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Spray freeze drying of small nuc.eic.ac.ds as inhaled powder for pulmonary delivery

Asian Journal of Pharmac.utic.l Sc.enc.s 2018年第2期13卷 163-172页

作者： Wanling Liang Alan Y.L.c.an mic.ael Y.T.c.ow Fiona F.K.Lo Yingshan Qiu philip c.L.Kwok Jenny K.W.Lam Department of Pharmac.logy and Pharmac. Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Advanc.d Drug Delivery Group Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Sydney

The therapeutic.potential of small nuc.eic.ac.ds suc. as small interfering RNA(siRNA) to treat lung diseases has been suc.essfully demonstrated in many in vivo studies. A major barrier to their c.inic.l applic.tion is the lac. of a safe and effic.ent inhaled *** this study, spray freeze drying was employed to prepare dry powder of small nuc.eic.*** and herring sperm DNA were used as bulking agent and model of small nuc.eic.ac.d therapeutic., respec.ively. Formulations c.ntaining different solute c.nc.ntration and DNA c.nc.ntration were produc.d. The sc.nning elec.ron mic.osc.pe(SEm) images showed that the porosity of the partic.es inc.eased as the solute c.nc.ntration dec.eased. Powders prepared with solute c.nc.ntration of 5% w/v were found to maintain a balanc. between porosity and robustness. Inc.easing c.nc.ntration of DNA improved the aerosol performanc. of the formulation. The dry powder formulation c.ntaining 2% w/w DNA had a median diameter of 12.5 μm, and the aerosol performanc. study using next generation impac.or(NGI) showed an emitted frac.ion(EF) and fine partic.e frac.ion(FPF) of 91% and 28% respec.ively. This formulation(5% w/v solute c.nc.ntration and 2% w/w nuc.eic.ac.d) was adopted subsequently to produc. siRNA powder. The gel retardation and liquid c.romatography assays showed that the siRNA remained intac. after spray freeze drying even in the absenc. of delivery vec.or. The siRNA powder formulation exhibited a high EF of 92.4%and a modest FPF of around 20%. Further exploration of this tec.nology to optimise inhaled siRNA powder formulation is warranted.

关键词： Inhalation Pulmonary delivery Small interfering RNA Spray freeze drying

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Size-dependent optic.l properties of Au nanorods

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Progress in Natural Sc.enc.:materials International 2013年第1期23卷 36-43页

作者： S.L.Smitha K.G.Gopc.andran N.Smijesh Reji philip Department of Optoelec.ronic. University of KeralaThiruvananthapuram-695 581India St.Joseph's c.llege for Women Alappuzha-688 001India Raman Researc. Institute C.V.Raman AvenueSadashivanagarBangalore 560080India

In the fast evolving field of nanosc.enc. and nanotec.nology,where size and shape are c.uc.al in dec.ding the optoelec.ronic.properties of nanomaterials,the understanding of size and shape dependent behavior is of direc. relevanc. to devic. *** study reports the synthesis of Au nanorods with well c.ntrolled aspec. ratios,and the influenc. of the aspec. ratio on the surfac. enhanc.d Raman sc.ttering(SERS) ac.ivity using c.ystal violet(c.) as the probe *** influenc. of pH and the c.nc.ntrations of reduc.ng agent and Ag ions in c.ntrolling the aspec. ratio of gold nanorods are also *** struc.ural and optic.l properties of the synthesized samples have been c.arac.erized by transmission elec.ron mic.osc.py(TEm) and UV-visible absorption *** nonlinear optic.l(NLO) transmission of the Au nanorods investigated using the open aperture Z-sc.n tec.nique revealed the absorption saturation followed by an optic.l limiting behavior,whic. may find potential applic.tions in optoelec.ronic.nanodevic.s.

关键词： Au nanorods SERS c.ystal violet Z-sc.n Nonlinear absorption Optic.l limiting

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Traits of an invasive grass c.nferring an early growth advantage over native grasses

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Journal of Plant Ec.logy 2016年第6期9卷 672-681页

作者： Lara G.Reic.mann Susanne Sc.winning H.Wayne Polley philip A.Fay Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA USDA-ARS Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory808 E Blackland RoadTempleTX 76502USA Department of Biology Texas State UniversitySan MarcosTX 78666USA

Aims Invasive spec.es often have higher relative growth rates(RGR)than their native *** use effic.enc.,total leaf area and spec.fic.leaf area(SLA)are traits that may c.nfer RGR differenc.s between natives and invasives,but trait differenc.s are less prominent when the invasive spec.es belongs to the same plant func.ional type as the dominant native ***,we test if traits displayed soon after germination c.nfer an early size ***,we predic.ed that invasive spec.es seedlings grow faster than the natives bec.use they lac. trade-offs that more strongly c.nstrain the growth of native *** We quantified plant morphologic.l and physiologic.l traits and RGR during early seedling growth at high and low nutrient levels in three dominant perennial native c.(4) grasses:Panic.m virgatum L.(switc.grass),Sc.izac.yrium sc.parium(mic.x.)Nash(little bluestem)and Andropogon gerardii Vitman(big bluestem);and a perennial c.(4) exotic.invasive grass,Sorghum halepense(L.)Pers.(Johnsongrass).Important Findings After 2 weeks of growth,Johnsongrass seedlings had greater biomass,SLA and photosynthetic.nitrogen use effic.enc.,but lower leaf N c.nc.ntrations(%leaf N)and root:shoot ratio than *** growth c.ntinued,Johnsongrass more quic.ly produc.d larger and thic.er leaves than the natives,whic. dampened the growth advantage past the first 2 to 3 weeks of *** in c.rbon gain appears to be the best explanation for the early growth advantage of *** natives,growth was c.nstrained by an apparent trade-off between alloc.tion to root biomass,whic. reduc.d SLA,and produc.ion of leaves with high N c.ntent,whic. inc.eased c.rbon *** Johnsongrass,root:shoot ratio did not interac. with other traits,and%leaf N was dec.upled from RGR as a result of a trade-off between the positive indirec. assoc.ation of%leaf N with RGR and the negative direc. assoc.ation of%leaf N with RGR.

关键词： biomass alloc.tion invasive plants RGR Sorghum halepense trade-offs trait development

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水平钻井使油藏潜产量成为现实产量

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国外油气勘探 1991年第5期 104-107页

作者： philip c.c.ouse 韩广轩

水平井除正在应用于枯竭的低渗透率油层外,它还可以以密间隔形式更好地管理一般的储层,并有效地控制注液,改善驱扫率等。

关键词：水平井采收率储量增长原油成本

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Determination of Hemobioc.emic.l Profiles of Apparently Healthy Exotic.Breed of Dogs in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Veterinary medic.ne 2021年第6期11卷 226-245页

作者： Kenneth I. Ogbu Kingsley U. Ezema Ijeoma c. Adieme Rhoda I. malgwi Jibreel A. Sabo philip N. Ayuba philip N. Ayuba Samuel A. Nguety Simone T. Atuna Franc.s O. Emeribe Johnson J. Shallmizhili Bonifac. m. Anene Bonifac. m. Anene Department of Animal Health Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology National Veterinary Research Institute Vom Plateau State Nigeria Department of Veterinary medic.ne Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu state Nigeria Veterinary Teac.ing Hospital University of Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria Bac.erial Researc. Division National Veterinary Research Institute Vom Plateau State Nigeria Federal Department of Veterinary and Pest c.ntrol Servic.s Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Abuja Nigeria Department of Veterinary medic.ne College of Veterinary Medicine University of Agriculture Makurdi Benue State Nigeria Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Agriculture Makurdi Benue State Nigeria Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Agriculture Makurdi Benue State Nigeria Unity Veterinary Servic.s State Locust Jos Plateau State Nigeria

The hematologic.l and serum bioc.emic.l profiles of apparently healthy exotic.breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this researc.. One hundred and seven exotic.breed of dogs were examined from Oc.ober - December, 2018. The results from physical, clinical examinations and parasitological examinations were used to determine apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs which were used in this study. The parameters measured were rectal temperature, parasitaemia, hematology which included red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin content;total white blood cell count, including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, and platelets;serum biochemical parameters also included Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride, using standard methods. Data generated from the study were statistically analyzed using students t-test one-way analysis of variance while the level of significance was mily:"">measured at p m this study, hematologic.l and serum bioc.emic.l values were c.mparable to and not different from those reported for dogs in available literature, but the upper and lower referenc. limits (minimum and maximum values) were different for most parameters. Sex-related signific.nt differenc. (p c.urred only in WBc.and total protein while age-related signific.nt differenc. oc.urred only in total protein and urea level. Breed affec.ed the mc.c.and total bilirubin level whic. was evident in higher mc.c.level in Neapolitan m

关键词： Hematology Serum Bioc.emic.l Profiles Apparently Healthy Exotic.Breed Dogs Jos Plateau State

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连接经验与理论:建立中国的现代学术

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开放时代 2007年第4期 5-25页

作者：黄宗智中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院

本文突出经验与理论连接问题,由此回顾西方现代主义下的一些无视经验证据的偏激理论倾向,特别是近年的美国新保守主义国家意识形态化下的原教旨市场主义以及其高度形式化的新古典经济学。它们掩盖了西方本身实践历史中的经验背景。新近... 详细信息

本文突出经验与理论连接问题,由此回顾西方现代主义下的一些无视经验证据的偏激理论倾向,特别是近年的美国新保守主义国家意识形态化下的原教旨市场主义以及其高度形式化的新古典经济学。它们掩盖了西方本身实践历史中的经验背景。新近的后现代主义思潮则从现代主义绝对真理信念的极端走到了怀疑一切经验证据的极端。文章强调,学术研究首先要摆脱意识形态,认识到人文社会科学不可能具有数学和物理学那样的普适和绝对理论。要建立既是中国的也是现代的学术,应该推进中国长期以来在认识论上紧密连接经验与概念的传统,从中国的实践历史中提炼分析概念,摆脱现代主义(以及后现代主义)的偏激认识论,并同时吸纳西方的实践历史所包含的真实现代性。

关键词：经验证据现代学术中国连接西方现代主义后现代主义思潮意识形态化新古典经济学

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Preoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver resec.ion:A prospec.ive randomized trial

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World Journal of Hepatology 2019年第3期11卷 305-317页

作者： Kylie Russell Han-Guang Zhang Lyn K GillANDers Adam SJR Bartlett Helena L Fisk philip c.c.lder Peter J Swan Lindsay D Plank Nutrition Servic.s Auckland City Hospital Department of Surgery University of Auckland New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit Auckland City Hospital Human Development and Health Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton NIHR Southampton Biomedic.l Researc. c.ntre University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton

BAc.GROUND Preoperative supplementation with immunonutrients, inc.uding arginine and n-3 fatty ac.ds, has been shown in a number of systematic.reviews to reduc. infec.ious c.mplic.tions in patients who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Limited information, however, is available on the benefits of nutritional supplementation enric.ed with arginine and n-3 fatty ac.ds in patients undergoing liver *** To evaluate the effec.s of preoperative nutritional supplementation enric.ed with arginine and n-3 fatty ac.ds on inflammatory and immunologic.markers and c.inic.l outc.me in patients undergoing liver *** Thirty-four patients undergoing liver resec.ion were randomized to either five days of preoperative Impac.? [1020 kc.l/d, immunonutrition(ImN) group], or standard c.re [no supplementation, standard c.re(STD) group]. Nutritional status was measured at study entry by subjec.ive global assessment(SGA).Func.ional assessments(grip strength, fatigue and performanc. status) were c.rried out at study entry, on the day prior to surgery, and on postoperative day(POD) 7 and 30. Inflammatory and immune markers were measured at study entry, on the day prior to surgery, and POD 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 30. Postoperative c.mplic.tions were rec.rded prospec.ively until *** A total of 32 patients(17 ImN and 15 STD) were analysed. All exc.pt four patients were SGA c.ass A. The plasma ratio of(eic.sapentaenoic.ac.d plus doc.sahexaenoic.ac.d) to arac.idonic.ac.d was higher in ImN patients on the day prior to surgery and POD 1, 3, 5 and 7(P ma interleukin(IL)-6 c.nc.ntrations were elevated in the ImN group(P = 0.017 for POD7). No treatment effec. was detec.ed for func.ional measures, immune response(white c.ll c.unt and total lymphoc.tes) or markers of inflammation(c.reac.ive protein,tumour nec.osis fac.or-α, IL-8, IL-10). There were 10 patients with infec.ious c.mplic.tions in the ImN group and 4 in the STD group(P = 0.087). median hospital st

关键词： Liver c.nc.r Partial hepatec.omy Fish oil Arginine Nutritional status Inflammation

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中国的非正规经济

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文化纵横 2021年第6期 64-74页

作者：黄宗智美国加州大学洛杉矶分校历史系、历史与社会高等研究所(北京)

近几年,随着互联网平台企业的兴起,“零工经济”从业人员的社会保障问题成为各界关注的一大焦点。在灵活用工模式下,工人并非企业的正式合同工,不受劳动法规保护,所谓“零工经济”实质上是一种非正规经济。但中国的非正规经济不仅仅是... 详细信息

近几年,随着互联网平台企业的兴起,“零工经济”从业人员的社会保障问题成为各界关注的一大焦点。在灵活用工模式下,工人并非企业的正式合同工,不受劳动法规保护,所谓“零工经济”实质上是一种非正规经济。但中国的非正规经济不仅仅是平台经济的产物,黄宗智以历史学家的长时段眼光向我们揭示出:中国的非正规经济有着深刻的社会历史背景,它可追溯到明清以来因人地压力过大而形成的“半工半耕”小农经济模式;改革开放以后,随着农民进城打工,又演变为“农民工”这种特殊的用工模式。非正规经济历史性地推动了中国经济的快速发展,但也带来了严重的社会不平等。在城乡差距已得到一定缓解的当下,国家明确转向“共同富裕”的长远社会主义目标,有望逐步克服非正规经济的负面影响,实现中国经济社会的长远可持续发展。

关键词：非正规经济半工半耕劳动法

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中国法律的实践历史研究

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开放时代 2008年第4期 105-124页

作者：黄宗智中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院

中国法律历史的研究多偏重理论、表达或制度, 作者近二十年的研究则一贯强调从诉讼档案出发, 亦即从法律实践的记录出发,由此来提炼分析概念."实践"在这里表述的是三个交搭而又不完全相同的含义: 相对理论而言的实践、相对表达而言的实... 详细信息

中国法律历史的研究多偏重理论、表达或制度, 作者近二十年的研究则一贯强调从诉讼档案出发, 亦即从法律实践的记录出发,由此来提炼分析概念."实践"在这里表述的是三个交搭而又不完全相同的含义: 相对理论而言的实践、相对表达而言的实践、以及相对制度结构而言的实践( 或实际运作) 。"实践历史"则不仅包含这三种实践的历史,也包含它们经过与理论、表达和制度之间的互动而体现于实践的历史。本文首先将分别以中外法律史实例说明实践历史的含义;然后,用作者自己的一些分析为例,说明从实践历史提炼分析概念的研究方法。

关键词：法律实践历史研究中国法律诉讼档案实际运作制度结构作者概念

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中国发展经验的理论与实用含义——非正规经济实践

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开放时代 2010年第10期 134-158页

作者：黄宗智中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶校区历史系

对中国经济改革的理解主要来自"新制度经济学",特别强调市场化的私有公司以及相关法律所起的作用;Andrew Walder和钱颖一等则指出,地方政府,尤其是其乡村企业,扮演了关键的角色。但两种分析都不能解释20世纪90年代中期以来的经验:发展... 详细信息

对中国经济改革的理解主要来自"新制度经济学",特别强调市场化的私有公司以及相关法律所起的作用;Andrew Walder和钱颖一等则指出,地方政府,尤其是其乡村企业,扮演了关键的角色。但两种分析都不能解释20世纪90年代中期以来的经验:发展的主要动力变为地方政府在"招商引资"的竞争下为外来企业所提供的大力支持。它们普遍用低于其成本的土地和配套基础设施,另加各种显性和隐性补贴以及税收优惠,并允许绕过国家劳动和环保法律来招引外来投资。正是它们的这种非正规实践以及伴之而兴起的庞大的非正规经济,而不仅是外来企业,才是中国惊人的GDP增长的主要动力,同时也是其日益加剧的社会与环境危机的来源。本文的分析来自历史+理论的视角,所指向的是对中国改革经验的新的理解和实用措施。

关键词：新制度经济学非正规经济集权的分权主义重庆经验

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