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multiscale wood micromechanics and size effects study via nanoindentation

生物质资源与工程(英文) 2023年第3期8卷 246-264页

作者： Yuri I.Golovin alexander A.Gusev Dmitry Yu.Golovin Sergey m.matveev alexander I.Tyrin alexander A.Samodurov Viktor V.Korenkov Inna A.Vasyukova maria A.Yunack Institute“Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials” G.R.Derzhavin Tambov State University392000 TambovRussia Department of Chemical Enzymology School of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State University119991 MoscowRussia Research and Educational Center«Sustainable Development of the Forest Complex» Voronezh State Forestry University Named after G.F.Morozov394087 VoronezhRussia Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature materials National University of Science and Technology“MISIS”119991 MoscowRussia

Wood as a material is a natural composite with a complex hierarchically arranged structure.All scale levels of wood structure contribute to its macroscopic mechanical properties.The nature of such characteristics and deformation modes differs radically at different scale levels.Wood macroscopic properties are well studied,and the relevant information can be easily found in the literature.However,the knowledge of the deformation mechanisms at the mesoscopic level corresponding to the cellular structure of early and late wood layers of annual growth rings is insufficient.It hinders building the comprehensive multiscale model of how wood mechanical properties are formed.This paper described the results of scanning of mechanical properties of softwood and hardwood samples,such as common pine,small-leaf lime,and pedunculate oak,by means of nanoindentation(NI).The NI technique allows varying the size of deformed region within a wide range by altering maximal load(P max)applied to the indenter so that one can re-peatedly and non-destructively test wood structural components at different scale levels on the same sample without changing the technique or equipment.It was discovered that the effective microhardness(H eff)and Young’s modulus(E eff)decreased manifold with P max growing from 0.2 to 2000 mN.This drop in H effwas observed when the locally deformed region grew,and re-sulting from P max increase generally follows the rule similar to the Hall-Petch relation for yield stress,strength,and hardness initially established for metals and alloys,though obviously in those cases the underlying internal mechanisms are quite different.The nature and micromechanisms of such size effect(SE)in wood revealed using NI were discussed in this study.At P maxmN,the deformed area under the pyramidal Berckovich indenter was much smaller than the cell wall width.Hence,in this case,NI measured the internal mechanical properties of the cell wall material as long as free boundaries impact could be neglected.At P max>200 mN,the indentat

关键词： Nano/microhardness Scanning nanoindentation Annual growth ring Early and late wood Dendrochronology

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New guidance for using t-SNE:Alternative defaults,hyperparameter selection automation,and comparative evaluation

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Visual Informatics 2022年第2期6卷 87-97页

作者： Robert Gove Lucas Cadalzo Nicholas Leiby Jedediah m.Singer alexander Zaitzeff Two Six Technologies USA

We present new guidelines for choosing hyperparameters for t-SNE and an evaluation comparing these guidelines to current ones.These guidelines include a proposed empirically optimum guideline derived from a t-SNE hyperparameter grid search over a large collection of data sets.We also introduce a new method to featurize data sets using graph-based metrics called scagnostics;we use these features to train a neural network that predicts optimal t-SNE hyperparameters for the respective data set.This neural network has the potential to simplify the use of t-SNE by removing guesswork about which hyperparameters will produce the best embedding.We evaluate and compare our neural network-derived and empirically optimum hyperparameters to several other t-SNE hyperparameter guidelines from the literature on 68 data sets.The hyperparameters predicted by our neural network yield embeddings with similar accuracy as the best current t-SNE guidelines.Using our empirically optimum hyperparameters is simpler than following previously published guidelines but yields more accurate embeddings,in some cases by a statistically significant margin.We find that the useful ranges for t-SNE hyperparameters are narrower and include smaller values than previously reported in the literature.Importantly,we also quantify the potential for future improvements in this area:using data from a grid search of t-SNE hyperparameters we find that an optimal selection method could improve embedding accuracy by up to two percentage points over the methods examined in this paper.

关键词： Dimensionality reduction machine learning t-SNE

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Complex Coacervate materials as Artificial Cells

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Accounts of materials Research 2023年第3期4卷 287-298页

作者： alexander B.Cook Sebastian Novosedlik Jan C.m.van Hest Bio-Organic Chemistry Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology5600 MB EindhovenThe Netherlands

CONSPECTUS:Cells have evolved to be self-sustaining compartmentalized systems that consist of many thousands of biomolecules and metabolites interacting in complex cycles and reaction networks.Numerous subtle intricacies of these self-assembled structures are still largely unknown.The importance of liquid−liquid phase separation(both membraneless and mem-brane bound)is,however,recognized as playing an important role in achieving biological function that is controlled in time and space.Reconstituting biochemical reactions in vitro has been a success of the last decades,for example,establishment of the minimal set of enzymes and nutrients able to replicate cellular activities like the in vitro transcription translation of genes to proteins.Further than this though,artificial cell research has the aim of combining synthetic materials and nonliving macromolecules into ordered assemblies with the ability to carry out more complex and ambitious cell-like functions.These activities can provide insights into fundamental cell processes in simplified and idealized systems but could also have an applied impact in synthetic biology and biotechnology in the future.To date,strategies for the bottom-up fabrication of micrometer scale life-like artificial cells have included stabilized water-in-oil droplets,giant unilamellar vesicles(GUV’s),hydrogels,and complex coacervates.Water-in-oil droplets are a valuable and easy to produce model system for studying cell-like processes;however,the lack of a crowded interior can limit these artificial cells in mimicking life more closely.Similarly membrane stabilized vesicles,such as GUV’s,have the additional membrane feature of cells but still lack a macromolecularly crowded cytoplasm.Hydrogel-based artificial cells have a macromolecularly dense interior(although cross-linked)that better mimics cells,in addition to mechanical properties more similar to the viscoelasticity seen in cells but could be seen as being not dynamic in nature and limiting to the diffusion of biomolecules.On the oth

关键词： interior stabilized simplified

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激光辐射波长和脉冲寿命对碲化镉熔化阈值的影响

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材料导报 2024年第7期38卷 40-45页

作者：列维茨基·谢尔盖曹泽祥柯巴·亚历山大柯巴·玛丽亚乌克兰国家科学院半导体物理研究所基辅03028 乌克兰国立技术大学物理技术学院基辅03058 乌克兰国民警卫研究所国家安全系基辅03028

碲化镉的相对分子量为240,密度为5.885 g/cm^(3),熔点为1092℃。碲化镉是一种Ⅱ-Ⅵ族的化合物半导体材料,属于直接带隙型,带隙宽度为1.56 eV。碲化镉是制造X射线、伽马射线和红外线探测器的基本材料。对碲化镉的特别关注主要是由于其大... 详细信息

碲化镉的相对分子量为240,密度为5.885 g/cm^(3),熔点为1092℃。碲化镉是一种Ⅱ-Ⅵ族的化合物半导体材料,属于直接带隙型,带隙宽度为1.56 eV。碲化镉是制造X射线、伽马射线和红外线探测器的基本材料。对碲化镉的特别关注主要是由于其大原子数和大的光电吸收截面。在基于CdTe的伽马辐射势垒探测器结构中,其表面的处理方法之一是纳秒激光照射,在某些情况下,纳秒激光照射可以在触点(Ag、In、Au)和势垒形成的技术处理阶段优化所需的表面参数。另一种方法是在脉冲激光照射下在碲化镉表面形成有序的纳米结构。对基于半导体及其结构的脉冲激光器,可根据其不同的脉冲持续时间τ_(p)和辐射波长λ将其分类。例如,红宝石激光器(λ=694 nm)、钕激光器(一次谐波1064 nm和两次谐波532 nm)、准分子KrF激光器(248 nm)和XeF激光器(351 nm)等,其脉冲持续时间分别为7、20、80、120 ns。这些激光器常被应用于表面修饰等领域。因此,往往有必要事先知道或至少估计在脉冲激光辐射下碲化镉表面的熔化温度和阈值,这取决于激光脉冲持续时间τ_(p)、辐射波长(光吸收系数α(λ))以及碲化镉表面本身的电物理参数,特别是表面重组率S和非平衡电荷载流子的寿命。这些参数取决于表面处理的方法和掺杂物的浓度。在上述情况下,实验研究是非常耗费人力和时间的,因此基于τ_(p)、α(λ)和碲化镉表面本身的电物理参数对融化阈值th和表面温度进行理论计算变得非常重要。本工作采用激光照射碲化镉,辐射波长为300~800 nm,脉冲持续时间为7~120 ns。为了以非破坏性的和有效的方法来管理接近表面层状态的CdTe,在T=80 K下进行了光致发光实验。为了监测熔化阈值,研究了由Acrorad公司制造和抛光的尺寸为5 mm×5 mm×0.5 mm的Cl补偿p-CdTe(111)单晶的光致发光光谱。经过研究发现,在激光脉冲寿命从7ns到1μs的范围内,CdTe熔化阈值明显取决于光吸收系数α(λ)。因为在脉冲寿命长于1μs的情况下,热扩散深度明显大于CdTe中的激光辐射穿透深度,并开始依赖于反射系数R(λ)。对于较短的激光脉冲长度τ_(p),当辐射波长λ变化时,熔化阈值会发生显著变化。同时,非平衡过剩载流子参数的变化(如表面重组速度S从10^(3)m/s增加到10^(5)m/s,还有扩散深度LD从0.4μm增加到2μm)会对CdTe熔化阈值产生至少25%的影响。而且红宝石激光的脉冲持续时间在(20±5)ns区间内的变化导致相对熔化阈值的变化(ΔIth/Ith)为35%。CdTe熔化阈值的计算值可以有效地被用于优化脉冲激光对晶体的表面处理与掺杂。

关键词：碲化镉熔化阈值脉冲激光辐照半导体激光掺杂

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“Wood-nacre”:Development of a Bio-inspired Wood-Based Composite for Beam and 3D-Surface Elements with Improved Failure mechanisms

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2023年第4期20卷 1701-1711页

作者： Ulrich müller Peter Halbauer alexander Stadlmann maximilian Grabner Hajir Al-musawi Bernhard Ungerer maximilian Pramreiter Department of material Science and Process Engineering Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable MaterialsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesKonrad-Lorenz-Straße 243430Tulln an der DonauAustria Hycobility Engineering&Technologies GmbH Stadiongasse 6-8/Top281010ViennaAustria

Following the natural structure of the nacre,the material studied consists of a multitude of hexagonal tiles that are glued together in an offset manner with a ductile adhesive.This so-called“wood nacre”consists of macroscopic tiles of birch wood veneer with a thickness of 0.8 mm and a size of 20 or 10 mm in diameter in order to mimic the aragonite tiles and the ductile PUR-adhesive corresponds to the layers of collagen in between.E-modulus(mOE),bending strength(mOR)and impact bending strength of the samples were determined and compared with reference samples of birch laminated wood.The hierarchical layered structure of the tiles does not cause any relevant loss in stiffness.Like nacre,“wood nacre”also shows tough fracture behaviour and a high homogenization effect.However,strain hardening and high fracture toughness of the natural model could not be fully achieved.The reason for this is the insufficient ratio between the strength and stiffness of the veneer layers and the adhesive.By adjusting the size of the tiles,increasing the strength and surface roughness of the veneers,e.***.by densification,and using more ductile adhesives that can be applied in smaller layer thicknesses,it should be possible to better reproduce the natural ratios of nacre and thus achieve a significant improvement in the material properties of“wood nacre”.In addition to the mechanical properties,the high potential of the new material lies in the possibility of producing 3D shell-shaped elements for lightweight wood hybrid construction.

关键词： Bio-inspired Damage tolerance Failure behaviour Hierarchical structure Nacre Work of fracture

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Hepatoprotective actions of melatonin:Possible mediation by melatonin receptors

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第48期16卷 6087-6097页

作者： alexander m mathes Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care and Pain MedicineSaarland University Hospital

melatonin,the hormone of darkness and messenger of the photoperiod,is also well known to exhibit strong direct and indirect antioxidant properties. melatonin has previously been demonstrated to be a powerful organ protective substance in numerous models of injury; these beneficial effects have been attributed to the hormone's intense radical scavenging capacity. The present report reviews the hepatoprotective potential of the pineal hormone in various models of oxidative stress in vivo,and summarizes the extensive literature showing that melatonin may be a suitable experimental substance to reduce liver damage after sepsis,hemorrhagic shock,ischemia/reperfusion,and in numerous models of toxic liver injury. melatonin's influence on hepatic antioxidant enzymes and other potentially relevant pathways,such as nitric oxide signaling,hepatic cytokine and heat shock protein expression,are evaluated. Based on recent literature demonstrating the functional relevance of melatonin receptor activation for hepatic organ protection,this article finally suggests that melatonin receptors could mediate the hepatoprotective actions of melatonin therapy.

关键词： Antioxidant enzymes Hemorrhagic shock Hepatoprotection Ischemia Liver Liver function melatonin melatonin receptor Ramelteon Reperfusion Sepsis Toxic liver injury

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Ion emission from warm dense matter produced by irradiation with a soft x-ray free-electron laser

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matter and Radiation at Extremes 2024年第1期9卷 71-84页

作者： Josef Krása Tomás Burian Vera Hájková Jaromír Chalupský Šimon Jelínek Katerina Frantálová michal Krupka Zuzana Kuglerová Sushil Kumar Singh Vojtech Vozda Ludek Vysín michalŠmíd Pablo Perez-martin marion Kühlman Juan Pintor Jakub Cikhardt matthias Dreimann Dennis Eckermann Felix Rosenthal Sam m.Vinko Alessandro Forte Thomas Gawne Thomas Campbell Shenyuan Ren YuanFeng Shi Trevor Hutchinson Oliver Humphries Thomas Preston mikako makita motoaki Nakatsutsumi Xiayun Pan alexander Köhler marion Harmand Sven Toleikis Katerina Falk Libor Juha Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics Institute of PhysicsCzech Academy of SciencesNa Slovance 218221 Prague 8Czech Republic Laser Plasma Department Institute of Plasma PhysicsCzech Academy of SciencesZa Slovankou 318200 Prague 8Czech Republic Department of Surface and Plasma Science Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles University in PragueV Holesovi ckách 218000 Prague 8Czech Republic Department of Physical Electronics Faculty of Nuclear Science and Engineering PhysicsCzech Technical University in PragueV Holesovi ckách 218000 Prague 8Czech Republic Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Bautzner Landstraße 40001328 DresdenGermany DESY Photon Science Notkestraße 85D-22607 HamburgGermany Institut de minéralogie de Physique des Matériaux et de CosmochimieUMR 7590–UPMC/CNRS/IRD/MNHNSorbonne Université4 place Jussieu75005 ParisFrance Department of Physics Faculty of Electrical EngineeringCzech Technical University in PragueTechnická216627 Prague 6Czech Republic Center for Soft Nanoscience University of MünsterBusso-Peus-Straße 10D-48149 MünsterGermany Department of Physics Clarendon LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX13PUUnited Kingdom Central Laser Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcot OX110QXUnited Kingdom Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East AvenueLivermoreCalifornia 94550USA European XFEL GmbH Holzkoppel 4D-22869 SchenefeldGermany Technische Universität Dresden 01062 DresdenGermany

We report on an experiment performed at the FLASH2 free-electron laser(FEL)aimed at producing warm dense matter via soft x-ray isochoric heating.In the experiment,we focus on study of the ions emitted during the soft x-ray ablation process using time-of-flight electron multipliers and a shifted maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution model.We find that most emitted ions are thermal,but that some impurities chemisorbed on the target surface,such as protons,are accelerated by the electrostatic field created in the plasma by escaped electrons.The morphology of the complex crater structure indicates the presence of several ion groups with varying temperatures.We find that the ion sound velocity is controlled by the ion temperature and show how the ion yield depends on the FEL radiation attenuation length in different materials.

关键词： electrostatic emitted chemi

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Compositional engineering of HKUST-1/sulfidized Nimn-LDH on functionalized mWCNTs as remarkable bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting

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Carbon Energy 2023年第12期5卷 1-20页

作者： mengshan Chen Reza Abazari Soheila Sanati Jing Chen mingyuzhi Sun Cunhong Bai alexander m.Kirillov Yingtang Zhou Guangzhi Hu Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control National Engineering Research Center for Marine AquacultureMarine Science and Technology CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MaraghehMaraghehIran State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNingxia UniversityYinchuanChina Departamento de Engenharia Química Centro de Química EstruturalInstitue of Molecular SciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal School of Ecology and Environmental Science Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau LakesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina

Water-splitting reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)typically require expensive noble metal-based electrocatalysts.This has motivated researchers to develop novel,cost-effective electrocatalytic systems.In this study,a new multicomponent nanocomposite was assembled by combining functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes,a Cu-based metal–organic framework(mOF)(HKUST-1 or HK),and a sulfidized Nimn-layered double hydroxide(Nimn-S).The resulting nanocomposite,abbreviated as mW/HK/Nimn-S,features a unique architecture,high porosity,numerous electroactive Cu/Ni/mn sites,fast charge transfer,excellent structural stability,and conductivity.At a current density of 10 mA cm-2,this dual-function electrocatalyst shows remarkable performance,with ultralow overpotential values of 163 mV(OER)or 73 mV(HER),as well as low Tafel slopes(57 and 75 mV dec-1,respectively).Additionally,its high turnover frequency values(4.43 s-1 for OER;3.96 s-1 for HER)are significantly superior to those of standard noble metal-based Pt/C and IrO2 systems.The synergistic effect of the nanocomposite's different components is responsible for its enhanced electrocatalytic performance.A density functional theory study revealed that the multi-interface and multicomponent heterostructure contribute to increased electrical conductivity and decreased energy barrier,resulting in superior electrocatalytic HER/OER activity.This study presents a novel vision for designing advanced electrocatalysts with superior performance in water splitting.Various composites have been utilized in water-splitting applications.This study investigates the use of the mW/HK/Nimn-S electrocatalyst for water splitting for the first time to indicate the synergistic effect between carbon-based materials along with layered double hydroxide compounds and porous compounds of mOF.The unique features of each component in this composite can be an interesting topic in the field of water splitting.

关键词： bifunctional electrocatalyst electroactive sites multicomponent synergic effect water splitting

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Norton-Hoff model for deformation of growing solid shell of thin slab casting in funnel-shape mold

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第1期29卷 88-102页

作者： alexander Vakhrushev Abdellah Kharicha menghuai Wu Andreas Ludwig Gerald Nitzl Yong Tang Gernot Hackl Josef Watzinger Christian m.G.Rodrigues Christian-Doppler Laboratory for metallurgical Applications of magnetohydrodynamics Montanuniversitat Leoben8700 LeobenAustria Primetals Technologies 4031 LinzAustria Chair of Simulation and modeling of metallurgical Processes Department of MetallurgyMontanuniversit?t Leoben8700 LeobenAustria RHI magnesita GmbH 1120 ViennaAustria RHI magnesita GmbH 8700 LeobenAustria

A funnel-type mold is commonly used to provide necessary clearance for the submerged entry nozzle in the thin slab casting(TSC).The partially solidified shell is subjected to the mechanical deformations,which can lead to the defects formation and,as a results,to a breakout.Traditionally,the results of the flow simulation,performed by the finite volume method(FVm),are fed to the external package for the finite element analysis of stress and strain.A coupled model was assembled using“creeping solid”approach by blending the Norton-Hoff viscoplastic stress for the solidifying shell with the Newtonian viscous stress of the liquid melt.The FVm was used to combine both liquid and solid stress models within a single solver.The iterative procedure based on the improved both side diffusion method was introduced to treat the nonlinear relation between the viscoplastic stress and the strain rate.The modeled shell thickness was verified by previously published breakout measurements and the simulation results.Temperature distribution,obtained during the TSC simulation,dominantly corresponds to the viscoplastic range.Developed numerical approach is robust and has direct industrial application.

关键词： Solid shell Viscoplastic stress Solidification Norton-Hoff model Thin slab Continuous casting Improved both side diffusion method OpenFOAm

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Corrosion behavior of Fe–Cr–Ni based alloys exposed to molten mgCl_(2)–KCl–NaCl salt with over-added mg corrosion inhibitor

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2023年第10期17卷 1608-1619页

作者： Rui Yu Qing Gong Hao Shi Yan Chai alexander Bonk Alfons Weisenburger Dihua Wang Georg müller Thomas Bauer Wenjin Ding Institute for Pulsed Power and microwave Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology(KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany School of Resources and Environmental Science Wuhan University(WHU)Wuhan 430072China Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center(DLR)70569 StuttgartGermany Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center(DLR)70569 CologneGermany

mgCl_(2)–NaCl–KCl salts mixture shows great potential as a high-temperature(>700°C)thermal energy storage material in next-generation concentrated solar power plants.Adding mg into molten mgCl_(2)–NaCl–KCl salt as a corrosion inhibitor is one of the most effective and cost-effective methods to mitigate the molten salt corrosion of commercial Fe–Cr–Ni alloys.However,it is found in this work that both stainless steel 310 and Incoloy 800H samples were severely corroded after 500 h immersion test at 700°C when the alloy samples directly contacted with the over-added mg in the liquid form.The corrosion attack is different from the classical impurity-driven corrosion in molten chloride salts found in previous work.microscopic analysis indicates that Ni preferentially leaches out of alloy matrix due to the tendency to form mgNi_(2)/mg_(2)Ni compounds.The Ni-depletion leads to the formation of a porous corrosion layer on both alloys,with the thickness around 204μm(stainless steel 310)and 1300μm(Incoloy 800H),respectively.These results suggest that direct contact of liquid mg with Ni-containing alloys should be avoided during using mg as a corrosion inhibitor for mgCl_(2)–NaCl–KCl or other chlorides for high temperature heat storage and transfer.

关键词： concentrated solar power(CSP) mg corrosion inhibitor mg-Ni intermetallic salt purification thermal energy storage(TES)

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