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Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities

Progress in Natural Science:materials International 2006年第4期16卷 394-402页

作者： ma jin, wang yipeng, chen shunyun, liu peixun and liu liqiang state key laboratory of earthquake dynamics,{4., china earthquake administration, Beijing 100029, china state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

Tectonic activities are accompanied with material movement and energy transfer, which definitely change the state of thermal radiation on the ground. Thus it is possible to infer present-day tectonic activities based on variations of the thermal radiation state on the ground. The received satellite infrared information is, however, likely influenced by many kinds of factors. Therefore, the first problem that needs to be solved is to extract information on tectonic activities and eliminate effects of external (non-tectonic) factors. In this study, we firstly make a review of the current studies on this subject, and then present the technical approach and our research goal. Using the data of 20 years from the infrared band of the satellite of National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) and the method we have developed, we investigate fault activities in western china. The results show that the areas with high residual values of land surface brightness temperature (LSBT), which is presumably related to faultings in space, accord usually with the locations of followed major {4.s. The times of their value growing are also roughly consistent with the beginning of active periods of {4.s. The low frequency component fields of the LSBT, acquired from wavelet analysis, exhibit well the spatial distributions of active faults. The "heat penetrability index" (HPI) related with enhancement of subsurface thermal information has been expressed well for the backgrounds of accelerated tectonic motions, and some correlations exist between HPI and the local faulting and seismicity. This study provides a new approach to study temporal-spatial evolution of recent activities of faults and their interactions.

关键词： infrared emission fault activity residual of land surface brightness temperature heat penetrability index.

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An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set

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Progress in Natural Science:materials International 2007年第3期17卷 298-304页

作者： liu peixun, ma jin, liu {4., ma Shengli and chen Guoqiang ({4. of earthquake dynamics, institute of geology, china earthquake administration, Beijing 100029, china) laboratory of earthquake dynamics Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

The temperature variations during deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set in a rock sample were measured by a surface measurement system with multi-point platinum resistance thermometers and an infrared thermal image system. The measurements obtained by the two systems were in agreement with each other, indicating a relationship between temporal-spatial variations of the thermal field and changes of stress and strain. At varied structural positions of the rock sample, the rising of the temperature was different, implying distinct stress distributions at these positions. In the experiment, the deformation process of the sample included three stages: elastic deformation, stick-slip, and rupture. Correspondingly, the variation process of temperature had also three stages, each of which had its own temperature rising profile. And the thermal radiation field showed a similar process. These phenomena mean that the dominant mechanisms of temperature rising in all stages of deformation are different. Experimental results provide a physical basis for the study of current fault activities by using data of satellite infrared images.

关键词： en echelon fault set stick-slip thermal infrared radiation temperature mechanism of temperatnre rising.

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Theoretical and experimental study on relationship between stress-strain and temperature variation

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第11期52卷 1825-1834页

作者： chen shunyun liu liqiang liu peixun {4. chen GuoQiang laboratory of earthquake dynamics Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China

Principle on temperature response to the stress-strain variation is fundamental to the relationship between thermal radiation variation and stress-strain field. Current research indicates that temperature has a sensitive response to rock deformation under the condition of normal temperature background. However, the basic physical relationship between deformation and temperature variation is not clear and need to be investigated further. In this paper, principle on temperature response to stress-strain variation is studied in detail, based on thermo{4., elastic strain theory, and experiments on both ideal material and rock. In the stage of elastic deformation, results indicate that: 1) temperature increment is positively correlated with volume strain variation. Temperature rises with hydrostatic pressure increase. In other words, temperature rises when the specimen is under the compressive state whereas temperature drops under the tensile state. 2) Pure shear deformation does not contribute to tempera- ture variation. Namely, shape change of specimen does not produce temperature variation. However, there exist the relative tensile area and the compressive one in the specimen under the state of pure shear. Temperature drops within the relative tensile area while temperature rises within the compressive areas during the process of loading.

关键词： stress-strain temperature variation volume strain pure shear sine-wave load

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A thermal physical index to explore current tectonic activity with satellite remote sensing

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Science china Earth Sciences 2012年第2期55卷 290-295页

作者： chen shunyun ma jin liu {4. liu {4. HU XiaoYan state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China

The use of satellite thermal infrared information is being developed as a method of exploring current tectonic activity. To realize real world application, an objective, stable and testable thermal physical index that is simultaneously related with tectonic activity must be established. From the viewpoint of the energy balance, the land surface is a boundary where energy is exchanged between outer space and the solid Earth. Regardless of how complex the influencing factors are, the land surface is mainly affected by the Sun, atmosphere and underground heat. In this paper, first, the relationships among land surface temperature, solar radiation, atmospheric temperature and thermal information from underground are obtained employing a mathematic physical method based on the equation of heat conduction and energy balance at the land surface. Second, a thermal physical index called the geothermal flux index (GFI), which can provide the activity state of underground heat, is constructed. Third, the theoretical basis of the thermal physical index is verified using stable annual variations in land surface temperature and solar radiation. Finally, combined with known crustal deformations derived using a global positioning system, the effectiveness of the GFI in extracting field tectonic motion is tested. The results indicate that the GFI is effective in providing information on current tectonic activity.

关键词： current tectonic activity thermal physical index geothermal flux index remote sensing

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Spatial-temporal variation of the land surface temperature field and present-day tectonic activity

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Geoscience Frontiers 2010年第1期1卷 57-67页

作者： jin ma shunyun chen Xiaoyan Hu {4. liu liqiang liu state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

This study attempts to acquire information on tectonic activity in western china from land surface temperature （LST） field data. On the basis of the established relationship between heat and strain, we analyzed the LSTdistribution in western china using the satellite data product MODIS/Terra. Our results show that： 1. There are departures from annual changes of LSTin some areas, and that these changes are associated with the activity of some active tectonic zones. 2. When annual-change background values caused by climate factors are removed, the long-period component （LSTLow） of temperature residual （AT） of the LSTis able to serve as an indicator for tectonic activity. We have found that a major earthquake can produce different effects on the/ST fields of surrounding areas. These effects are characterized by both rises and drops in temperature. For example, there was a noteworthy temperature decline associated with the Sumatran M9 earthquake of 2004.in the Bayan Har-Songpan block of central Tibetan Plateau. 3. On the other hand, the LST field of a single area may respond differently to major shocks occurring in different areas in the regions surrounding china. For instance, the Kun- lun M 8.1 event made the LSTon the Longmen Mountains fault zone increase, whereas the Zaisan Lake M 7.9 quake of 2003, and the Sumatran M 9 event of 2004. caused decreases in the same area＇s LST. 4. The variations of land surface temperature （LST） over time are different in different tectonic areas. These phenomena may provide clues for the study of tectonic deformation processes. On the basis of these phenomena, we use a combi- nation of temperature data obtained at varied depths, regional seismicity and strain results obtained with GPS measurements, to test the information related to tectonic activity derived from variations of the LST field, and discuss its implications to the creation of models of regional tectonic deformation.

关键词： Land surtace temperature(LST) field North-south seismic zone(N-S seismic zone) Bayan Har - Songpanblock Present-day tectonicactivity earthquake

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Near-surface Geothermal Gradient Observation and Geothermal Analyses in the Xianshuihe Fault Zone,Eastern Tibetan Plateau

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第2期91卷 414-428页

作者： liu Qianqian SHI Yanan WEI Dongping HAN Peng chen shunyun liu {4. liu liqiang key laboratory of Computational Geodynamics Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake Administration

The Xianshuihe fault（XSHF） zone, characterized by intense tectonic activity, is located at the southwest boundary of the Bayan Har block, where several major earthquakes have occurred, including the 2008 Wenchuan and the 2013 Lushan earthquakes. This study analysed underground temperature sequence data for four years at seven measuring points at different depths（maximum depth： 18.9 m） in the southeastern section of the XSHF zone. High-frequency atmospheric noise was removed from the temperature sequences to obtain relatively stable temperature fields and heat fluxes near the measurement points. Our measurements show that the surrounding bedrock at（the seven stations distributed in the fault zone） had heat flux values range from-4..0 to 206 m W/m^2, with a median value of 54.3 m W/m^2. The results indicate a low heat flux in the northern section of DaofuKangting and a relatively high heat flux in the southern section of Kangting, which is consistent with the temperature distributions of the hot springs near the fault. Furthermore, our results suggest that the heat transfer in this field results primarily from stable underground heat conduction. In addition, the underground hydrothermal activity is also an obvious factor controlling the geothermal gradient.

关键词： temperature sequence records geothermal gradient heat flow heat flux Xianshuihe fault zone Tibet Plateau Proto-Tethys

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Effect of fault jogs on frictional behavior: An experimental study

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第10期51卷 1436-1445页

作者： ma ShengLi chen shunyun liu {4. HU XiaoYan wang KaiYing HUANG YuanMin state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China

Studying the effect of geometrically irregular bodies on the mechanical behavior of fault activity is of significance in understanding the seismic activity along a fault zone. By using rock mechanics ex- periment with medium-scale samples, we have studied the effect of fault jogs, the most common irregularity along fault zones, on frictional behavior. The research indicates that extensional fault jog can be easily fractured because of its low strength and the fractured jog has no obvious resistance to fault sliding, and the micro-fractures occurring in the jog are indicative of stick-slip along the faults. The fault zone containing extensional jogs is characterized by velocity weakening and can be described by rate and state friction law. Compressional fault jog makes fault sliding more difficult because of its high fracturing strength, but the micro-fractures occurring in the tensile areas around fault ends at higher stress level can provide necessary condition for occurrence of stick-slip along the faults before the jog is fractured and thus act as precursors of fault instability. Compression jog can be taken as a stable indicator of fault segmentation until the jog is completely fractured and two faults are linked.

关键词： en-echelon faults extensional jog compression jog micro-fracture stick-slip

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Experimental investigation of three-dimensional propagation process from surface fault

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第10期51卷 1426-1435页

作者： liu liqiang liu peixun WONG HonChu {4. ShaoPeng GUO YanShuang state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of Mechanics School of ScienceBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100083China

Experimental study of the formation and propagation of three-dimensional (3D) faults is of great sig- nificance in the understanding of the propagation process developing from initial natural faults. In the study described in this paper, experimental investigations of 3D propagation processes of a type of surface fault are carried out under biaxial compression. The strain field near the surface fault is dy- namically measured and fully analyzed with a high-density Multi-Channel Digital Strain Gauge (MCDSG) and Digital Speckle Correlation Method (DSCM) based on the white-light image analysis. Simultane- ously the micro-fracture process involved in fault formation is observed by a 3D acoustic emission (AE) location system with a set of multi-channel whole-wave record equipment. The experimental results show that the 3D propagation process of surface fault differs greatly from that of the two-dimensional (2D) state and that a new more complicated type of 3D morphological characters and deformation mechanisms are produced. The 3D propagation process of surface faults may be divided into three stages: 1) the first stage of crack propagation initiated by wing cracks; 2) the conversion stage propa- gated by petal cracks; and 3) the second stage of crack propagation formed by shell-shaped fracture surface. The primary propagation patterns of the three stages are different. The corresponding defor- mation fields and micro-fracture distributions are likewise different. The fracture activities from petal cracks especially are of vital importance during surface fault propagation. This is also a key conversion state and marks an intrinsic difference between 2D-like and the 3D state in fault development.

关键词： surface fault 3D propagation strain field digital speckle acoustic emission

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A laboratory acoustic emission experiment and numerical simulation of rock fracture driven by a high-pressure fluid source

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2016年第1期8卷 27-34页

作者： Xinglin Lei Takahiro Funatsu Shengli ma liqiang liu Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology state key laboratory of earthquake {4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Western Australian School of Mines Curtin University

In order to improve our understanding of rock fracture and fault instability driven by high-pressure fluid sources, the authors carried out rock fracture tests using granite under a confining pressure of 80 MPa with fluid injection in the laboratory. Furthermore, we tested a number of numerical models using the FLAC;modeling software to find the best model to represent the experimental results. The high-speed multichannel acoustic emission（AE） waveform recording system used in this study made it possible to examine the total fracture process through detailed monitoring of AE hypocenters and seismic *** experimental results show that injecting high-pressure oil into the rock sample can induce AE activity at very low stress levels and can dramatically reduce the strength of the rock. The results of the numerical simulations show that major experimental results, including the strength, the temporal and spatial patterns of the AE events, and the role of the fluid can be represented fairly well by a model involving（1） randomly distributed defect elements to model pre-existing cracks,（2） random modification of rock properties to represent inhomogeneity introduced by different mineral grains, and（3）macroscopic inhomogeneity. Our study, which incorporates laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, indicates that such an approach is helpful in finding a better model not only for simulating experimental results but also for upscaling purposes.

关键词： laboratory experiment Acoustic emission(AE) Fracture Numerical simulation Fluid injection

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岩盐断层带黏滑及稳滑过程中声发射活动特征的初步分析

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地球物理学报 2023年第11期66卷 4597-4608页

作者：缪阿丽马胜利郭彦双刘培洵中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室北京100029 江苏省地震局南京210014 防灾科技学院河北三河065201

本文利用双轴摩擦实验对含水条件下岩盐断层带摩擦滑动性状进行了实验研究,观测和分析了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射活动,并利用扫描电镜分析了断层带的微观变形结构.结果表明,含水岩盐断层带在伴随黏滑的速度弱化域和伴随稳定滑动的速度强... 详细信息

本文利用双轴摩擦实验对含水条件下岩盐断层带摩擦滑动性状进行了实验研究,观测和分析了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射活动,并利用扫描电镜分析了断层带的微观变形结构.结果表明,含水岩盐断层带在伴随黏滑的速度弱化域和伴随稳定滑动的速度强化域,摩擦过程中均产生了大量声发射事件;黏滑过程与稳滑过程中的小声发射事件存在共同之处,即两者均表现为能级低;但黏滑过程中的小声发射事件的优势频率既有低频(10 kHz左右)和中频(100 kHz左右),也有高频(370 kHz左右),而在稳定滑动过程中,小声发射事件的优势频率仅有低频和中频,缺少高频事件.这种差异与两者变形主导机制的不同密切相关.在断层黏滑循环中,接近摩擦峰值时声发射发生率明显增加,但高频事件减少、中频和低频事件增加;进入亚失稳阶段后,声发射只有低频和中频信号,几乎不再出现高频信号.这种差异与断层带变形方式的变化密切相关.

关键词：岩盐断层带摩擦实验速度依赖性声发射活动特征微观结构

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