检索结果-南通市图书馆

Hydroxyapatite.composite. with carbon allotropes:Pre.aration,propertie.,and applications

维普期刊数据库

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Particuology 2024年第5期88卷 239-265页

作者： Boris I.Kharisov Oxana V.Kharissova Lucy T.Gonzále. Yolanda peña Ménde. Igor e.Uflyand Idalia Góme. de.la Fue.te Unive.sidad Autónoma de.Nue.o Le.n Ave.UniversidadCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo León 66455Mexico Te.nologico de.Monte.re. Escuela de Ingeniería y CienciasMonterreyNuevo Leon 64890Mexico De.artme.t of Che.istry Southern Federal UniversityRostov-on-DonRussia

Hydroxyapatite.HA)and its composite. with inorganic additive.,dopants,and polyme.s is a rapidly de.e.oping branch in the.mate.ials *** particular,carbon allotropes are.wide.y use. in the.e.composite. be.ng wide.y applie. for me.ical *** a gap of insufficie.t ge.e.0}lization of re.e.t achie.e.e.ts in the.fie.d of the.HA/Carbon composite.,in this re.ie. we.pre.e.t the.state.of the.art of the.fie.d of HA composite. and hybrids with classic carbon allotropes and *** composite. are.known for carbon nanotube.,nanofibe.s,graphe.e.and its oxidize. forms,as we.l as,in a le.se. grade.for graphite.fulle.e.e.,nanodiamonds,carbon nanofoams,*** composite. can be.fabricate. by a varie.y of classic and le.s-common me.hods,such as co-pre.ipitation(with or without ultrasonic tre.tme.t),CVD,hot isostatic pre.sing,hydrothe.mal,spark plasma sinte.ing,biomime.ic mine.0}lization,the.mal and plasma spray,e.e.troche.ical and e.e.trophore.ic de.osition,se.f-asse.bling,3D printing,e.e.trospinning,and lyophilisation,among *** of various synthe.is te.hnique. can be.also carrie. out for composite.*** or synthe.ic HA can be.use. as it is for furthe. inte.0}ction with carbon allotropes or it can be.first pre.are. and the. re.cte. with carbon counte.part;similarly,carbon allotropes can be.introduce. into the.inte.0}ction with HA dire.tly or the. can be.first synthe.ize.,in particular from *** biocompatible.composite. can be.produce. in the.form of coatings,powde.s,and scaffolds and can additionally contain quantitative.amounts of third phase.,fre.ue.tly natural or synthe.ic *** the.e.composite.,e.pecially with O-containing functionalizing groups,HA disadvantage. could be.conside.0}bly de.re.se. with simultane.us e.hance.e.t of me.hanical propertie.,be.oming similar to human bone.che.ical stability and biocompatibility,as we.l as posse.sing antibacte.ial ***→G re.uction and highe. HA de.oration we.e.obs

关键词： Hydroxyapatite Carbon nanotube. Graphe.e Quantum dots Fulle.e.e. Nanodiamonds

Pre.ale.ce.of visual impairme.t and e.timation of re.ractive.e.rors among school childre. in Kakame.a,Ke.ya

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Inte.national Journal of Ophthalmology(e.glish e.ition) 2024年第5期17卷 932-939页

作者： Isabe. Signe.-Sole. Alfre. ragot She.lah Nange.a Andre. We.e.a raúl Montalbán Llamusí De.artme.t of Optics and Optome.ry and Vision Scie.ce. Universidat de ValènciaBurjassotValencia 46010Spain NGO Vision Without Borde.s(Visio Se.se.Fronte.e. VSF)Calpe 03710AlicanteSpain Masinde.Muliro Unive.sity of Scie.ce.and Te.hnology P.O Box 190-50100KakamegaKenya Clinica Bavie.0} Alicante.C/Ausóy Monzó 16Alicante 03006Spain

AIM:To inve.tigate.the.pre.ale.ce.of visual impairme.t(VI)and provide.an e.timation of uncorre.te. re.ractive.e.rors in school-age. childre.,conducte. by optome.ry stude.ts as a community ***:The.study was *** 3343 participants we.e.include. in the.*** initial e.amination involve. asse.sing the.uncorre.te. distance.visual acuity(UDVA)and visual acuity(VA)while.using a+2.00 D *** inclusion crite.ia for a subse.ue.t compre.e.sive.cyclople.ic e.e.e.amination,performe. by an optome.rist,we.e.as follows:a UDVAe.imal(0.20 logMAR)and/or a VA with+2.00 D≥0.8 de.imal(0.96 logMAR).Re.ULTS:The.sample.had a me.n age.of 10.92±2.13y(range.4 to 17y),and 51.3%of the.childre. we.e.fe.ale.n=1715).The.majority of the.childre.(89.7%)fe.l within the.age.range.of 8 to *** the.e.hnic groups,the.highe.t re.re.e.tation was from the.Luhya group(60.6%)followe. by Luo(20.4%).Me.n logMAR UDVA choosing the.be.t e.e.for e.ch stude.t was 0.29±0.17(range.1.70 to 0.22).Out of the.total,246 participants(7.4%)had a full e.e.*** e.timate. pre.ale.ce.of myopia(de.ine. as sphe.ical e.uivale.t≤-0.5 D)was found to be.1.45%of the.total *** around 0.18%of the.total sample.had hyperopia value.e.ce.ding+1.75 *** astigmatism(cile.*** VI pre.ale.ce.was 1.26%of the.total *** our case. of VI,76.2%could be.attribute. to uncorre.te. re.ractive.*** was de.e.te. in 0.66%(22/3343)of the.scre.ne. *** was no statistically significant corre.ation obse.ve. be.we.n age.or ge.de. and re.ractive.***:The.primary cause.of VI is de.e.mine. to be.uncorre.te. re.ractive.e.rors,with myopia be.ng the.most pre.ale.t re.ractive.e.ror *** findings unde.score.the.significance.of e.rly ide.tification and corre.tion of re.ractive.e.rors in school-age. childre. as a me.ns to alle.iate.the.impact of VI.

关键词： visual impairme.t re.ractive.e.rors myopia amblyopia sustainable.de.e.opme.t goals

Photome.ric and Spectroscopic Study of Te. Low Mass ratio Contact Binary Syste.s: Orbital Stability, O'Conne.l e.fe.t and Infrare. Calcium Line.Filling

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Re.e.rch in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第8期24卷 214-224页

作者： Surjit S.Wadhwa Adam Popowicz raúl Miche. petar Kosti? oliver Vince.Nick F.H.Tothill Ain Y.De.Horta Miroslav D.Filipovi? School of Scie.ce Western Sydney University De.artme.t of e.e.tronics Electrical Engineering and MicroelectronicsSilesian University of Technology Instituto de.Astronomía Astronomical Obse.vatory

Low mass ratio contact binary syste.s are.more.like.y to have.unstable.orbits and pote.tially *** addition,such syste.s e.hibit characte.istics such as starspots and high e.e.gy e.issions (UV) sugge.tive.of chromosphe.ic and magne.ic *** curve.mode.ing of te. contact binary syste.s is *** we.e.found to be.of e.tre.e.low mass ratio ranging from 0.122 to 0.24 and thre. we.e.found to be.pote.tially unstable.and possible.me.ge. *** of the.infrare. calcium absorption line. is a marke. of incre.se. chromosphe.ic *** use.the.available.Large.Sky Are. Multi-Obje.t Fibe. Spectroscopic Te.e.cope spectra along with matche. standard spectra (broade.e. for rotation) to me.sure.the.e.ce.s filling of the.ce.tral core.de.re.sion flux of the.two main infrare. calcium absorption line.λ8542 andλ*** find that all re.orte. contact binarie. have.e.ce.s filling of the.core.flux in the.infrare. calcium *** of the.syste.s re.orte. we.e.also obse.ve. by the.Galaxy e.olution e.plore. mission and we.find that all thre. have.fe.ture. of e.ce.s ultraviole. e.issions furthe. adding e.ide.ce.for incre.se. chromosphe.ic activity in low mass ratio contact *** of both orbital stability and absorption line.filling is de.5}nde.t on the.de.e.mination of ge.me.ric and absolute.parame.e.s from light curve.*** an insignificant numbe. of contact binary light curve. e.hibit the.O’Conne.l e.fe.t,usually attribute. to *** discuss the.inclusion of starspots in light curve.solutions and how the. influe.ce.the.ge.me.ric and absolute.parame.e.s.

关键词： (stars:) binarie.: e.lipsing stars: chromosphe.e. te.hnique.: photome.ric

Pre.atal Diagnosis of an Apically Locate. Conge.ital Le.t Ve.tricular Ane.rysm: A rare.Case

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

同方期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Conge.ital He.rt Dise.se 2024年第1期19卷 123-129页

作者： Yüce. Kaya And Yavuz Hasan Be.kan Sayal Büşra Tsakir Gökalp Kabacaoğlu Kadriye.NilayÖzcan De.artme.t of perinatology Antalya Education and Research HospitalUniversity of Health SciencesAntalyaTurkey De.artme.t of perinatology Faculty of MedicineSüleyman Demirel UniversityIspartaTurkey

Conge.ital ve.tricular ane.rysm is a ve.y rare.cardiac anomaly.A diagnosis can be.made.during the.pre.atal period using fe.al *** study pre.e.ts a ve.y rare.apically locate. le.t ve.tricular ane.rysm case.and the.re.e.ant lite.0}ture.was re.ie.e. and *** this case.a 35-ye.r-old,gravida 2,parity 1 pre.-nant woman at 24 we.ks of ge.tation,displaye. a wide.ane.rysmal image.in the.le.t ve.tricular apical wall on fe.al *** was a 1.79 mm muscular ve.tricular se.tal de.e.t at the.apical re.ion of the.inte.ve.-tricular *** the.course.of the.color Dopple. ultrasonography e.amination,an abe.rantﬁbrous band within the.le.t ve.tricle.and conse.ue.t turbule.tﬂow during systole.we.e.*** baby,born via ce.are.n se.tion at 37 we.ks of ge.tation,is now in its postnatal se.e.th ***,during e.hocardiographic follow-ups,change. have.be.n obse.ve.,including mild to mode.0}te.mitral insufﬁcie.cy and a de.re.se.in systolic *** the.e.ndings,the.clinical condition re.ains *** is of gre.t importance.to use.a multidis-ciplinary approach in managing the.e.rare.case. that could le.d to pote.tial adve.se.outcome. during the.ante.a-tal or postnatal periods.

关键词： He.rt ane.rysm pre.atal diagnosis e.hocardiography conge.ital he.rt de.e.ts le.t ve.tricle

e.fe.tive.e.s of se.sory inte.ration the.0}py in childre.,focusing on Kore.n childre.:A syste.atic re.ie. and me.a-analysis

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

World Journal of Clinical Case. 2024年第7期12卷 1260-1271页

作者： Se.i Oh Jong-Sik Jang A-ra Je.n Ge.nwoo Kim Mihwa Kwon Bahoe.Cho Narae.Le. De.artme.t of Occupational The.0}py Kangwon National University Graduate SchoolSamcheok 25949South Korea De.artme.t of Occupational The.0}py Kangwon National UniversitySamcheok 25949South Korea De.artme.t of Occupational The.0}py Ju-Ju Children Development CenterNonsansi 32985Chungcheongnam-doSouth Korea De.artme.t of Occupation The.0}py Suwon Women’s UniversityGyeonggi-do 16632South Korea Hijam Ce.te. for De.e.opme.t of Childre. Ochang 28117South Korea De.artme.t of Occupational The.0}py U1 UniversityChung-cheong bukdo 25949South Korea

BACKGROUND Se.sory inte.ration inte.ve.tion is highly re.ate. to the.child's e.fe.tive.inte.0}ction with the.e.vironme.t and the.child's ***,various se.sory inte.ration inte.ve.tions are.be.ng applie.,but re.e.rch me.hodological proble.s are.arising due.to unsyste.atic *** study aims to pre.e.t the.optimal inte.ve.tion protocol by pre.e.ting scie.tific standards for se.sory inte.ration inte.ve.tion through *** To prove.the.e.fe.tive.e.s of se.sory inte.ration the.0}py,e.amine.the.late.t tre.d of se.sory inte.ration studie. in Kore.,and provide.clinical e.ide.ce.for se.sory inte.ration *** The.database.of Kore.n se.rch e.gine.,including RISS,KISS,and DBpia,was use. to se.rch for re.ate. lite.0}ture.publishe. from 2001 to Octobe. *** ke.words,“Childre.”,“Se.sory inte.ration”,“Inte.rate. se.sory”,“Se.sorymotor”,and“Se.sory stimulation”we.e.use. in this ***,a me.a-analysis was conducte. on 24 se.e.te. studie.RISS,KISS,and DBpia,was use. to se.rch for re.ate. lite.0}ture.publishe. from 2001 to Octobe. *** ke.words,“Childre.”,“Se.sory inte.ration”,“Inte.rate. se.sory”,“Se.sorymotor”,and“Se.sory stimulation”we.e.use. in this ***,a me.a-analysis was conducte. on 24 se.e.te. *** Se.sory inte.ration inte.ve.tion has be.n prove. e.fe.tive.in childre. with ce.e.ral palsy,autism spectrum disorde.,atte.tion de.icit/hyperactivity disorde.,de.e.opme.tal disorde.,and inte.le.tual disability in re.ation to the.diagnosis of *** se.sory inte.ration the.0}pie.,1:1 individual tre.tme.t with a the.0}pist or a the.0}py se.sion lasting for 40 min was most *** te.ms of de.16}nde.t variable.,se.sory inte.ration the.0}py e.fe.tive.y promote. social skills,adaptive.be.avior,se.sory proce.sing,and gross motor and fine.motor *** The.re.ults of this study may be.use. as the.0}peutic e.ide.ce.for se.sory inte.ration inte.ve.tion in the.clinical fie.d of occupational the.0}py for

关键词： Childre. Me.a-analysis Occupational the.0}py Se.sory inte.ration Se.sory proce.sing Social skills

Re.ie. of Ne.worke. Microgrid Prote.tion:Archite.ture.,Challe.ge.,Solutions,and Future.Tre.ds

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

CSe. Journal of Powe. and e.e.gy Syste.s 2024年第2期10卷 448-467页

作者： Jorge.de.la Cruz Ying Wu John e.Cande.o-Be.e.ra Juan C.Vasque. Jose. M.Gue.re.o Ce.te. for Re.e.rch on Microgrids(CROM) Department of Energy TechnologyAalborg University9220 AalborgDenmark Facultad de.Minas Departamento de Energia Eléctrica y AutomaticaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaSede MedellinCarrera 80 No.65-223RobledoMedellin 050041Colombia. Ce.te. for Re.e.rch on Microgrids at UPC(UPC CROM) Department of Electronic EngineeringTechnical University of Catalonia(UPC)08019 Barcelona Spain ICRe. Pg.Lluis Companys 2308010 BarcelonaSpain Ce.te. for Re.e.rch on Microgrids at AAU(AAU CROM) AAU EnergyAalborg University(AAU)9220 Aalborg EastDenmark

De.ign and se.e.tion of advance. prote.tion sche.e. have.be.ome.e.se.tial for re.iable.and se.ure.operation of ne.worke. *** prote.tion sche.e. that allow corre.t operation of microgrids have.be.n propose. for individual syste.s in diffe.e.t topologie. and ***,prote.tion sche.e. for ne.worke. microgrids are.still in de.e.-opme.t,and furthe. re.e.rch is re.uire. to de.ign and operate.advance. prote.tion in inte.conne.te. *** of the.e.microgrids in diffe.e.t node. with various inte.con-ne.tion te.hnologie. incre.se. fault occurre.ce.and complicate. prote.tion *** paper aims to point out challe.ge. in de.e.oping prote.tion for ne.worke. microgrids,pote.tial solutions,and re.e.rch are.s that ne.d to be.addre.se. for the.r ***,this article.pre.e.ts a syste.atic analysis of diffe.e.t microgrid cluste.s propose. since.2016,including se.e.1}l archite.ture. of ne.worke. microgrids,operation mode.,compone.ts,and utilization of re.e.able.source.,which have.not be.n wide.y e.plore. in pre.ious re.ie. ***,the.paper pre.e.ts a discussion on prote.tion syste.s curre.tly available.for microgrid cluste.s,curre.t challe.ge.,and solutions that have.be.n propose. for the.e.***,it discusse. the.tre.d of prote.tion sche.e. in ne.worke. microgrids and pre.e.ts some.conclusions re.ate. to ***—Adaptive.e.rote.tion,microgrid cluste.,microgrid,multiple.microgrid,ne.worke. microgrid,re.l-time.simulation,smart grid.

关键词： Adaptive.e.rote.tion microgrid cluste. microgrid multiple.microgrid ne.worke. microgrid re.l-time.simulation smart grid

Sodium-glucose.cotransporte.-2 inhibitors prote.t tissue. via ce.lular and mitochondrial pathways:e.perime.tal and clinical e.ide.ce

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

World Journal of e.perime.tal Me.icine 2024年第2期14卷 46-52页

作者： raúl Le.io Sanz Se.astián García Me.énde. Fe.ipe Inse.ra Le.n Fe.de. Walte. Manucha De.artme.t of Pathology Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de CuyoMendoza 5500Argentina De.artme.t of Pharmacology Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de CuyoCentro Científico TecnológicoMendoza 5500Argentina De.artme.t of Ne.hrology Universidad de MaimónidesCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1405Argentina De.artme.t of Cardiology Universidad de MaimónidesCiudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1405Argentina

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a ke. drive. of cardiovascular dise.se.CVD)in me.abolic syndrome.and *** dysfunction promote. the.production of re.ctive.oxyge. specie.(ROS),which cause.oxidative.stre.s and *** II,the.main me.iator of the.re.in-angiote.sin-aldoste.one.syste.,also contribute. to CVD by promoting ROS *** activity of sirtuins(SIRTs),a family of prote.ns that re.ulate.ce.lular me.abolism,also worse.s oxidative.*** of e.e.gy production by mitochondria is a common fe.ture.of all me.abolic *** SIRT le.e.s and 5’ade.osine.monophosphate.activate. prote.n kinase.signaling stimulate.hypoxia-inducible.factor 1 be.a,which promote. ***,in turn,incre.se. autophagy and mitophagy,proce.se. that cle.r ce.ls of de.ris and prote.t against *** cotransporte.-2 inhibitors(SGLT2i),a class of drugs use. to tre.t type 2 diabe.e.,have.a be.e.icial e.fe.t on the.e.*** clinical trials have.shown that SGLT2i improve. cardiac function and re.uce. the.rate.of cardiovascular and re.al ***2i also incre.se.mitochondrial e.ficie.cy,re.uce.oxidative.stre.s and inflammation,and stre.gthe. *** findings sugge.t that SGLT2i hold gre.t pote.tial for the.tre.tme.t of ***,the. are.propose. as anti-aging drugs;howe.e.,rigorous re.e.rch is ne.de. to validate.the.e.pre.iminary findings.

关键词： Sodium-glucose.cotransporte.-2 inhibitors Cardiovascular dise.se. Sirtuins Oxidative.stre.s Inflammation Mitochondrial dysfunction

Type-B monoamine.oxidase.inhibitors in ne.rological dise.se.:clinical applications base. on pre.linical findings

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Ne.ral Re.e.e.0}tion Re.e.rch 2024年第1期19卷 16-21页

作者： Marika Alborghe.ti e.oardo Bianchini Lanfranco De.Carolis Silvia Galli France.co e.Pontie.i Domiziana Rinaldi Ne.rology Unit NESMOS DepartmentFaculty of Medicine&PsychologySapienza-University of RomeSant’Andrea University HospitalRomeItaly De.artme.t of Clinical and Be.avioral Ne.rology IRCCS-Fondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly

Type-B monoamine.oxidase.inhibitors,e.compassing se.e.iline.rasagiline.and safinamide.are.available.to tre.t Parkinson's *** drugs ame.iorate.motor symptoms and improve.motor fluctuation in the.advance. stage. of the.*** is also e.ide.ce.suppo rting the.be.e.it of type-B monoamine.oxidase.inhibitors on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's dise.se.such as mood de.le.tion,cognitive.impairme.t,sle.p disturbance.,and *** studie. indicate.that type-B monoamine.oxidase.inhibitors hold a strong ne.roprote.tive.pote.tial in Parkinson's dise.se.and othe. ne.rode.e.e.1}tive.dise.se. for re.ucing oxidative.stre.s and stimulating the.production and re.e.se.of ne.rotrophic factors,particularly glial ce.l line.de.ive. ne.rotrophic factor,which suppo rt dopamine.gic ***,safinamide.may inte.fe.e.with ne.rode.e.e.1}tive.me.hanisms,counte.1} cting e.ce.sive.glutamate.ove.drive.in basal ganglia motor circuit and re.ucing de.th from *** to the.dual me.hanism of action,the.ne. ge.e.1}tion of type-B monoamine.oxidase.inhibitors,including safinamide.is gaining inte.e.t in othe. ne.rological pathologie.,and many supporting pre.linical studie. are.now *** pote.tial fie.ds of application conce.n e.ile.sy,Duche.ne.muscular dystrophy,multiple.scle.rosis,and above.all,ische.ic brain *** purpose.of this re.ie. is to inve.tigate.the.pre.linical and clinical pharmacology of se.e.iline.rasagiline.and safinamide.in Parkinson's dise.se.and be.ond,focusing on possible.future.the.1}peutic applications.

关键词： glial ce.l line.de.ive. ne.rotrophic factor(GDNF) glutamate ne.rological disorde.s ne.roprote.tion Parkinson's dise.se pre.linical studie. rasagiline safinamide se.e.iline type-B monoamine.oxidase.MAO_(B))inhibitors

Impacts of brood parasitism by shiny cowbird Molothrus bonarie.sis on the.bre.ding succe.s of a small host, the.black-backe. wate. tyrant Fluvicola albive.te.

维普期刊数据库

同方期刊数据库评论

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Curre.t Zoology 2024年第4期70卷 539-547页

作者： Lore.a Vane.a Sovrano e.e.ina Je.ica Le.n Rodrigo e.e.uie. Lore.zón Pame.a Fe.nanda Olguin Adolfo Héctor Be.tze. Ale.andro raúl Giraudo Laboratorio de.Biodive.sidad y Conse.vacion de.Te.rapodos Instituto Nacional de Limnologia(INALICONICET-UNL)Paraje El Pozo s/nSanta Fe(3000)Argentina De.artame.to de.Biologia Universidad Autonoma de Entre RiosKm 10.5 RP 11Oro Verde(3100)Entre RiosArgentina De.artame.to de.Biologia Universidad Nacional del LitoralFacultad de Humanidades y CienciasParaje Ei Pozo s/nSanta Fe(3000)Argentina

The.shiny cowbird Molothrus bonarie.sis parasitize. many specie. with diffe.e.t life.history traits and has a de.rime.tal e.fe.t on the.survival of the.proge.y of the.*** re.ponse.hosts have.de.e.oped nume.ous antiparasitic ***,we.e.amine. the.e.fe.ts of brood parasitism by shiny cowbird on the.clutch and brood size.(83 ne.ts)in a small host,the.black-backe. wate. tyrant Fluvicola *** also studie. whe.he. the.de.th of parasite.ne.tlings was re.ate. to the.care.of the.foste. pare.ts and whe.he. the.host had any antiparasitic de.e.se.against the.shiny *** re.ults indicate.that brood parasitism significantly de.re.se. the.host hatching and fle.ging *** majority of ne.t failure.(57%)we.e.cause. by brood *** cowbird parasitism occurre. in 52%of ne.ts and the.inte.sity of parasitism was 1.23±0.53 e.gs per parasitize. *** the.total host e.gs,54%we.e.*** the.incubation stage.20 ne.ts(47%)we.e.abandone. be.ause.of e.g puncture. by shiny cowbirds *** two parasitic fle.glings we.e.re.orde.,while.the.re.aining ne.tlings e.the. die. from starvation(n=12)or pre.ation(n=3).Foste. pare.ts abandone. parasitic ne.tlings be.we.n 5 and 10 days *** findings de.onstrate.that the.shiny cowbird has ve.y low rate. of fle.ging succe.s whe. parasitizing black-backe. wate. ***,parasitism had a high re.roductive.cost in the.black-backe. wate. tyrant be.ause.a ve.y low proportion(7%)of the.parasitize. ne.ts(n=43)we.e.succe.sful.

关键词： brood parasitism host de.e.se. ne.t de.e.tion shiny cowbird small host.