples graded satisfactorily based on SG and coliform plate counts as prescribed by East African Community standards for raw *** was no verocytotoxigenic ***(VTEC) O157:H7 in any of the milk samples collected and analysed during the present ***:It can be concluded that raw market milk in the study area is of poor bacteriological quality and hazardous for human consumption. This highlights the need to implement good hygiene practices and effective monitoring from production through the delivery chain to the *** studies are needed for detection of toxins that are produced by ***,other pathogenic spore forming bacteria(Bacillus *** Clostridium spp.) and other harmful microorganisms.

关键词： Contamination Health risks Microbial quality Whole raw milk Tanga Tanzania Microorganism Milk-borne hazard Escherichia coli Brucellosis Clostridium Bacteriological quality

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Resilience Techniques due to Cascading Water Effects in Informally Urbanised Hilly Terrains:A Case of Makongo and Goba-Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2022年第8期16卷 393-412页

作者： Ombeni swai School of Architecture Construction Management and EconomicsDepartment of ArchitectureArdhi UniversityBox 35176Dar es SalaamTanzania

The research was carried out in Dar es Salaam’s Makongo and Goba neighbourhoods using an exploratory method covering 200 questionnaires,100 for Goba and 100 for Makongo *** were two significant issues observed:To begin,data from 2003 to 2017 reveal a large increase in urbanisation in both ***,urbanisation led to an increase in hard surface areas,which,according to the analysis,contributed to an increase in surface runoff,which had detrimental consequences for hilly residential settlements,resulting in downstream floods,building destruction,and loss of life and *** residents were aware of water harvesting methods as a technique to deal with surface runoff,but they were not aware that they might be used to harvest water for future *** to harvest,retain and use rainwater is recommended,whereby each plot owner should contain water from his/her plot by harvesting,collecting and retaining it for home use such as farming,fish ponds and other uses.

关键词： Urbanisation floods surface runoff hilly terrain water harvest

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An abattoir survey of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia lesions in slaughtered cattle in selected districts in Northern Tanzania

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013年第4期3卷 303-306页

作者： Emmanuel swai Isidory Mwezimpya Edward Ulicky Adam Mbise Winford Moshy Veterinary Investigation Centre (VIC) Box 1068ArushaTanzania District Veterinary Office Box 11HaiTanzania District Veterinary Office Box 20MuhezaTanzania

Objective:To establish and estimate incidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia(CBPP),using abattoir survey as a diagnostic tool in slaughtered cattle in Northern ***:A total of 4460 cattle were slaughtered in five abattoirs in 3 northern zone regions(Arusha,Kilimanjaro and Tanga)during the period of January to May *** were examined ante-mortem for‘pneumonia signs',and‘characteristic contagious bovine pleuropneumonia(CBPP)lung lesions'.Results:Forty-one(0.91%)of the slaughtered cattle,the majority of which were Tanzania short horn zebu,had gross lung lesions suggestive of *** prevalence of lesions was significantly(P<0.05)higher in Karatu abattoir compared to *** animal was detected to have lesion in Bomang'ombe *** most observed pneumonic signs included labored breathing(90%),dry cough(57%)and mucopurulent nasal discharge(47%).The gross characteristic CBPP pathological lesion,frequently encountered was left lung lesion(47%),pinkish lung(71%)and pleural adhesion(98%).Epidemiological reports show that the CBPP reported outbreaks increased from 19 in 2002,65 in 2003 and 18 in 2004(January-March).The corresponding number of reported deaths increased from 137 in 2002,269 in 2003 and 77 in 2004(January-March).Conclusions:It's concluded from this study that CBPP is a problem in spite of the extensive awareness and vaccination ***,a continued surveillance programme including routine checks of all cattle carcasses at the abattoir and subsequent epidemiological investigation of suspected cases are recommended.

关键词： Abattoir Bovine pleuropneumonia Prevalence estimates Slaughtered cattle Tanzania

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Assessing Rainfall and Temperature Changes in Semi-Arid Areas of Tanzania

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American Journal of Climate Change 2019年第2期8卷 173-189页

作者： Peter Matata magreth Bushesha John Msindai Tumbi Agricultural Research Institute Tumbi Tabora Tanzania Department of Geography Open University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania Teoflo Kisanji University Mbeya Tanzania

This paper examines the variability of rainfall and temperature in Igunga and Kishapu Districts using time series data (1985 to 2016) from Tanzania Meteorological Agency. The regression analysis results show rainfall variability of R2 = 0.096 in Igunga and R2 = 0.186 in Kishapu which implies that about 0.96% and 1.86% of the changes in rainfall across the districts are associated with changes in weather variables. A considerable change of amount of rains was evident in Igunga than in Kishapu District. In both districts there was a change of months with the most rains. Generally rainfall showed a decreasing trend in both districts. The paper also examined temperature trends in the two districts;the findings showed an increasing trend throughout October in both districts. From this point of view, higher temperatures can increase evapo-transpiration that in turn can have an effect on moisture for the crops adversely affecting pasture productivity for livestock, and leading to a shortage of water for both crops and livestock. Annual rainfall variability trends, however, increased indicating that annual variability was somewhat a common feature in the study districts. So, districts efforts should be directed towards the support of crop and livestock adjustments in order to buffer impacts of rainfall and temperature variability during critical periods for growing of crops and pastures.

关键词： Climate Variability Rainfall Temperature Semiarid Tanzania

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钻井液常用盐对泥页岩水化抑制作用机理的分子模拟研究

钻井液常用盐对泥页岩水化抑制作用机理的分子模拟研究

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作者： Rogers Evarist swai 中国石油大学(华东)

学位级别：硕士

众所周知,由于蒙脱石(MMT)的带电性,对水分子具有较强的吸附能力,同时对交换性阳离子具有更强的静电吸附作用。阳离子以离子水化壳的形式吸附在MMT 001表面。当大部分吸附阳离子为钠离子时,蒙脱石可称为钠-蒙脱石(Na-MMT)。在众多类型... 详细信息

众所周知,由于蒙脱石(MMT)的带电性,对水分子具有较强的吸附能力,同时对交换性阳离子具有更强的静电吸附作用。阳离子以离子水化壳的形式吸附在MMT 001表面。当大部分吸附阳离子为钠离子时,蒙脱石可称为钠-蒙脱石(Na-MMT)。在众多类型的蒙脱石矿物中,钠-蒙脱石是在石油与天然气钻井领域中最常见的矿物,但是当使用水基钻井液(WBDF)钻井时,钠-蒙脱石的水化和膨胀会超过其原始体积的十倍,因此,钠-蒙脱石的水化膨胀是钻井过程中的一大难题。本文在Materials Studio软件中建立了模拟黏土水化膨胀过程的钠-蒙脱石模型。在了解钠-蒙脱石水化膨胀机理的基础上,在层间加入不同的抑制剂分子,研究其抑制作用。在模拟井筒条件下研究了无机盐氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化铵和氯化钡的抑制作用,并对比研究了标准条件下有机盐甲酸钠、乙酸钠、甲酸钾和乙酸钾的抑制作用。通过分析钠-蒙脱石层间颗粒动力学轨迹、浓度分布以及晶体力学参数,揭示了温度、压力和盐浓度对钠-蒙脱石水化的抑制作用效果及作用机理。模拟结果表明,在水分子数分别为32、64和96时,随着水分子数的增加,水化作用增强,钠-蒙脱石的层间距增大,形成离散稳定的水化状态,这与一、二、三层水化作用的形成相对应。随着水化状态的增加,配位数、水化半径、水化数等水化参数以及晶体弹性参数逐渐减小,而颗粒层间迁移率增大。无机盐的加入提高了钠-蒙脱石晶体的机械稳定性,发现钠-蒙脱石的水化作用与阳离子类型有关。随温度压力增加,无机盐对蒙脱石机械稳定性的影响较小,但颗粒迁移率增加,系统体积略有增加。根据模拟结果,氯化铵和氯化钾的抑制作用效果相对优于氯化钠和氯化钡的抑制效果。甲酸盐和乙酸盐分子显示出抑制蒙脱石水化作用的潜力。阴离子通过排斥水分子中的氧来保护层间阳离子不被水化,可以大大减少蒙脱石的膨胀。钾离子吸附在黏土层附近,限制了其水化和扩散,而钠离子主要停留在晶层中间,使蒙脱石容易被水化。甲酸盐和乙酸盐的加入增加了钠-蒙脱石层间离子的相互作用,从而提高了蒙脱石分子的机械稳定性,使其更耐膨胀。

关键词：浓度分布扩散系数抑制作用分子动力学径向分布函数弹性性质膨胀

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Modelling the Optimal Control of Transmission Dynamics of <i>Mycobacterium ulceran</i>Infection

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2015年第4期5卷 229-243页

作者： magreth Anga Kimaro Estomih S. Massawe Daniel Oluwole Makinde Mathematics Department University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Faculty of Military Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa

This paper examines optimal control of transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium ulceran (MU) infection. A nonlinear mathematical model for the problem is proposed and analysed qualitatively using the stability theory of the differential equations, optimal control and computer simulation. The basic reproduction number of the reduced model system is obtained by using the next generation operator method. It is found that by using Ruth Hurwitz criteria, the disease free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable and using centre manifold theory, the model shows the transcritical (forward) bifurcation. Optimal control is applied to the model seeking to minimize the transmission dynamics of MU infection on human and water-bugs. Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to characterize the optimal levels of the controls. The results of optimality are solved numerically using MATLAB software and the results show that optimal combination of two controls (environmental and health education for prevention) and (water and environmental purification) minimizes the MU infection in the population.

关键词： MU Optimal Control Stability Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle Reproduction Number

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