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Relationship between hydrogenation degree and pyrolysis performance of jet fuel

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第4期68卷 35-42页

作者： Qing Liu Tinghao Jia lun pan Jijun Zou Xiangwen Zhang Key Laboratory for Green Chemical and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

Understanding the relationship between the chemical composition and pyrolysis performance of endothermic hydrocarbon fuel(EHF)is of great significance for the design and optimization of advanced EHFs.In this work,the effect of deep hydrogenation on the pyrolysis of commercial RP-3 is investigated.Fuels with different hydrogenation degrees were obtained by the partially and completely catalytic hydrogenation and their pyrolysis performances were investigated using an apparatus equipped with an electrically heated tubular reactor.The results show that with the increase of hydrogenation degree,fuel conversion almost remains constant during the pyrolysis process(500e650C,4 MPa);however,the heat sink increases slightly,and the anti-coking performance significantly improves,which are highly related to their H/C ratios.Detailed characterisations reveal that the difference of the pyrolysis performance can be ascribed to the content of aromatics and cycloalkanes:the former are prone to initiate secondary reactions to form coking precursors,while the latter could act as the hydrogen donor and release hydrogen,which will terminate the radical propagation reactions and suppress the coke deposition.This work should provide the guidance for upgrading EHFs by modulating the composition of EHFs.

关键词： RP-3 Fuel Pyrolysis Hydrogenation Deposition

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Preparation and properties of high-energy-density aluminum/boroncontaining gelled fuels

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第1期65卷 230-242页

作者： Yi Chen Kang Xue Yang Liu lun pan Xiangwen Zhang Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201China

Energetic nanofluid fuel has caught the attention of the field of aerospace liquid propellant for its high energy density(HED), but it suffers from the inevitable solid-liquid phase separation problem. To resolve this problem, herein we synthesized the high-Al-/B-containing(up to 30%(mass)) HED gelled fuels, with low-molecular-mass organic gellant Z, which show high net heat of combustion(NHOC), density, storage stability, and thixotropic properties. The characterizations indicate that the application of energetic particles to the gelled fuels obviously destroys their fibrous network structures but can provide the new particle-gellant gelation microstructures, resulting in the comparable stability between 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) Al or B and pure JP-10 gelled fuel. Moreover, the gelled fuels with high-content Al or B exhibit high shear-thinning property, recovery capability, and mechanical strength, which are favorable for their storage and utilization. Importantly, the prepared 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) B(or 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) Al) shows the density and NHOC 1.27 times(1.30) and 1.43 times(1.21)higher than pure JP-10, respectively. This work provides a facile and valid approach to the manufacturing of HED gelled fuels with high content of energetic particles for gel propellants.

关键词： Gelled fuels Energetic aluminum/boron Low-molecular-mass organic gellant Fuel property

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Micro-nanoarchitectonic of aluminum-hydrogel propellant with static stability and dynamic rheology

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2024年第4期18卷 87-96页

作者： Huiyan Guo Huaiyu Li Hongzhi Zhang lun pan Chengxiang Shi Kang Xue Xiangwen Zhang Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Advanced Fuel and Propellant of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

The aluminum-water system is a promising propellant due to high energy and low signal characteristics,and the gel form is easier to store and utilize.In this work,hydrogels of water and aluminum particles were prepared using the low-molecular-weight gellant agarose.The various physical properties of gel systems,including the water loss rate,phase transition temperature,and centrifugal stability at different gellant and aluminum contents,were examined.Rheological properties were assessed through shear thinning tests,thixotropy tests,strain sweep analysis,and frequency sweep experiments.The microstructure of the gel was obtained through scanning electron microscopy images.The results show that the aluminum-hydrogel network structure is composed of micron-scale aluminum and agarose nanosheets,and the unique micro-nanostructure endows the gel with excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability,which improve with increasing gellant and aluminum contents.Notably,the gel with 2% agarose and 20% aluminum had the best performance;the storage modulus reached 90647 Pa,which was within the linear viscoelastic region,and the maximum withstand pressure was 111.2 kPa,which was 118.8% greater than that of the pure hydrogel.Additionally,the gel demonstrates remarkable shear thinning behavior and can undergo gel-sol transformation upon shearing or heating to exceeding 114℃.

关键词： aluminum-water propellant gelled propellant rheological property mechanical strength

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Photoinduced transposed Paternò-Büchi reaction for effective synthesis of high-performance jet fuel

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第3期67卷 39-48页

作者： Jinxiu Hu Xianlong Liu Yi Liu Kang Xue Chengxiang Shi Xiangwen Zhang Li Wang Ji-Jun Zou lun pan Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China

High-energy-density fuels are important for volume-limited aerospace vehicles,but the increase in fuel energy density always leads to poor cryogenic performance.Herein,we investigated the transposed Paternò-Büchi reaction of biomass cyclic ketone and cyclic alkene to synthesize a new kind of alkyl-substituted polycyclic hydrocarbon fuel with high energy density and good cryogenic performance.The triplet-energy-quenching results and phosphorescent emission spectra reveal the sensitization mechanism of the reaction,including photosensitizer excitation,triplettriplet energy transfer,cyclization,and relaxation,and the possible reaction path was revealed by the density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The reaction conditions of photosensitizer type and addition,molar ratio of substrates,reaction temperature,and incident light intensity were optimized,with the target product yield achieving 65.5%.Moreover,the reaction dynamics of the reaction rate versus the light intensity are established.After the hydrogenation-deoxygenation reaction,three fuels with a high density of 0.864-0.938 g·ml^(-1) and a low freezing point of<-55℃ are obtained.This work provides a benign and effective approach to synthesize high-performance fuels.

关键词： High-energy-density fuel Transposed Patern-oeBüchi reaction Kinetics Bioenergy Photochemistry

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Effect of cis/trans molecular structures on pyrolysis performance and heat sink of decalin isomers

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2024年第1期18卷 51-60页

作者： Qing Liu Kang Xue Tinghao Jia Zhouyang Shen Zehao Han lun pan Ji-Jun Zou Xiangwen Zhang Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201China

Decalin is considered as an important compound of high-energy-density endothermic fuel,which is an ideal on-board coolant for thermal management of advanced aircraft.However,decalin contains two isomers with a tunable composition,and their effects on the pyrolysis performance,such as the heat sink and coking tendency have not been demonstrated.Herein,we investigated the pyrolysis of decalin isomers,i.e.,cis-decalin,trans-decalin and their mixtures(denoted as mix-decalin),in order to clarify the effects of the cis-/trans-structures on the pyrolysis performance of decalin fuels.The pyrolysis results confirmed that conversion of the tested fuels(600–725℃,4 MPa)decreased in the order cis-decalin>mix-decalin>trans-decalin.Detailed analyses of the pyrolysis products were used to compare the product distributions from cis-decalin,mix-decalin and trans-decalin,and the yields of some typical components(such as cyclohexene,1-methylcyclohexene,benzene and toluene)showed significant differences,which could be ascribed to deeper cracking of cis-decalin.Additionally,the heat sinks and coking tendencies of the decalins decreased in the order cis-decalin>mix-decalin>trans-decalin.This work demonstrates the relationship between the cis/trans structures and the pyrolysis performance of decalin,which provides a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels.

关键词： endothermic fuel decalin pyrolysis heat sink molecular structure

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Tandem hydroalkylation and deoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolics to synthesize high-density fuels

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第2期66卷 104-109页

作者： Rui Yu Zhensheng Shen Yanan Liu Chengxiang Shi Juncong Qu lun pan Zhenfeng Huang Xiangwen Zhan g Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192China

Lignin is the most abundant naturally phenolic biomass,and the synthesis of high-performance renewable fuel from lignin has attracted significant attention.We propose the efficient synthesis of high-density fuels using simulated lignin cracked oil in tandem with hydroalkylation and deoxygenation reactions.First,we investigated the reaction pathway for the hydroalkylation of phenol,which competes with the hydrodeoxygenation form cyclohexane.And then,we investigated the effects of metal catalyst types,the loading amount of metallic,acid dosage,and reactant ratio on the reaction results.The phenol hydroalkylation and hydrodeoxygenation were balanced when 180℃ and 5 MPa H_(2)with the alkanes yield of 95%.By extending the substrate to other lignin-derived phenolics and simulated lignin cracked oil,we obtained the polycyclic alkane fuel with high density of 0.918 g·ml^(-1)and calorific value of41.2 MJ·L^(-1).Besides,the fuel has good low-temperature properties(viscosity of 9.3 mm^(2)·s^(-1)at 20℃ and freezing point below-55℃),which is expected to be used as jet fuel.This work provides a promising way for the easy and green production of high-density fuel directly from real lignin oil.

关键词： High-density fuel Biofuel Hydrogenation Alkylation Lignin Phenolics

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Multi-physical fields distribution in billet during helical electromagnetic stirring:A numerical simulation research

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China Foundry 2024年第1期21卷 51-59页

作者： Dong pan Qing-tao Guo Kai-lun Zhang Fu-zhi Yu Yu-ying Li Yu-bao Xiao State Key Laboratory of Metal Materials for Marine Equipment and Application Anshan 114009LiaoningChina Ansteel Beijing Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 102200China

Electromagnetic stirring is one of the widely applied techniques to modify the quality of casting billets.Different from conventional rotate stirring,the helical stirring is more professional in assisting multi-dimensional flow of molten metal and eliminating solidification defects.In this study,the single-winding helical stirring(SWHS)was introduced,offering advantages such as smaller volume and lower electromagnetic shielding compared to traditional helical stirring methods.Following a comprehensive numerical simulation,the stirring parameters of SWHS were adjusted to yoke inclination angle of 43°and frequency of 12 Hz.The higher electromagnetic force and flow velocity in drawing direction,as well as the lower temperature gradient induced by the SWHS,are positive factors for homogeneous solidification of billet.The experimental results on Al-8%Si alloy and 0.4%C-1.1%Mn steel demonstrate that compared to rotate stirring,the SWHS process can induce better billet quality and is more effective in accelerating the equiaxed expansion and reducing element segregation.The SWHS process can enhance the equiaxed ratio of the billet by 58.3%and reduce segregation degree of carbon element by 10.97%.Consequently,SWHS holds great promise as a potential approach for improving the quality of continuous casting billets.

关键词： billet electromagnetic stirring helical solidification element segregation numerical simulation

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Review on design, preparation and performance characterization of gelled fuels for advanced propulsion

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2022年第6期16卷 819-837页

作者： Kang Xue Jinwen Cao lun pan Xiangwen Zhang Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Advanced Fuel and Propellant of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China

With the increasing demand for high-performance and safe fuels in aerospace propulsion systems,gelled fliels have attracted increasing attention.Because of their unique structure,gelled fuels exhibit the advantages of both solid and liquid fliels,such as high energy density,controllable thrust and storage safety.This review provides an overview on design,preparation and performance characterization of gelled fuels.The composition,preparation process and gelation mechanism of gelled high-energy-density fuels are described.Considering these aspects,the rheology and flow behavior of gelled fuels is summarized in terms of the shear thinning property,dynamic viscoelasticity and thixotropy.Moreover,the progress of atomization of gelled fuels is reviewed with a focus on the effect of atomizing nozzles.In addition,the experiments and theoretical models of single droplet combustion and combustor combustion are described.Finally,research directions for the development and application of gelled fuels are suggested.

关键词： gelled fuels high-energy-density fuels rheological properties atomization combustion

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High-energy-density gelled fuels with high stability and shear thinning performance

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022年第3期35卷 99-109页

作者： Yang Liu Hongzhi Zhang lun pan Kang Xue Xiangwen Zhang Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201China

Gelled fuels are the very promising propellants for new-generation rocket and ramjet propulsion.Here we report a new type of low-molecular mass organic gellant(Z),and prepared four kinds of stable gelled fuels based on HD-01,HD-03,RP-3 and QC liquid fuels,with the critical gellant concentration less than 1%(mass).The characterizations show that the gellant can form 3D network structure,via hydrogen bonding,π-πstacking and van der Waals forces,to fix fuel molecules during the formation of gelled fuels.So,the gelled fuels show high stability,with the remaining gel mass of 0.25%(mass)Z/HD-01 more than 90%even at high centrifugal speed of 7500 r·min^(-1),but the rheological property test shows that all gelled fuels have obvious shear thinning property,which benefits its storage in gelled state while supply in liquid state.The gelation of liquid fuels by gellant Z can increase the volumetric net heat of combustion(for HD-01,it increases from 39.58 MJ·L^(-1) to 40.76 MJ·L^(-1) with 1%(mass)Z),and liquefied gelled fuels show the comparable ignition delay time with the pristine liquid fuels.So,the gelled fuels made by gellant Z have better stability,shear thinning and combustion performances,which have great potential for the practical application.

关键词： High-performance fuel Gelled fuel Gellants Fuel properties

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Development of High-Energy-Density Liquid Aerospace Fuel:A Perspective

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2022年第1期28卷 1-5页

作者： Jiaorong Nie Tinghao Jia lun pan Xiangwen Zhang Ji-Jun Zou Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) Tianjin 300072China

Aerospace aircraft has significantly improved the life quality of human beings and extended the capability of space explosion since its appearance in 1903,in which liquid propellants or fuels provide the key power source.For jet fuels,its property of energy density plays an important role in determining the flight range,load,and performance of the aircraft.Therefore,the design and fabrication of high-energy-density(HED)fuels attract more and more attention from researchers all over the world.Herein,we briefly introduce the development of liquid jet fuels and HED fuels and demonstrate the future development of HED fuels.To further improve the energy density of fuel,the approaches of design and construction of multi-cyclic and stained molecule structures are proposed.To break through the density limit of hydrocarbon fuels,the addition of energetic nanoparticles in HED fuels to produce nanofluid or gelled fuels may provide a facile and effective method to significantly increase the energy density.This work provides the perspective for the development of HED fuels for advanced aircrafts.

关键词： Liquid aerospace fuel High-energy-density fuel Stained molecule structure Nanofluid or gelled fuels

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