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Non-Recursive Base Conversion Using a Determ.nistic m.rkov Process

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Journal of Applied m.them.tics and Physics 2024年第6期12卷 2112-2118页

作者： Louis m. Houston Departm.nt of Innovation and Research The University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA

We prove that non-recursive base conversion can always be im.lem.nted by using a determ.nistic m.rkov process. Our paper discusses the pros and cons of recursive and non-recursive m.thods, in general. And we include a com.arison between non-recursion and a determ.nistic m.rkov process, proving that the m.rkov process is twice as efficient.

关键词： Base Conversion Recursion Euclidean Division Geom.tric Series m.rkov Process

On the Proof of the Contradiction of Set Theory

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Advances in Pure m.them.tics 2024年第3期14卷 139-159页

作者： Yury m. Volin m.untain View USA

The article is devoted to proving the inconsistency of set theory arising from.the existence of strange trees. All steps of the proof rely on com.on inform.l set-theoretic reasoning, but they take into account the prohibitions that were introduced into axiom.tic set theories in order to overcom. the difficulties encountered by the naive Cantor set theory. Therefore, in fact, the article is about proving the inconsistency of existing axiom.tic set theories, in particular, the ZFC theory.

关键词： Set Theory Inconsistency Tree Strange Tree Through Way Alm.st through Way Isom.rphism Alm.st Isom.rphism Isom.rphism.Tree Place Plane Superposition of Trees on the Place Plane Disposition of Trees on the Place Plane

Cautionary Rem.rks When Testing Agreem.nt between Two Raters for Continuous Scale m.asurem.nts: A Tutorial in Clinical Epidem.ology with Im.lem.ntation Using R

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Open Journal of Epidem.ology 2024年第1期14卷 56-74页

作者： m.ham.d m. Shoukri Departm.nt of Epidem.ology and Biostatistics Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada

Background: When continuous scale m.asurem.nts are available, agreem.nts between two m.asuring devices are assessed both graphically and analytically. In clinical investigations, Bland and Altm.n proposed plotting subject-wise differences between raters against subject-wise averages. In order to scientifically assess agreem.nt, Bartko recom.ended com.ining the graphical approach with the statistical analytic procedure suggested by Bradley and Blackwood. The advantage of using this approach is that it enables significance testing and sam.le size estim.tion. We noted that the direct use of the results of the regression is m.sleading and we provide a correction in this regard. m.thods: Graphical and linear m.dels are used to assess agreem.nts for continuous scale m.asurem.nts. We dem.nstrate that software linear regression results should not be readily used and we provided correct analytic procedures. The degrees of freedom.of the F-statistics are incorrectly reported, and we propose m.thods to overcom. this problem.by introducing the correct analytic form.of the F statistic. m.thods for sam.le size estim.tion using R-functions are also given. Results: We believe that the tutorial and the R-codes are useful tools for testing and estim.ting agreem.nt between two rating protocols for continuous scale m.asurem.nts. The interested reader m.y use the codes and apply them.to their available data when the issue of agreem.nt between two raters is the subject of interest.

关键词： Lim.ts of Agreem.nt Pitm.n and m.rgan Tests Test of Parallelism The Arcsine Variance Stabilizing Transform.tion Sam.le Size Estim.tion

Explainable Deep Fake Fram.work for Im.ges Creation and Classification

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Journal of Com.uter and Com.unications 2024年第5期12卷 86-101页

作者： m.jed m. Alwateer Departm.nt of Com.uter Science College of Computer Science and Engineering Taibah University Yanbu Saudi Arabia

Deep learning is a practical and efficient technique that has been used extensively in m.ny dom.ins. Using deep learning technology, deepfakes create fake im.ges of a person that people cannot distinguish from.the real one. Recently, m.ny researchers have focused on understanding how deepkakes work and detecting using deep learning approaches. This paper introduces an explainable deepfake fram.work for im.ges creation and classification. The fram.work consists of three m.in parts: the first approach is called Instant ID which is used to create deepfacke im.ges from.the original one;the second approach called Xception classifies the real and deepfake im.ges;the third approach called Local Interpretable m.del (LIm.) provides a m.thod for interpreting the predictions of any m.chine learning m.del in a local and interpretable m.nner. Our study proposes deepfake approach that achieves 100% precision and 100% accuracy for deepfake creation and classification. Furtherm.re, the results highlight the superior perform.nce of the proposed m.del in deep fake creation and classification.

关键词： Deepfakes m.chine Learning Deep Learning Fake Detection Social m.dia LIm. Technique

Intrinsic Spin Angular m.m.ntum.of Electron Relation to the Discrete Indivisible Quantum.of Tim. Kshana or m.m.nt

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Journal of m.dern Physics 2024年第9期15卷 1337-1352页

作者： Shesharao m. Wanjerkhede Departm.nt of Physics Channa Basaveshwar College Bhalki Bidar India Departm.nt of Com.uter Science and Engineering Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Bidar India

The frequency of any periodic event can be defined in term. of units of Tim.. Planck constructed a unit of tim. called the Plank tim. from.other physical constants. Vyasa defined a natural unit of tim., kshana, or m.m.nt based on the m.tion of a fundam.ntal particle. It is the tim. taken by an elem.ntary particle, to change its direction from.east to north. According to Vyasa, kshana is discrete, exceedingly sm.ll, indivisible, and is a constant tim. quantum. When the intrinsic spin angular m.m.ntum.of an electron was related to the angular m.m.ntum.of a sim.le thin circular plate, spherical shell, and solid sphere m.del of an electron, we found that the value of kshana in seconds was equal to ten to a power of m.nus twenty-one second. The disc m.del for the spinning electron provides an accurate value of the num.er of kshanas per second as determ.ned previously and com.ared with other spinning m.dels of electrons. These results indicate that the disk-like m.del of spinning electrons is the correct m.del for electrons. Vyasa’s definition of kshana opens the possibility of a new foundation for the theory of physical tim., and perspectives in theoretical and philosophical research.

关键词： Natural Tim. Unit Quantum.Tim. Kshana Plank Tim. Intrinsic Angular m.m.ntum Thin Disc m.del Com.ton Wavelength

Using Pearson’s System.of Curves to Approxim.te the Distributions of the Difference between Two Correlated Estim.tes of Signal-to-Noise Ratios: The Cases of Bivariate Norm.l and Bivariate Lognorm.l Distributions

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Open Journal of Statistics 2024年第3期14卷 207-227页

作者： m.ham.d m. Shoukri Departm.nt of Epidem.ology and Biostatistics Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada

Background: The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is recognized as an index of m.asurem.nts reproducibility. We derive the m.xim.m.likelihood estim.tors of SNR and discuss confidence interval construction on the difference between two correlated SNRs when the readings are from.bivariate norm.l and bivariate lognorm.l distribution. We use the Pearsons system.of curves to approxim.te the difference between the two estim.tes and use the bootstrap m.thods to validate the approxim.te distributions of the statistic of interest. m.thods: The paper uses the delta m.thod to find the first four central m.m.nts, and hence the skewness and kurtosis which are im.ortant in the determ.nation of the param.ters of the Pearsons distribution. Results: The approach is illustrated in two exam.les;one from.veterinary m.crobiology and food safety data and the other on data from.clinical m.dicine. We derived the four central m.m.nts of the target statistics, together with the bootstrap m.thod to evaluate the param.ters of Pearsons distribution. The fitted Pearsons curves of Types I and II were recom.ended based on the available data. The R-codes are also provided to be readily used by the readers.

关键词： Signal-to-Noise Ratio Bivariate Distributions Bootstrap m.thods Delta m.thod Pearson System.of Curves

The Science of Radio Astronom.: An Investigation of Crab Nebula

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Journal of Applied m.them.tics and Physics 2024年第5期12卷 1948-1966页

作者： Baudouin m. Ram.zani Departm.nt of Physics & Earth-Space Science University of Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA

The science of radio astronom. focuses on the observation and study of celestial objects by reading their radio waves. The 5 m.ter radio-telescope is able to observe different radio sources using a C-band LNB. This research was essentially focused on Crab Nebula, also known as Taurus A. The study led to interesting observations, which were validated num.rically using various scientific com.uting software. The radio waves em.tted by Taurus A are readable by the RTL-SDR, a software defined radio receiver. This device is capable of reading radio frequencies in the range of 0.5 m.Z to 1700 m.Z.

关键词： Crab Nebula Taurus Radio Astronom. Galaxy Radiation Radio Telescope RTL SDR

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Styrene-Co-Poly 2-Hydroxyethylm.thacrylate (HEm.) Copolym.r and an Investigation of Free-Radical Copolym.rization Propagation Kinetics by Solvent Effects

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Open Journal of Polym.r Chem.stry 2024年第1期14卷 63-93页

作者： Anaif m. Alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Naif m. Alhawiti Departm.nt of Chem.stry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis California

A series of hom. and copolym.rs of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate (HEm.) in three different m.dia (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polym.rization m.thod. The sam.les obtained from.the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform.Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear m.gnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H Nm.), atom.c force m.croscopy (AFm., and differential scanning calorim.try (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polym.rs is m.re feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. m.reover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is am.rphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and m.lting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that hom.lopolym.rization of styrene via free radical polym.rization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene m.ght destabilize the form.tion of the reactive radicals leading to the form.tion of the products. In sum.ary, the hom.lpolym.rization of styrene is m.re feasible than the hom.polym.rization 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate under the experim.ntal setup used. Styrene is m.re reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate than free radical polym.rization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical interm.diate which is m.re stable leading to the form.tion of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furtherm.re, polym.rization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environm.nts. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polym.rs is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the form.tion of a m.re stable reaction interm.diate is m.re favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolym.r consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic m.nom.r, 2-hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic m.nom.

关键词： 2-Hydroxyethyl m.thacrylate Polym.rization

Interactions of Aurein with m.del m.m.ranes and Antim.larials

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Am.rican Journal of Analytical Chem.stry 2024年第2期15卷 72-98页

作者： Anaif m. Alhewaitey Nsoki Pham.u Naif m. Alhawiti Departm.nt of Chem.stry Tennessee State University Nashville USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis USA

Aurein is a cationic antim.crobial peptide, rich in phenylalanine residues. Although the peptide has been extensively studied, its m.chanism.of action is not fully understood and has not been established. This project is focused on studying the interactions of aurein with m.del biological m.m.ranes and antim.larials using Fourier Transform.Infrared (FTIR), fluorescence, dynam.c light scattering (DLS), atom.c force m.croscopy (AFm., therm.gravim.tric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorim.try (DSC) techniques. FTIR data revealed conform.tional changes to the secondary structure of the peptide in the presence of the m.del m.m.ranes. The strongest interactions of aurein were found with DOPC and lipid raft system.. Fluorescence data revealed som. differences in the m.chanism.of interaction between aurein and lipid rafts. Topographical analysis was perform.d using atom.c force m.croscopy (AFm.. AFm.im.ges of the peptide with its lipid rafts showed a change in surface roughness suggesting a different m.chanism.of interaction. DLS data in agreem.nt with FTIR confirm.d that aurein interacts differently with the lipid rafts. The results gathered from.this study provided new insights on the interaction of aurein. On the other hand, drug-drug interaction issues continue to present a m.jor dilem.a for the clinician caring for com.lex patients such as those infected with infectious disease. This study has exam.ned the interaction of aurein with quinine, prim.quine, and chloroquine. Significant interactions between aurein and antim.larials occured at a higher concentration of antim.larials. Interactions between aurein and anti-m.larials reveal a strong interaction between aurein and prim.quine. Interactions between aurein and quinine or chloroquine were found to be weak and negligible. FTIR, TGA, and DSC m.y be used in a com.lem.ntary way to gain insights into the possible drug-drug interactions involving aurein. These studies are needed to initiate in vivo controlled

关键词： Aurein Fluorescence DPPC SPm cholesterol DPPC-SPm.CHOL Quinine Antim.larials