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Experimental and Computational Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Electro-Polymerization Process of Thiophene

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Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials 2013年第3期3卷 59-67页

作者： María Belén Camarada mromero MCGiménez WSchmickler MAdel Valle Lab.Electroquímica de Polímeros Departamento de Química InorgánicaFacultad de QuímicaPontificia Universidad Católica ChileAv.Vicuna MackennaSantiagoChile Nanobiotechnology Division at University of Talca Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation-Center for Systems BiotechnologyFCR-CSBTalcaChile FEG FaMAFUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina Department of Theoretical Chemistry Ulm UniversityUImGermany

Temperature effect on the nucleation and growth mechanisms (NGM) of poly(thiophene) (PTh) was investigated through experimental and computational tools. The computational simulation method was based on a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm. It reproduced key processes such as diffusion, oligomerization, and the precipitation of oligomers onto the electrode surface. Electrochemical synthesis conditions at temperatures between 263 and 303 K were optimized. The deconvolution of the i-t transients reflected two contributions: a progressive nucleation with three-dimensional growth controlled by diffusion and the other by charge transfer, PN3Ddif and PN3Dct, respectively. As temperature decreased, a diminution of the charge associated to each contribution was observed and the nucleation induction time increased. Experimental and computational evidence indicated that temperature does not change the nucleation and growth mechanism (NGM). This effect was ascribed to kinetic factors rather than to film conductivity. This work contrasts simulation and experimental evidence and demonstrates how computational simulations can help to understand the electrochemical process of conducting polymers formation.

关键词： Kinetic Monte Carlo Conducting Polymers Thiophene Electro-Polymerization Nucleation and Growth Mechanism

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Early muscle reinnervation by means of end-to-side neurorrhaphy in an experimental model

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Plastic and Aesthetic Research 2017年第2期4卷 18-23页

作者： AraceIi Pérez RafaeI Reynoso Rosa mromero AngéIica GonzáIez Jorge Ochoa DuIce HGutiérrez Damián PaIafox Department of Plastic Surgery General Hospital“Dr.Manuel Gea Gonzalez”Mexico City14080Mexico Department of Morphology of Cell and Tissue National Pediatric InstituteMexico City14080Mexico Department of Plastic Surgery Hospital AngelesMexico City14080Mexico Department of Health Sciences Technological University of MexicoMexico City14080Mexico.

Aim:The aim of the study was to provide early muscular reinnervation to avoid muscle atrophy and functional loss in an experimental ***:Fifty rats were divided into five *** group 0(control group)only nerve dissection was *** peroneal nerve section was performed in the remaining *** end-to-end neurorrhaphy(EEN)was made in group *** group 2,an end-to-side neurorrhaphy(ESN)was performed from the tibial nerve to the peroneal *** group 3,a direct EEN,plus an ESN,were used as a nerve graft as a bridge from the donor nerve(tibial);all nerve coaptations were performed through an epineural *** group 4,only a neurotomy was made without any type of ***:Neural diameters were similar in groups 0,1,and 3(38±1μm,31±6μm,32±3μm).Neural fibers in group 3 had an 18%increase in the number of axons(P<0.001)when compared to group *** 2(28±1μm)and group 4(19±3μm)had diminished diameters with a lower index of muscle *** in group 4 presented with'clawed'lower extremities and had difficulty with *** graft diameters was similar in groups 2 and 3(33±4μm,31±3μm),but axon density was significantly higher in group 3(53±6μm,39±8μm)(P<0.001).Axon density was 36%higher when the combination of EEN and ESN with a neural graft through an epineural window was ***:This study revealed that the combination of EEN and ESN repairs with the addition of a neural graft provides a lower index of muscle fiber destruction,and can be a reliable method for reconstruction in high neural injuries.

关键词： Nerve transfer neurorrhaphy muscle reinnervation nerve repair

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