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Improving Resilience and Recovery to the Travel and Tourism Industry in the Caribbean

Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第8期12卷 1439-1467页

作者： lisa indar Sastee Kissoondan Keston Daniel Rhonda Williams Frieda Mohammed Caribbean Public Health Agency Port-of-Spain Trinidad & Tobago

Travel and tourism is key for the sustainability of Caribbean economies, driving employment and revenue generation for many of the states. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, catalysed by travel, drastically debilitated the Caribbean economies, causing significant economic and job losses, disruptions of crucial services and threatened regional health security. The pandemic reiterated the need for the inclusion of health as a critical part of the travel and tourism sector. The Regional Tourism and Health Program (THP), via surveillance and response, capacity building, standards, partnerships, travellers’ health recognition award and mobile app, is crucial for the recovery of the tourism sector by improving the health and safety of Caribbean people, contributing toward strengthened resilience of Caribbean tourism and the sustainability of its economies. The research seeks to highlight the impact that COVID-19 has had on specific industries core to Caribbean tourism, and how these challenges were addressed utilizing the various tools and products created through the THP. Due to COVID-19, the Program has repurposed and expanded many of its tools for a more robust response, to boost travellers’ confidence and re-establish healthier, safer return to travel in the Caribbean. This innovative program, the first global effort of its kind, continues to strive toward bolstering sustainable tourism and health security, lending toward improved economic stability in the Caribbean. Through these tools, 7836 persons were trained, 789 businesses were registered on THP’s land-based visitor surveillance system, 1190 alerts on incoming cruise ships were issued to Member States and 108 tourist facilities were awarded the Healthier, Safer Tourism Stamp. This paper will discuss the tools within the Program and illustrate how the THP can support the Caribbean’s preparedness and response to COVID-19 and other public health threats, and improve the recovery and sustainability of Caribbean tourism.

关键词： Caribbean Tourism Recovery Sustainability Public Health

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Compensatory foraging in Trinidadian guppies： Effects of acute and chronic predation threats

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Current Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 323-332页

作者： Chris K. ELVIDGE indar RAMNARINE Grant E. BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

In response to acute predation threats, prey may sacrifice foraging opportunities in favour of increased predator avoidance. Under conditions of high or frequent predation risk, such tradeoffs may lead to reduced fitness. Here, we test the pre diction that prey reduce the costs associated with lost opportunities following acute predation threats by exhibiting shortterm compensatory foraging responses. Under seminatural conditions, we exposed female guppies Poecilia reticulate from high and low predation risk sites to one of three levels of acute predation threat （high, intermediate or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues）. Our results confirm previous reports, demonstrating that guppies from a high predation site were consistently ＇bolder＇（shorter escape latencies） and exhibited graded threatsensitive responses to different simulated threat levels while those from the low predation site were ＇shyer＇ and exhibited nongraded responses. Most importantly, we found that when guppies from low predation sites resumed foraging, they did so at rates significantly lower than baseline rates. However, guppies from high preda tion sites resumed foraging either at rates equal to baseline （in response to low or intemaediate risk stimuli） or significantly in creased relative to baseline rates （in response to high risk stimuli）. Together, these results highlight a complex compensatory be havioral mechanism that may allow prey to reduce the longterm costs associated with predator avoidance [Current Zoology 60 （3）： 323-332, 2014 ].

关键词： Compensatory behaviour Predator-prey interactions Personality Threat-sensitivity Trade-offs

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Interactive effects of reproductive assets and ambient predation risk on the threat-sensitive decisions of Trinidadian guppies

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 221-226页

作者： Jemma KATWAROO-ANDERSEN Chris K. ELVIDGE indar RAMNARINE Grant E. BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

Threat-sensitive behavioral trade-offs allow prey animals to balance the conflicting demands of successful predator detection and avoidance and a suite of fitness-related activities such as forag- ing, mating, and territorial defense. Here, we test the hypothesis that background predation level and reproductive status interact to determine the form and intensity of threat-sensitive behavioral decisions of wild-caught female Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata. Gravid and nongravid gup- pies collected from high- and low-predation pressure populations were exposed to serial dilutions of conspecific chemical alarm cues. Our results demonstrate that there was ＇no effect of reproduct- ive status on the response of females originating from a low-predation population, with both gravid and nongravid guppies exhibiting strong anti-predator responses to the lowest concentration of alarm cues tested. Increasing cue concentrations did not result in increases in response intensity. Conversely, we found a significant effect of reproductive status among guppies from a high- predation population. Nongravid females from the high-predation population exhibited a strong graded （proportional） response to increasing concentrations of alarm cue. Gravid females from the same high-predation population, however, shifted to a nongraded response. Together, these re- sults demonstrate that accrued reproductive assets influence the threat-sensitive behavioral deci- sions of prey, but only under conditions of high-ambient predation risk.

关键词： asset protection antipredator behavior fitness trade-offs ecological uncertainty chemical alarm cues.

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Sender and receiver experience alters the response of fish to disturbance cues

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Current Zoology 2020年第3期66卷 255-261页

作者： Jack A.GOLDMAN Laurence E.A.FEYTEN indar W.RAMNARINE Grant E.BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University7141 Sherbrooke St.WestMontrealQCH4B 1R6Canada Department of Lifte Sciences University of the West IndiesSt.AugustineTrinidad and Tobago

Predation is a pervasive selection pressure,shaping morphological,physiological,and behavioral phenotypes of prey *** studies have begun to examine how the effects of individual experience with predation risk shapes the use of publicly available risk assessment ***,we investigated the effects of prior predation risk experience on disturbance cue production and use by Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata under laboratory *** our first experiment,we demonstrate that the response of guppies from a high predation population(Lopinot River)was dependent upon the source of disturbance cue senders(high *** predation populations).However,guppies collected from a low predation site(Upper Aripo River)exhibited similar responses to disturbance cues,regardless of the sender *** our second experiment,we used laboratory strain guppies exposed to high versus low background risk *** results show an analogous response patterns as shown for our first *** exposed to high background risk conditions exhibited stronger responses to the disturbance cues collected from senders exposed to high(***)risk conditions and guppies exposed to low risk conditions were not influenced by sender ***,our results suggest that experience with background predation risk significantly impacts both the production of and response to disturbance cues in guppies.

关键词： disturbance cues ecology of information perceived risk predator-prey interactions Trinidadian guppy

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Predation risk assessment based on uncertain information: interacting effects of known and unknown cues

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Current Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 75-76页

作者： Laurence E. A. Feyten Ebony E. M. Demers indar W. Ramnarine Grant E. Brown Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Streeet West Montreal Quebec Canada H4B 1R6 Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

Prey use reliable public information in order to assess local habitat condirions such as predation risks, competitive interactions, and foraging opportunities (Dall et al. 2005), allowing for context appropriate behavioral decisions. However, public information can often differ widely in reliability (Feyten and Brown 2018), increasing the potential costs associated with behavioral decision making (Dall et al. 2005). The reliability of public information is expected to decrease with in creased un certainty of environmental conditio ns (Koops 2004;Dall et al. 2005), where ecological uncertainty is the ambiguity about the current state of the environment due to imperfect or incomplete information (Dall et al. 2005;Munoz and Blumstein 2012;Feyten and Brown 2018).

关键词： Prey environmental conditio

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