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Evidentiary discrepancies in sexual assault casework within the US

Forensic Sciences Research 2021年第4期6卷 189-194页

作者： Chinyere m.williams Department of chemistry and Forensics nottingham Trent UniversitynottinghamUK

In recent years,a significant number of investigations have discovered up to 200000 unsubmitted sexual assault kits(SAKs)in the *** the public outcry was largely directed towards DNA analysis,the SAKs also contained biological specimens specifically designated for toxicological *** to the sensitivity of analytes in potential drug facilitated sexual assaults,the preservation and maintenance of the specimens is crucial in providing accurate toxicological *** investigations into the unsubmitted SAKs have identified subjective law enforcement officer(LEO)rationale for the unsubmitted kits,however the impact on toxicological specimens has not been *** brief review of policies and guidelines with respect to forensic specimens has identified potential sources of evidentiary degradation,despite the use of chemical *** respect to temperature-controlled environments,the variation in SAK submission policies established throughout the US are potentially detrimental to the preservation of toxicological *** as a result of time-delayed collection and poorly maintained storage temperatures plays a crucial role for/in the interpretation of qualitative and quantitative toxicological *** review finds these delays can be addressed through modernisation of facilities;electronic tracking of unsubmitted SAKs;mandated transfer of biological evidence within 72 h;and documentation of temperature within the chain of custody or other *** identifying the range of temperatures in which the evidence was exposed,forensic toxicologists may unintentionally provide erroneous interpretations of toxicological analyses-potentially casting doubt on the survivor’s recall of events and negatively impacting future sexual assault investigations.

关键词： Forensic sciences forensic toxicology drug-facilitated sexual assault DFSA chemical submission SANE SART

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Experimental evidence that soil heterogeneity enhances plant diversity during community assembly

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第5期7卷 461-469页

作者： Brandon m.williams Gregory R.Houseman Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University1845 FairmountWichitaKS 67260USA

Aims Environmental heterogeneity is a primary mechanism explain-ing species coexistence and extant patterns of *** strong theoretical support and ample observational evidence,few experimental studies in plant communities have been able to demonstrate a causal link between environmental heterogene-ity and plant *** lack of experimental evidence sug-gests that either fine-scale heterogeneity has weak effects on plant diversity or previous experiments have been unable to effectively manipulate ***,we utilize a unique soil manipu-lation to test whether fine-scale soil heterogeneity will increase plant richness through species sorting among experimental patch *** This experiment was conducted in the tallgrass prairie region of south-central Kansas,*** utilized the inherent variation found in the vertical soil profile,which varied in both biotic and abiotic characteristics,and redistributed these strata into either homoge-neous or heterogeneous spatial arrangements in 2.4×2.4 m *** the soil manipulation,34 native prairie species were sown into all *** conducted annual censuses at peak biomass to quantify species composition and plant density by species within the experimental *** Findings After 2 years,species richness was significantly higher in heteroge-neous relative to homogeneous plots and this pattern was independ-ent of total plant *** the heterogeneous plots,13 species had higher establishment in a specific patch type representing one of the three soil ***,no species had greater estab-lishment in the mixed stratum,which comprised the homogene-ous plots,relative to the heterogeneous *** species sorting patterns suggest that fine-scale heterogeneity creates opportunities for plant establishment due to niche differences,which translates into increased plant diversity at the plot *** richness was more strongly related to plant density among patch

关键词： environmental heterogeneity species richness species sorting community assembly niche theory neutral theory

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Effect of nanoparticle(Pd, Pd/Pt, Ni) deposition on high temperature hydrogenation of Ti-V alloys in gaseous flow containing CO

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Progress in Natural Science:materials International 2017年第1期27卷 93-98页

作者： S.Suwarno m.williams J.K.Solberg V.A.Yartys Department of mechanical Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Department of materials Science and Engineering NTNU Institute for Energy Technology University of the Western Cape

The hydrogenation properties of Ti-V hydrides coated with nanoparticles have been studied in gaseous mixtures of argon and hydrogen with and without additions of 1% CO. Nanoparticles of Pd, Ni, and co-deposited Pd/Pt with particle sizes of;0–60 nm were formed by electroless deposition on the hydride surfaces. The alloy resistance to CO could be significantly improved by particle deposition. Large amounts of hydrogen were absorbed in a CO-containing gas when Ni and Pd/Pt deposition had been applied, while pure Pd deposition had no positive effect. Ni was found to have a stronger effect than those of Pd/Pt and Pd, possibly because of the size effect of Ni nanoparticles.

关键词： metal hydride Titanium Vanadium Nanoparticle Palladium Nickel Platinum Carbon monoxide

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Long-term tree productivity of a South Carolina coastal plain forest across a hydrology gradient

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2011年第1期4卷 67-76页

作者： William H.Conner Bo Song Thomas m.williams Jeffery T.Vernon Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science Clemson UniversityGeorgetownSouth Carolina 29442USA

Aims In recent years,there has been an increased interest in examining changes in forest systems in response to drought,flooding,hurricanes and climate *** the southern United States,forested wetlands are of special interest because of the extent of these *** plain forested wetlands are among the most vulnerable to these climatic *** of the problems in developing management practices for these coastal areas is the difficulty in adequately describing productivity relations and predicting how the structure and function of these communities might be affected by natural or anthropogenic *** response to environmental change often occurs over a period of years,and the majority of reported studies are for 1–3 years in *** study documents long-term changes(10 years)in structure,composition and growth along a catena of high water table forested sites of an ancient beach ridge landscape in coastal South *** Aboveground net primary production(ANPP)of trees was monitored from 2000 to 2009 on three sites within a longleaf pine-swamp blackgum forest system on the southern end of theWaccamaw Neck area of Georgetown County,*** study plots(20325 m)were established across a moisture gradient(Dry,Intermediate,and Wet).Water levels were continuously monitored,litterfall was measured monthly and growth of trees>10 cm diameter at breast height was monitored on an annual *** litterfall and tree production values were summed to provide estimates of *** Findings The study site was under severe drought conditions July 2001 through late summer 2002 and again in *** growth was affected in all three sites,but with different *** seems that diameter growth in the Wet site was more sensitive to drought conditions in 2001–02 and 2007 than either Dry or Intermediate *** droughts did not seem to have a significant impact on litterfall in the Wet site,litterfall in the Intermediat

关键词： production gum-cypress forests hydrology drought effects coastal plain forests

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High human disturbance decreases individual variability in skink escape behavior

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 63-70页

作者： Dana m.williams Phat-Tan NGUYEN Kemal CHAN madeleine KROHN Daniel T.BLUmSTEIN Department of Ecology&Evolutionary Biology University of California621 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

Animals living around people may modify their antipredator behavior as a function of proximity to humans,and this response has profound implications for whether or not a population can coexist with *** asked whether inland blue-tailed skinks Emoia impar modified their individual antipredator behavior as a function of differential exposure to *** conducted multiple consecutive flushes and recorded 2 measures of antipredator response:flight initiation distance(FID),the distance from a threatening stimulus at which an individual flees,and distance fled,the distance an individual fled after a *** used a multiple model comparison approach to quantify variation in individual escape behavior across multiple approaches and to test for differences in between-individual variation among *** found that individuals tolerated closer approach and fled shorter distances at locations with relatively less human disturbance than at locations with medium and high human disturbance,*** addition,skinks living at high human disturbance sites had less variable FIDs than at low human disturbance *** theories may explain these *** against less favorable phenotypes has reduced behavioral variation in urban habitats and behavioral plasticity allows individuals to flexibly adjust their behavioral patterns in response to human *** results highlight the importance of studying variation within populations,at the individual level,which may better elucidate the impact that human disturbance has on the behavioral composition of populations.

关键词： distance fled Emoia impar flight initiation distance habitat sorting habituation urbanization

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Twin studies,genome-wide association studies and myopia genetics

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Annals of Eye Science 2017年第1期2卷 349-354页

作者： Katie m.williams Pirro Hysi Christopher J.Hammond Department of Ophthalmology King's College LondonSt Thomas’HospitalLondonUK Department of Twin Research&Genetic Epidemiology King's College LondonSt Thomas’HospitalLondonUK

myopia is an increasingly prevalent,complex trait influenced by numerous genetic and environmental *** the increasing prevalence may be underlined by changing environmental pressures,the majority of trait variance is explained by genetic *** other words,the dispersion or variation in refractive error within individuals of a defined population is largely due to the effect of *** is supported by the crude but well-replicated dose-response association of one or more myopic parents and risk of myopia in their child(1-4),and to a better degree the high estimates of heritability for refractive error from twin studies(5-8).

关键词： refractive estimates error

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The effect of white noise on behavioral and flight responses of blue-tailed skinks

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Current Zoology 2021年第1期67卷 125-126页

作者： Connor KELLIGREW Sarah TIAN marcus WeISS Dana m.williams Daniel T.BLUmSTEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

As human development expands,environments are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic noise which may disrupt animals in a variety of *** noise can be disruptive both as a source of auditory masking,which prevents animals from acquiring acoustic information(Brumm and Slabbekoorn 2005),or as a source of distraction,reallocating an individual's attention and impairing an animal's ability to engage in critical behaviors such as prey risk assessment(Chan et al.2010).

关键词： locating effect critical

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Novel approaches to therapeutics in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: vitamin C and tumor treatment fields

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Journal of Cancer metastasis and Treatment 2021年第1期7卷 284-299页

作者： Laith Abushahin Travis Jones Jonathan Song Terence m.williams Haseebah Shahzad Anne Noonan Arthur G.James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J.Solove Research Institute The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOH 43210USA Department of Internal medicine Division of Medical OncologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA Department of mechanical&Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA Department of Radiation Oncology The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOH 43210USA

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic *** extensive clinical research over the past several decades,meaningful improvements in care standards have been challenging to *** efforts are underway on several fronts,including cytotoxic chemotherapy combinations,immunotherapy,and targeted *** this review,we chose to focus less on mainstream avenues of clinical research in PDAC and highlight some novel and innovative research efforts that are typically outside the spotlight of *** of these novel approaches include pharmacologic vitamin C and electromagnetic *** review’s scope is to present the biological basis of the anti-cancer potential and the early clinical data,as well as the future landscape of these agents,including ongoing clinical trials in these therapeutic avenues.

关键词： Pancreas cancer vitamin C ascorbate tumor treatment fields induced electromagnetic field electromagnetic field therapy

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Cold adaptation does not alter ATP homeostasis during cold exposure in Drosophila melanogaster

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第4期13卷 471-481页

作者： Caroline m.williams James R.ROCCA Arthur S.EDISON David B.ALLISON Theodore J.mORGAN Daniel A.HAHN Department of Integrative Biology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA Departments of Entomology and Nematology University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Biochemistry University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Advanced magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA Division of Biology Kansas State UniversityManhattanKansasUSA

In insects and other ectotherms,cold temperatures cause a coma resulting from loss of neuromuscular function,during which ionic and metabolic homeostasis are progressively *** adaptation improves homeostasis during cold exposure,but the ultimate targets of selection are still an open *** acclimation and adaptation remodels mitochondrial metabolism in insects,suggesting that aerobic energy production during cold exposure could be a target of ***,we test the hypothesis that cold adaptation improves the ability to maintain rates of aerobic energy production during cold exposure by using^(31)P NmR on live *** lines of Drosophila melanogaster artificially selected for fast and slow recovery from a cold coma,we show that cold exposure does not lower ATP levels and that cold adaptation does not alter aerobic ATP production during cold ***-hardy and cold-susceptible lines both experienced a brief transition to anaerobic metabolism during cooling,but this was rapidly reversed during cold exposure,suggesting that oxidative phosphorylation was sufficient to meet energy demands below the critical thermal minimum,even in cold-susceptible *** thus reject the hypothesis that performance under mild low temperatures is set by aerobic ATP supply limitations in ***,excluding oxygen and capacity limitation as a weak link in energy *** work suggests that the modulations to mitochondrial metabolism resulting from cold acclimation or adaptation may arise from selection on a biosynthetic product(s)of those pathways rather than selection on ATP supply during cold exposure.

关键词： chill coma energetics insect oxygen limitation thermal tolerance

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同音字的翻译

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中国翻译 2011年第2期32卷 91-92页

作者： Nicholas m.williams(魏宁) 香港理工大学·中文及双语系

这两篇原文的写法很少见，都用的是同音字，虽然可能不同声调；看似极端，却是翻译中常见的现象：就是声音要不要翻译，怎样翻译的问题。很明显，这两篇文章声音的重要性远远超过意义。那么声音也是翻译时主要考虑的对象，有时要改变或... 详细信息

这两篇原文的写法很少见，都用的是同音字，虽然可能不同声调；看似极端，却是翻译中常见的现象：就是声音要不要翻译，怎样翻译的问题。很明显，这两篇文章声音的重要性远远超过意义。那么声音也是翻译时主要考虑的对象，有时要改变或牺牲一些意义，目的是为了保留一部分声音的特色，但又在总体上保留全文意义。

关键词：同音字翻译声音意义写法原文声调

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