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Diesel Engine Emissions and Performance Characteristics under Cape Chestnut Biofuel

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2013年第6期1卷 9-14页

作者： Jedidah W. maina ayub N. Gitau James A. Nyang’aya Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of mechanical and manufacturing Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Cape Chestnut oil was processed to biodiesel through transesterification. Cape Chestnut kennels are reported to have oil content of 60% - 63% [1]. Properties of biodiesel were determined and compared with those of diesel and engine tests done at a constant speed of 1500 RPm on the biodiesel blends to evaluate their performance and emissions characteristics. Performance evaluation was in terms of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Horse Power (BHP) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (ETE). The engine was initially run on diesel to establish the reference characteristics before running on biodiesel blends. The biodiesel was blended with diesel volumetrically to 80% (B80), 50% (B50), 20% (B20) and 5% (B5) the percentage being the volume of biodiesel in the blended fuel. Diesel fuel had the lowest BSFC followed by B5 whose BSFC was 7.3% higher than that of diesel. BTE for B100 was lower than that of diesel by 20.3% while that of B5 was 7.6% lower. Concentration of SO2 in B100 was 92.7% lower than that of diesel fuel while that of B20 was 24.7% lower. NO and NO2 concentrations for B100 were around 15% higher than that of diesel. Particulate matter of less than 10 μm diameter (Pm10) for diesel was found to be 72% of the total collected from all the test fuels as compared to that of biodiesel blends at 28%. The study concluded that Cape Chestnut biodiesel blends containing up to 20% biodiesel can be used in an unmodified diesel engine since their performance and emission characteristics were very similar to that of diesel but with reduced toxic gas emissions therefore friendly to the environment.

关键词： Biodiesel Transesterification Performance Emissions Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Brake Horse Power Engine Thermal Efficiency

Evaluating Anaerobic Digestion Technology in Reducing the Quantity of Solid Waste: Case of Kigali Dumpsite

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第5期8卷 204-220页

作者： Nikuze marie Joselyne muthumbi Waweru ayub N. Gitau Uliho Alphonse munyensanga Patrick Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatics Engineering University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi China Department of mechanical Engineering Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

Biodegradable organic matter constitutes a great portion of municipal solid waste and comprises organic material which can be broken down by bacteria like paper, card, green waste, food waste, miscellaneous items with an organic element and fine materials. This paper mainly evaluated the potential of anaerobic digestion technology in reducing the quantity of solid waste destined to the dumpsite in Kigali city. The paper evaluates the viability of using biodegradable waste meant to the land where the biogas is produced and undertaking its cost & benefit analysis for chemical, physical and biological characteristics of municipal solids waste on anaerobic digestion technology. The quantity of municipal waste generated in Kigali city was used for designing the biodigester required. The paper indicates that the organic waste in Kigali city produces 457 L/kg Dm of methane and the overall assessed value of methane was 51,384,375 L with the electricity derived from the methane of 180,873 KWh which is 54% of the daily demand in Kigali city. The volume of the biodigester was found to be 58,065 m3. Based on the energy recovered, revealed that cities will benefit this research for the population demand for the increased electricity.

关键词： Anaerobic Digestion Technology Biodegradable Waste Kigali Dumpsite mu-nicipal Solid Waste Waste to Energy

Promoting the Nexus Approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods in Africa through China-Africa Cooperation

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2018年第3期9卷 232-236页

作者： WANG Guoqin FU Chao LIU Jian ZHANG Linxiu ayub m.O. Oduor Dagne mojo mulubrhan Balehegn International Ecosystem management Partnership United Nations Environment Programme Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi 00100 Kenya Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Applied and Technical Biology Technical University of Kenya P.O. Box 52428 Nairobi 00200 Kenya

Africa is facing both challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability. The nexus approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL） is a promising way to seize the ＂power of integration＂ for achieving sustainability of the African continent. Based on taking stock of the work of various organizations especially the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem management Partnership（UNEP-IEmP） in the Africa, this article explores the demands and opportunities for delivering the CEL approach in Africa and provides perspectives on how to promote it in the framework of China-Africa cooperation in future. It concludes that Africa is one of the focal regions in the delivery of the CEL nexus approach; UNEP-IEmP has launched several major initiatives that lay the foundation for delivering the nexus approach of CEL in Africa; however, more ambitious cooperation should be taken through a broad China-Africa partnership, based on existing institutions, networks and ongoing programmes in both Africa and China, to support future China-Africa cooperation on the nexus approach of CEL.

关键词： Climate Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CEL) nexus approach sustainable development China-Africa cooperation

Amelioration of Salt Stress in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) by Supplying Potassium and Silicon in Hydroponics

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Pedosphere 2010年第2期20卷 153-162页

作者： m.ASHRAF RAHmATULLAH R.AHmAD A.S.BHATTI m.AFZAL A.SARWAR m.A.mAQSOOD S.KANWAL University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture Department of Crop Physiology University of Agriculture Sugarcane Research Institute Ayub Agricultural Research Institute

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) in mitigating the deleterious effects of NaCl on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt *** salt-sensitive (CPF 243 and SPF 213) and two salt-tolerant (HSF 240 and CP 77-400) sugarcane genotypes were grown for six weeks in 1/2 strength Johnson's nutrient *** nutrient solution was salinized by two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L 1 NaCl) and supplied with two levels of K (0 and 3 mmol L 1) and Si (0 and 2 mmol L 1).Applied NaCl enhanced Na + concentration in plant tissues and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced shoot and root dry matter in four sugarcane ***,the magnitude of reduction was much greater in salt-sensitive genotypes than salt-tolerant *** salts interfered with the absorption of K + and Ca 2+ and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased their uptake in sugarcane *** of K and Si either alone or in combination significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited the uptake and transport of Na + from roots to shoots and improved dry matter yields under NaCl *** uptake,K + /Na + ratios,and Ca 2+ and Si uptake were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by the addition of K and/or Si to the root *** this study,K and Si-enhanced salt tolerance in sugarcane genotypes was ascribed to decreased Na + concentration and increased K + with a resultant improvement in K + /Na + ratio,which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salt ***,further verification of these results is warranted under field conditions.

关键词： calcium silicate dry matter genotypes potassium nitrate uptake

microwave-assisted pre-ionization experiments on GLAST-Ⅲ

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Plasma Science and Technology 2021年第8期23卷 53-61页

作者： Riaz KHAN Sehrish SHAKIR Ahmad ALI muhammad Khawar ayub moazzam NAZIR Zia UR-REHmAN Abdul QAYYUm muhammad Athar NAVEED Sarfraz AHmAD Zahoor AHmAD Rafaqat ALI Shahid HUSSAIN Pakistan Tokamak Plasma Research Institute P.O.NiloreIslamabad 44000Pakistan Theoretical Physics Division PINSTECHP.O.NiloreIslamabad 44000Pakistan

GLAss Spherical Tokamak(GLAST-Ⅲ)is a spherical tokamak with an insulating vacuum vessel that has a unique single-passage capability for incident *** this work,electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH)-assisted plasma pre-ionization in GLAST-Ⅲis explored for three radio-frequency(RF)polarizations(the O-,X-,and m-modes)at different toroidal-field(TF)strengths and filled gas *** optimum hydrogen pressure is identified for efficient plasma pre-ionization.A comparison of the plasma pre-ionizations initiated by the O-,X-,and m-modes shows prominent differences in the breakdown time,location,and wave *** the case of O-mode polarization,microwave absorption occurs for a relatively shorter duration,resulting in a bell-shaped electron-temperature(Te)temporal *** absorption is dominant in the case of the X-mode,leading to a broader Te temporal *** m-mode discharge contains features of both the X-and *** plasma pre-ionization is achieved in the X-mode polarization for the intermediate TF strengths(with a central toroidal magnetic field B0=0.075 T).Traces of the electron-number density show a similar tendency,as revealed by *** results suggest that the X-mode is the best candidate for efficient plasma pre-ionization at low filled gas pressures(10-2 Pa)in small tokamaks.

关键词： GLAST-Ⅲ microwave ECRH pre-ionization polarization

Research and Application of Recycled Concrete Technology in Prefabricated Buildings

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Research and Application of materials Science 2024年第1期6卷 33-36页

作者： Shanshan DENG Gang SHI Chao SHANG Fuchuan ZHOU masabo Gasper masiko m.Kaziana Chongqing Telecommunication Polytechnic College Chongqing402247China Chongqing yuxi water conservancy and electric power survey and design institute CO. LTD.Chongqing402160China Chengde Thermal Power Engineering Installation Co. Ltd.Chengde067000China Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering Chongqing402260China Undergraduate Architecture and Civil Engineering Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology{DIT}Dar es Salaam11103Tanzania

The utilization of waste concrete as a raw material for recycled concrete in the domain of prefabricated components is garnering greater *** paper delineates and examines the concept,categorization,methodologies of preparation,applicable sectors,and evaluative metrics of recycled concrete technology,highlighting its prospective ***,for the successful integration of recycled concrete technology into prefabricated component applications,it is imperative to systematically enhance its physical,mechanical,and attributes,as well as its environmental ***,to foster the continued advancement of recycled concrete technology,innovative initiatives,standardization,educational programs,demonstration projects,and collaborative efforts are crucial to promote broader adoption and realize improved outcomes within the realm of prefabricated *** conclusion,recycled concrete technology is poised to play a pivotal role in prefabricated construction,offering robust support for propelling the construction industry towards a sustainable future.

关键词： recycled concrete prefabricated buildings Environmental performance assessment

Holistic Evaluation of the morbidity Due to Diabetes mellitus Type 2 and Its main Risk Factors in the State of San Luis Potosi, mexico

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Journal of Diabetes mellitus 2015年第1期5卷 36-47页

作者： Gaytán-Hernández darío Domínguez-Cortinas Gabriela mejía-Saavedra José de Jesús márquez-mireles Leonardo Ernesto Faculty of Nursing San Luis Potosí University San Luis Potosí México Centre of Applied Research in Environment and Health Faculty of Medicine San Luis Potosí University San Luis Potosí México Faculty of Social Sciences San Luis Potosí University San Luis Potosí México

Objective: To evaluate the morbidity due to diabetes mellitus type 2 within the State of San Luis Potosí, méxico, through a strong methodology, through which the multivariate relations were identified of the main social and environmental determiners in the disease, thus managing to quantify their respective levels of responsibility. material and methods: This evaluation began as a hypothesis of a multicasual theoretical model on diabetes mellitus and its main determining factors, which was analyzed through the application of multivariate exploratory statistical methodologies and confirmed as it is the case of the principal components analysis and the structural equation models. Results: Three components were extracted that explain the 96% of the total variance of the indicators;the main risk factors which were identified in the first component were, the use of the car, age, homes with TV use, urban life and feminine population;the indicators from the second and third component have little influence in the impact of the disease. Conclusions: the study shows the usefulness of the model for the analysis and prioritization of the environmental and social determiners of the disease, information that could sustain the design of public guidelines for the prevention and control of the analyzed disease.

关键词： Diabetes mellitus Risk Factors multivariate Analysis

meizothrombin Preparation and Its Role in Fibrin Formation and Platelet Aggregation

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2014年第7期5卷 588-595页

作者： dar’ya S. Korolova Tamara m. Chernyshenko Olga V. Gornytska Volodymyr O. Chernyshenko Tatiana N. Platonova Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine

meizothrombin (mT) is one of prothrombin derivatives which appears in haemostasis activation area. However, its role in haemostasis regulation isn’t clear. We studied the role of mT in fibrin formation, platelet activation and aggregation. A new effective method of obtaining mT from native human prothrombin was developed using immobilised prothrombin activator from Echis multisquamatis venom. The protein was stable and electrophoretically pure. Platelet-rich plasma for aggregation study and gel-sieved platelets for flow-cytometry were separated from blood of healthy donors. It was shown that mT transformed fibrinogen to fibrin and activated clotting factor XIII. mT didn’t activate gel-sieved intact platelets, but in platelet-rich plasma, increased platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and adrenalin.

关键词： Prothrombin meizothrombin Platelets Fibrin Polymerization

The influence of relative humidity on nanoparticle concentration and particle mass distribution measurements by the mOUDI

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The influence of relative humidity on nanoparticle concentra...