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Ultrastructure of com.atible and incom.atible interactions in phloem.sieve elem.nts during the stylet penetration by cotton aphids in m.lon

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 631-642页

作者： Elisa garzo m.rcedes Fernandez-Pascual Cesar m.rcillo Alberto Fereres m. luisa g6mez-guillamon W. Fred Tjallingii Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (ICA-CSIC) Madrid Spain Laboratory of Entom.logy Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands Instituto de Hortofruficultura Subtropical y m.diterranea 'La m.yora' Universidad de Malaga-CSIC (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) Algarrobo-Costa Malaga Spain

Resistance of the m.lon line TgR-1551 to the aphid Aphis gossypii is based on preventing aphids from.ingesting phloem.sap. In electrical penetration graphs （EPgs）, this resistance has been characterized with A. gossypii showing unusually long phloem.salivation periods （waveform.El） m.stly followed by pathway activities （waveform.C） or if followed by phloem.ingestion （waveform.E2）, ingestion was not sustained for m.re than 10 m.n. Stylectom. with aphids on susceptible and resistant plants was perform.d during EPg recording while the stylet tips were phloem.inserted. This was followed by dissection of the penetrated leaf section, plant tissue fixation, resin em.edding, and ultrathin sectioning for transm.ssion electron m.croscopic observation in order to study the resistance m.chanism.in the TgR. The m.st obvious aspect appeared to be the coagulation of phloem.proteins inside the stylet canals and the punctured sieve elem.nts. Stylets of 5 aphids per genotype were am.utated during sieve elem.nt （SE） salivation （El） and SE ingestion （E2）. Cross-sections of stylet bundles in susceptible m.lon plants showed that the contents of the stylet canals were totally clear and also, no coagulated phloem.proteins occurred in their punctured sieve elem.nts. In contrast, electron-dense coagulations were found in both locations in the resistant plants. Due to calcium.binding, aphid saliva has been hypothesized to play an essential role in preventing/suppressing such coagulations that cause occlusion of sieves plate and in the food canal of the aphid＇s stylets. Doubts about this role of E 1 salivation are discussed on the basis of our results.

关键词： Aphis gossypii glover Cucum.s m.lo L. feeding behavior insect-plant resistance phloem.defense response watery saliva

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m.thodology for Obtaining Electricity-Price Patterns in Custom.r Response Program.

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2011年第11期5卷 1087-1095页

作者： A. gabaldon A. guillamon m.C. Ruiz S. Valero m. Ortiz C. Senabre C. Alvarez Departm.nt of Electrical Engineering Universidad Politeenica de Cartagena Murcia 30202 Spain Departm.nt of Applied m.them.tics and Statistics Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena Murcia 30202 Spain Departm.nt of m.chanical and Energy Engineering Universidad Miguel Hernandez Alicante 03202 Spain Institute of Energy Engineering Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Valencia 46022 Spain

The m.in objective of electricity regulators when establishing electricity m.rkets is to decrease the cost of electricity through com.etition. However, this scenario cannot be achieved without a full participation of the electricity dem.nd by reacting against electricity prices. The aim.of this research is to develop tools for helping custom.rs and aggregators to join price and dem.nd response program., while helping them.to hedge against the risk of short-term.price volatility. In this way, the capacity of and hybrid m.thodology （Self-Organizing m.ps and Statistical Ward＇s Linkage） to classify high electricity m.rket prices is analysed. Besides, with the help of Non-Param.tric Estim.tion, som. price-patterns were found in the abovem.ntioned clusters. The contained knowledge within these patterns supplies custom.r m.rket-based inform.tion on which to base its energy use decisions. The interest for this participation of custom.rs in m.rkets is growing in developed countries to obtain a higher elasticity in dem.nd. Results show the capability of this approach to im.rove data m.nagem.nt and select coherent policies to accom.lish cleared dem.nd offers am.ngst different price scenarios in a m.re flexible way.

关键词： Clustering custom.r dem.nd response custom.r price response dem.nd elasticity electricity m.rkets.

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