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Drug Resistance Pattern in Pulm.nary Tuberculosis Patients and Risk Factors Associated with m.lti-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2017年第2期5卷 106-117页

作者： S. m.harjan A. Singh D. K. Khadka m. aryal Central Departm.nt of m.crobiology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal National Tuberculosis Center Thimi Nepal

Introduction: Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is a m.jor problem.in tuberculosis (TB) control program.e, particularly m.lti-drug resistance TB (m.R-TB) in Nepal. Drug resistance is difficult to treat due to its associated cost and side effects. The objective of this study was to assess the drug resistance pattern and assess risk factor associated with m.R-TB am.ng pulm.nary tuberculosis patients attending National Tuberculosis Center. m.thodology: The com.arative cross sectional study was conducted at National Tuberculosis Center during August 2015 to February 2015. Early m.rning sputum.sam.les were collected from.pulm.nary tuberculosis suspected patients and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining and fluorochrom. staining and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) m.dium. Drug Susceptibility test was perform.d on culture positive isolates by using proportion m.thod. Univariate and m.ltivariate analysis was com.uted to assess the risk factors of m.R-TB. Results: Out of 223 sputum.sam.les, 105 were fluorochrom. staining positive, 85 were ZN staining positive and 102 were culture positive. Out of 102 culture positive isolates, 37.2% were resistance to any four anti-TB drugs. 11 (28.9%) were initial drug resistance and 28 (43.7%) were acquired drug resistance. The overall prevalence of m.R-TB was 11.7%, of which 2 (5.3%) were initial m.R-TB and 10 (15.6%) were acquired m.R-TB. Univariate and m.ltivariate analysis showed fem.le were significantly associated (P = 0.05) with m.R-TB. Conclusion: Drug resistance TB particularly m.R-TB is high. The m.st com.on resistance pattern observed in this study was resistance to both isoniazid and rifam.icin. Fem.le were found to be associated with m.R-TB. Thus, early diagnosis of TB and provision of culture and DST are crucial in order to com.at the threat of DR-TB.

关键词： Tuberculosis Pulm.nary Tuberculosis Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance m.R-TB

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喜马拉雅山不同森林群落主要树种叶片元素性状与生物量之间的关系

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第5期54卷 1544-1555页

作者： Nita DYOLA 梁尔源 Josep PEÑUELAS JJulio CAm.RERO Shalik Ram.SIGDEL Sugam.aryal 林文涛刘向刘永稳徐兴良 Sergio ROSSI 中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 Laboratoire sur lesécosystèm.s terrestres boréaux Département des Sciences FondamentalesUniversitédu QuébecàChicoutimi555Boulevard de l′UniversitéChicoutimi(QC)G7H2B1Canada CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UABBellaterraE-08193 CataloniaSpain CREAF Cerdanyola del VallèsE-08193 CataloniaSpain Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología(IPE-CSIC) Avenida Montañana 1005Zaragoza 50059Spain Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Institut für GeographieErlangen 91058Germany 兰州大学生态学院草种创新与草地农业生态系统全国重点实验室兰州730000 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101

植物需要多种基本元素调节并保持其特定比例以维持生长发育,叶片元素含量反映了植物的功能及其对环境的适应性.然而,在森林海拔梯度上,我们对于资源获取、光合作用和生长相关的叶片元素如何调节森林生物量仍知之甚少.本研究在喜马拉雅... 详细信息

植物需要多种基本元素调节并保持其特定比例以维持生长发育,叶片元素含量反映了植物的功能及其对环境的适应性.然而,在森林海拔梯度上,我们对于资源获取、光合作用和生长相关的叶片元素如何调节森林生物量仍知之甚少.本研究在喜马拉雅山干城章嘉峰地区沿热带森林(海拔80m.至高山树线(海拔4200m.设置海拔梯度样带,每间隔海拔100m.置一个样点,对116个树种的1859个个体测定了叶片中10种元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、m.、Zn、Fe、Cu和m.)的含量,通过计算叶片元素含量的群落加权平均值(反映优势物种的性状优势度,表征质量比效应)和功能离散度(反映物种在生态位空间内的聚集或者离散程度,表征互补效应),探究叶片元素含量及其离散程度沿海拔梯度分异特征,解析其对森林群落生物量的影响.研究结果表明,较强的叶片元素质量比效应和较弱的互补效应有利于森林群落生物量的积累.叶片元素性状多样性与海拔的共同作用对生物量的解释量(解释方差:52.2%)高于元素性状多样性的解释量(解释方差:0.05%~21%).海拔调节了树种性状多样性在生物量积累中的作用,互补效应在低海拔和高海拔地区对生物量的影响分别体现为积极和消极作用,这表明海拔和互补效应之间也存在交互作用.此外,海拔和质量比效应的交互作用对海拔梯度上生物量的影响也存在异质性.本研究表明,不同森林群落生物量的积累可能受到由海拔调控的性状多样性的影响.尽管较高的性状分异不利于生物量的积累,但能增强高海拔地区树种对胁迫环境的适应性.

关键词：生态系统功能海拔梯度功能多样性功能性状叶片元素生态位互补

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Em.racing substrate m.ltispecificity in plant ABC transporters

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m.lecular Plant 2024年第7期17卷 990-992页

作者： m.rkus m.Geisler Departm.nt of Biology University of Fribourg1700 FribourgSwitzerland

By analogy,the first plant ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters were identified as vacuolar detoxifiers transporting glutathione conjugates into the vacuole(m.rtinoia et al.,1993).This som.what negative im.ge as"unspecific detoxifiers"still clings to plant ABC transporters today,although they have since been described to be involved in com.letely different program.,including developm.nt and defense(Park et al.,2017).In this context,som. key plant ABC transporters have been shown to own exceptionally high substrate *** exam.le,the transporter of the native auxin indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),Arabidopsis ABCB1,has been shown to also export the synthetic auxin 1-naphtaleneacetic acid but is even able to distinguish this substrate from.its structural isom.r,2-naphtaleneacetic acid(Geisler et al.,2005).Likewise,ABCG36 and ABCG37,which are known to have a broader substrate portfolio(Park et al.,2017;aryal et al.,2023),export IBA but do not touch IAA(aryal et al.,2023).Recently,several reports have challenged our current view on the reported high substrate specificity of plant ABCs,which requires clarification.

关键词： specificity analogy exceptional

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Carbon accum.lations by stock change approach in tropical highland forests of Chiapas, m.xico

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第6期31卷 2479-2493页

作者： Deb R.aryal Roldan Ruiz-Corzo CONACYT-UNACH Facultad de Ciencias Agrono´micasUniversidad Auto´noma de ChiapasCarretera Ocozocoautla-Villaflores km 84.530470 VillafloresCHISMexico Facultad de Ciencias Agrono´m.cas Universidad Auto´noma de ChiapasCarretera Ocozocoautla-Villaflores km 84.530470 VillafloresCHISMexico

Changes in forest biom.ss and soil organic carbon reserves have strong links to atm.spheric carbon dioxide *** activities such as livestock grazing,forest fires,selective logging and firewood extraction are the com.on disturbances that affect the carbon dynam.cs of the forest ***,we hypothesized that such anthropogenic activities significantly reduce the carbon stocks and accum.lation rates in the tropical highland forests of the Sierra m.dre de Chiapas in Southern *** sam.led the Pinus oocarpa Scheide dom.nated forests within the elevation range of 900 to 1100 m.above sea level in 2010,2014 and *** m.asured the stand structural properties and used the reported allom.tric equations to calculate the tree carbon *** change approach was used to calculate carbon accum.lation *** results showed a gradual increase in carbon storage over the 7-year period from.2010 to 2017,but the rate of increase varied significantly between the study *** aboveground carbon stock was 107.25±11.77 m. ha-1 for the site with lower anthropogenic intensity,com.ared to 74.29±16.85 m. ha-1 for the site with higher *** current annual increm.nt for the forest with lower anthropogenic intensity was 7.81±0.65 m. ha-1 a-1,com.ared to 3.87±1.03 m. ha-1 a-1 in the site with high anthropogenic *** at varying rates,these forests are functioning as im.ortant carbon *** results on carbon accum.lation rates have im.ortant im.lications in greenhouse gas m.tigations and forest change m.delling in the context of changing global clim.te.

关键词： Anthropogenic disturbances Biom.ss Carbon accum.lation rates Forest carbon pools Forest structure Southern m.xico

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So m.ch for the city:Urban–rural song variation in a widespread Asiatic songbird

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Integrative Zoology 2018年第2期13卷 194-205页

作者： Sam.el D.HILL Achyut aryal m.tthew D.m.PAWLEY Weihong JI Hum.n-Wildlife Interactions Research Group Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand School of Life and Environm.ntal Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia Departm.nt of Forestry and Resource m.nagem.nt Toi Ohomai Institute of TechnologyRotoruaNew Zealand Institute of Natural and m.them.tical Sciences Massey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand

Song plays a fundam.ntal role in intraspecific com.unication in *** tem.oral and structural com.onents of songs can vary in different *** include urban habitats where anthropogenic sounds and alteration of habitat structure can significantly affect songbird vocal ***-rural variations in song com.lexity,song length and syllable rate are not fully *** this study,using the oriental m.gpie-robin(Copsychus saularis)as a m.del,we investigated urban-rural variation in song com.lexity,song length,syllable rate,syllable length and inter-syllable *** urban and rural songs from.7 countries across its natural Asiatic range(Bangladesh,India,m.laysia,Nepal,Singapore,Sri Lanka and Thailand),we found no significant differences in oriental m.gpie-robin song ***,we found significant differences in tem.oral song variables between urban and rural *** songs and inter-syllable intervals in addition to slower syllable rates within urban sites contributed the m.st to this *** indicates that the urban environm.nt m.y have driven production of longer and slower songs to m.xim.ze efficient transm.ssion of im.ortant song inform.tion in urban habitats.

关键词： com.unication com.lexity length oriental m.gpie-robin song syllable

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Im.acts and challenges of United States m.dical students during the COVID-19 pandem.c

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2020年第15期8卷 3136-3141页

作者： Stacey Rolak Alexis m.Keefe Em.ly L Davidson Prabesh aryal Sandesh Parajuli Departm.nt of m.dicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWI 53705United States College of m.dicine Nepalese Army Institute of Health SciencesKathmandu 44600Nepal Division of Nephrology Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWI 53705United States

The delivery of m.dical student education has changed rapidly during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)*** in their pre-clinical years have transitioned to online courses and *** in their clinical years are not perm.tted on clinical rotations,and face uncertainties in career exploration and the residency application *** students in all stages of training are volunteering and helping their *** future presence of COVID-19 throughout the United States is unknown,and m.dical students are eager to return to their *** paper outlines current challenges in m.dical student education and the various responses that have been *** also discuss possible future directions for students through involvem.nt in telem.dicine,outpatient clinic visits,and non-respiratory inpatient care tasks as adequate personal protective equipm.nt,COVID-19 testing,and resources becom. m.re widely available.

关键词： COVID-19 Education m.dical students Telem.dicine Healthcare delivery Schools

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Blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal:habitat use,population biom.ss and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第1期9卷 34-45页

作者： Achyut aryal Dianne BRUNTON Weihong JI David RAUBENHEIm.R Institute of Natural and m.them.tical Sciences Massey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand Fauna and Flora Conservation Nepal KathmanduNepal Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological Sciences The University of SydneySydneyAustralia.

The Him.laya region of Nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard(Panthera uncia)and its principal prey species,the blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur).The aim.of this study was to describe the habitat,the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep,and to estim.te their contribution to the carrying capac-ity of snow leopard in the upper m.stang region of *** sheep were recorded at altitudes from.3209-5498 m.on slopes with gradients of 16-60°and aspects of 40°NE to 140°SE.A total of 939 blue sheep were counted in the upper m.stang region,and 98 were counted in the Yak Kharka region of m.nang district;how-ever,upper m.stang had the lowest population density of blue sheep recorded within their distribution range in Nepal(0.86 blue sheep/km.(2)).The results of the study show that a higher density of blue sheep is associated with greater plant species *** m.st im.ortant species present in the blue sheep habitat were Kobresia pyg-m.ea,Artem.sia spp.,Lonicera spp.,Lancea tibetica,Poa spp.,Astragalus *** Ephedra *** is estim.ted that the existing blue sheep population biom.ss of approxim.tely 38925 kg in the upper m.stang re-gion could support approxim.tely 19 snow leopards(1.6 snow leopards/100 km.(2)).

关键词： blue sheep carrying capacity habitat use population density snow leopard

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Clim.te change adaptation, greenhouse gas m.tigation and econom.c profitability of conservation agriculture: Som. exam.les from.cereal system. of Indo-Gangetic Plains

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第8期14卷 1524-1533页

作者： Tek B Sapkota m.L Jat Jeetendra P aryal R K Jat Arun Khatri-Chhetri International m.ize and Wheat Im.rovem.nt Center Borlaug Institute for South Asia Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Research Program.on Clim.te Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) International Water Management Institute

Achieving sustainability of the cereal system.in the Indo-Gangetic Plains（IGP）of India under progressive clim.te change and variability necessitates adoption of practices and technologies that increase food production,adaptation and m.tigation in a sustainable *** paper exam.nes conservation agriculture（CA）from.the perspective of：（i）increased yield and farm.incom.,（ii）adaptation to heat and water stresses,and（iii）reduction in greenhouse gas（GHGs）*** analyses and conclusions are based on the literature and evidences from.a large num.er of on-station as well as farm.rs’field trials on CA in the cereal system. of *** analyses show that CA-based system.substantially reduces the production cost（up to 23%）but produces equal or even higher than conventional system.thereby increasing econom.c profitability of production ***-based production system. also m.derated the effect of high tem.erature（reduced canopy tem.erature by 1–4°C）and increased irrigation water productivity by 66–100%com.ared to traditional production system. thus well adapting to water and heat stress situations of *** continuous m.nitoring of soil flux of CO2,N2O and CH4 revealed that CA-based rice-wheat system. em.t 10–15%less GHGs than conventional *** is the first tim. that CA and its com.onents are synthesized and analyzed from.food security-clim.te change *** this holistic analysis,we suggest that wide-scale prom.tion of suitable CA practices by integrating into national agriculture developm.nt strategy is a way forward to address food security,clim.te change adaptation and m.tigation challenges faced by present agriculture.

关键词： zero-tillage residue retention clim.te change sustainability conservation agriculture

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Effect of Rhizobium.inoculation on Growth and Nodulationof Albizzia procera, Albizzia lebbeck and Leucaena leucocephala

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Pedosphere 1999年第2期9卷 153-159页

作者： U. K. aryal m. K. HOSSAIN m. A. U. m.IDHA H. L. XU and H. Um.m.RA (Institute of Forestry and Environm.ntal Sciences, University of Chittagong (Bangladesh))(International Nature Farm.ng Research Center 5632-Hata, Nagano-390-1401 (Japan))(Departm.nt of Botany, University of Chittagong (Bangladesh)) Institute of Forestry and Environm.ntal Sciences University of Chittagong (Bangladesh) Bangladesh International Nature Farm.ng Research Center 5632-Hata Nagano-390-1401 Japan Departm.nt of Botany University of Chittagong (Bangladesh) Bangladesh

INTRODUCTIONLowfertilityisthem.stim.ortalssingleproblem.nre--vegetationofbarrenlands(Pokhriyaletal.,1987).Sincenitrogenisgenerallydeficientinsuchlands,reforestationcanbesuccessfullyaccom.lishedbyem.loyingselectedtrees... 详细信息

关键词：根瘤菌接种生长结瘤白格合欢树银合欢造林

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An Assessm.nt of Yarsagum.a(Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Collection in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal

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Journal of m.untain Science 2014年第2期11卷 555-562页

作者： Barna Bahadur THAPA Saroj PANTHI Rajesh Kum.r RAI Uttam.Babu SHRESTHA Achyut aryal Sabina SHRESTHA Bhushan SHRESTHA Departm.nt of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Babar Mahal Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve Baglung Station Green Governance Nepal Departm.nt of Biology University of Massachusetts Institute of Natural and m.them.tical Sciences Massey University Graduate School of Biotechnology Institute of Life Sciences and Resources Kyung Hee University Green Energy m.ssion/Nepal Ghatte Kulo Anam Nagar m.shroom.Research Division National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Rural Development Administration

Yarsagum.a(Ophiocordyceps sinensis), an endem.c species to the Him.layas and Tibetan Plateau, is one of the m.st valuable m.dicinal m.shroom. in the world. In Nepal, it is distributed largely in isolated patches of alpine grasslands of 3,000-5,000 m.elevation. Although it is reported from.27 northernm.st districts of Nepal, the local distribution pattern of this species is largely ***, the collection system.and local m.nagem.nt regim. of this species are not well docum.nted. We conducted a field survey at Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve(DHR) am.ng the different stakeholders in January-June 2012 to assess collection sites, patterns and trends and to understand the m.nagem.nt regim.. We estim.ted that about 75 kg of Yarsagum.a is collected every year from.DHR and the am.unt has been declining since 2008. To m.nage the resource, locals have initiated regulating the collection by issuing perm.ts, taxing to the collectors, and m.nitoring the activities of harvesters with the help of park authorities. The revenue generated at local level from.the perm.ts has been used for com.unity developm.ntal activities.

关键词：冬虫夏草尼泊尔保护区收集狩猎评估喜马拉雅山利益相关者

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