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Contamination and Potential Risks of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Chari and Logon Rivers in N’Djamena, Chad

Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第2期13卷 29-45页

作者： Tchoroun Massang Digué Domga Tinda Noumi Guy Bertrand madjitoloum betoloum salomon Dangwang Jean-Marie Dikdim Tarkodjiel Mianpereum Department of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon

The pollution of sediments by inorganic pollutants requires particularly important attention because of their toxicity, their persistence in the environment and their bioaccumulation by animal and plant life. The pollution of sediments by inorganic pollutants requires particularly important attention because of their toxicity, their persistence in the environment and their bioaccumulation by animal and plant living beings. This study focuses on the pollution of sediments of the Chari and Logon rivers in the city of N’Djamena by heavy metals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree of contamination, the geo-accumulation index and the degree of the Pollutant Loading Index of some heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn and Cd) and iron in the sediments of the sampled sites. The average concentrations of heavy metals and iron in the sediments are: Pb (10.00 ± 00 μg/Kg to 126 ± 16.52 μg/Kg);Cr VI (0.13 ± 00 mg/Kg to 0.21 ± 00 mg/Kg);Cd (trace);Cu (0.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg to 3.23 ± 0.64 mg/kg);Fe (0.25 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 5.79 ± 0.00 mg/kg);and Mn (0.2 ± 0.00 mg/Kg to 1.1 ± 0.00 mg/Kg);in order of highest to lowest abundance: Fe > Mn > Cd > Cu > Cr VI > Pb for the Logon;Fe > Cu > Mn > Cd > Cr VI > Pb for the Chari and Fe > Mn > Cu > Cd > Cr VI > Pb for the Confluent. The contamination factors for all heavy metals range from no contamination to low contamination for the sediments analyzed. The geo-accumulation indices indicate that the sampled sites are not polluted. The same is true for Er and RI which confirm an absence of ecological risks in the analyzed sediments.

关键词： Heavy Metals Contamination Factor Geo-Accumulation Index Ecological Risk Index Chari and Logone Rivers in Chad

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Phytochemical Tests, Assessment of Antioxidant Properties and Isolation of Two Compounds of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Chadian Propolis: Case of Bebotho (Southern Chad)

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022年第7期13卷 241-254页

作者： salomon madjitoloum betoloum Abel Mbaiogaoun Severin Mbaihougadobe Emmanuel Talla Department of Chemistry Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FSEA) University of N’Djamena N’Djamena The Republic of Chad Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundéré (UN) Ngaoundéré The Republic of Cameroon

The present work deals with the research of chemical constituents and evaluation of antioxidant properties of Bebotho propolis. From the ethyl acetate extract, we isolated, using various chromatographic techniques, a mixture of two identical compounds (isomers) indexed PBy4a and PByb. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis techniques (MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMBC and HSQC) and by comparison of the spectral data with those described in the literature. Thus, these compounds were identified to a mixture of two chromones namely 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-6-C-α-D-glucopyranoside and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, first reported in propolis. The study of the antiradical power, chelating power and the quantification of phenolic compound of these same extracts, showed interesting properties that propolis extracts have to scavenge free radicals.

关键词： Isolation Propolis Chelating Power 5 7-Dihydroxy-2-Methylchromone-6-C-α-D-Glucopyranoside and 5 7-Dihydroxy-2-Methylchromone-8-C-β-D-Glucopyranoside

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Isolation and Characterization of Anthocyanins in Four Varieties of Vigna subterranea (Fabaceae)

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International Journal of Organic Chemistry 2022年第2期12卷 102-115页

作者： Abel Mbaiogaou salomon madjitoloum betoloum Severin Mbaihougadobe Michel Naitormbaide Adama Hema Eloi Pale Training and Research Unit in Exact and Applied Sciences Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Applied Physic Department of Chemistry University de Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratory of Research on Natural Substances Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences (F.P.A.S.) University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Chadian Institute of Agronomic Research for Development (CIARD) Deli Chad

By chromatographic methods (HPLC, TLC) coupled with spectral methods (LC-MS, TLC-MS) and chemical revelation tests, anthocyanins from four Vigna subterranea varieties (M4, D3, KVS350, KVS97) were isolated and identified as malvidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, paeonidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, petunidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, del- pinidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.

关键词： Fabaceae Vigna subterranea Malvidin Paeonidin Petunidin Cyanidin Delphinidin

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Quantification of Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids, Total Anthocyanins and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Detarium Senegalense Extracts from Chad

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第1期14卷 1-15页

作者： salomon madjitoloum betoloum Séverin Mbaihougadobe Abel Mbaiogaou Djibrine Adoum Oumar Mbaindiguim Dagoto Yaya Mahmout Laboratory of Research on Natural Substances Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (F.E.A.S) University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Department of Chemistry University of Moundou Moundou Chad

The aim of the present work is to assess the value of Detarium Senegalense by determining the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins, and by evaluating the free radical scavenging activity of Detarium Senegalense extracts. For this purpose, sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity was essential. The various extracts obtained underwent phytochemical and biochemical analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanins and steroids/terpenes. Quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins yielded the following results: total flavonoids (0.803 ± 0029 mg EQ/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 0.871 ± 0.401 mg EQ/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total polyphenols (23.298 ± 12.68 mg EAG/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 24.69 ± 0.49 401 mg EAG/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total monomeric anthocyanins (44.697 ± 0.939 mg EC3G/100g P and 16.699 ± 0.193 mg EC3G/100g P respectively for acetone and methanol extracts of stem bark). DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.674 ± 0.023 mg/mL for the acetone extract and 0.934 ± 0.24 mg/mL for the methanol extract of roots. .

关键词： Total Phenols Total Flavonoids Total Anthocyanins Antioxidant and Anti-Radical Activities Detarium Senegalense Chad

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Quantification of Tannins in Four Species of Genus Mucna Seeds

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2022年第4期12卷 73-80页

作者： Abel Mbaiogaou Severin Mbaihougadobe salomon madjitoloum betoloum Adama Hema Eloi Pale Samaté Dorosso Abdoul Laboratory of Research on Natural Substances Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences (F.P.A.S.) University of N’Djamena N’Djamena Chad Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Applied Physics Department of Chemistry UFR-SEA University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

In order to make Mucuna seeds consumable, seeds are treated according to the following procedures: boiling, soaking followed by boiling in the presence of 0.5% KOH and finally soaking for a long time followed by boiling in the presence of 0.5% KOH, so that tannins can be removed. Preliminary studies done on the raw seeds of four Mucuna species revealed the presence of tannins. The results showed that the crushed seeds contained all high tannin with the content of 0.370 g GAE/100g DM, 0.336 g GAE/100g DM;0.266 g GAE/100g DM and 0.203 g GAE/100g DM for Mucuna deerigiana, Mucuna nagaland, Mucuna cochinchinensis and Mucuna rajada respectively. The different methods of seed treatment significantly reduced the tannin content in Mucuna seeds. The method of soaking the seeds for 12 hours and then scalding in the presence of 0.5% KOH reduced tannins in Mucuna deerigiana, Mucuna nagaland, Mucuna cochinchinensis, and Mucuna rajada seeds by 47.29%;48.21%;66.16%;and 15.76% respectively. This method gave the highest tannin reduction rate.

关键词： Quantification Tannins Reduction Rate Mucuna Burkina-Faso

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Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of Medicinal Plants Sold in the Markets of the City of N’Djamena

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第4期14卷 121-144页

作者： Djibrine Adoum Oumar Teissir Ibrahim Abakar Hama Cissé salomon madjitoloum betoloum Adama Sawadogo Jean-Ulrich Muandze Nzambe Elisée Mbayngone Abdelsalam Tidjani Aly Savadogo Natural Substances Research Laboratory (NSRL) Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FEAS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABI) Joseph KI-ZERBO University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory (FSNRL) Faculty of Human Health Sciences (FHHS) University of NDjamena Chad Tchad

The use of medicinal plants occupies an important place in traditional Chadian medicine, this study was carried out with the aim of listing the medicinal plants sold in the markets of the city of N’Djamena, and knowledge of the medicinal flora Chad, such as the leaves of Guiera senegalensis in Arabic called Khibeche, the roots of Cassia occidentalis called Am kwala-Kinkéliba in Arabic;the bark of Khaya senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss called Muraї in Arabic and the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum called Helbé in Arabic in order to treat the most frequently cited diseases such as malaria, the common cold, mother and newborn care, and typhoid. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted from September to December 2022, in three markets in the city of N’Djamena, based on individual interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire, with 30 herbalists and traditional practitioners. Phytochemical screening analyses of the organs of four plants were carried out in the chemistry and biology laboratory of the Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences (FSEA) following a standard protocol established by [1] and slightly modified by [2] [3]. The results of the surveys identified 68 species divided into fifty-five (55) genera and twenty-seven (27) families, the most represented of which were Caesalpiniaceae (10 species), Mimosaceae (5 species) and Combretaceae (4 species). The leaves were the most commonly used parts (43%), with decoction (70%) the most frequently used method of preparation. The oral route was the most popular with 73% of recipes. The phytochemical study revealed a wealth of secondary metabolites such as Trapezoidal Sterols, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Free Quinones, Anthocyane, Anthraquinones, Saponosides and Heterosides. These results can be considered as a source of information for scientific research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

关键词： Chad (N’Djamena) Medicinal Plants Ethnobotany Screening Phytochemistry

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