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m^(6)A modification of plant virus enables host recognition by NMD factors in plants

Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第1期67卷 161-174页

作者： Hao He linhao ge Yalin Chen Siwen Zhao Zhaolei Li Xueping Zhou Fangfang Li State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310029China

N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification and is involved in various biological processes.Increasing evidence has implicated that m^(6)Amodification is an important anti-viral defense mechanism in mammals and plants,but it is largely unknown how m^(6)Aregulates viral infection in plants.Here we report the dynamic changes and functional anatomy of m^(6)Ain Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum during Pepino mosaic virus(PepMV)infection.m^(6)Amodification in the PepMV RNA genome is conserved in these two species.Overexpression of the m^(6)Awriters,mRNA adenosine methylase A(MTA),and HAKAI inhibit the PepMV RNA accumulation accompanied by increased viral m^(6)Amodifications,whereas deficiency of these writers decreases the viral RNA m^(6)Alevels but enhances virus infection.Further study reveals that the cytoplasmic YTH-domain family protein NbECT2A/2B/2C as m^(6)Areaders are involved in anti-viral immunity.Protein-protein interactions indicate that NbECT2A/2B/2C interact with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay(NMD)-related proteins,including NbUPF3 and NbSMG7,but not with NbUPF1.m^(6)Amodification-mediated restriction to PepMV infection is dependent on NMD-related factors.These findings provide new insights into the functionality of m^(6)Aanti-viral activity and reveal a distinct immune response that NMD factors recognize the m^(6)Areaders-viral m^(6)ARNA complex for viral RNA degradation to limit virus infection in plants.

关键词： m^(6)A Pepino mosaic virus plant defense m^(6)A readers NMD factors

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geminiviral C2 proteins inhibit active autophagy to facilitate virus infection by impairing the interaction of ATG7 and ATG8

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2023年第5期65卷 1328-1343页

作者： Buwei Cao linhao ge Mingzhen Zhang Fangfang Li Xueping Zhou State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process that plays an active role in plant response to virus infections.Here we report that geminiviruses counteract activated autophagymediated antiviral defense in plant cells through the C2 proteins they encode.We found that,in Nicotiana benthamiana plants,tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus(TLCYnV)infection upregulated the transcription levels of autophagy-related genes(ATGs).Overexpression of NbATG5,NbATG7,or NbATG8a in N.benthamiana plants decreased TLCYnV accumulation and attenuated viral symptoms.Interestingly,transgenic overexpression of NbATG7 promoted the growth of N.benthamiana plants and enhanced plant resistance to TLCYnV.We further revealed that the C2 protein encoded by TLCYnV directly interacted with the ubiquitinactivating domain of ATG7.This interaction competitively disrupted the ATG7–ATG8 binding in N.benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum plants,thereby inhibiting autophagy activity.Furthermore,we uncovered that the C2-mediated autophagy inhibition mechanism was conserved in three other geminiviruses.In summary,we discovered a novel counter-defensive strategy employed by geminiviruses that enlists their C2 proteins as disrupters of ATG7–ATG8 interactions to defeat antiviral autophagy.

关键词： autophagy C2 counterdefense geminivirus plant defense the ATG7–ATG8 interaction

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Pepino mosaic virus antagonizes plant m^(6)A modification by promoting the autophagic degradation of the m^(6)A writer HAKAI

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aBIOTECH 2023年第2期4卷 83-96页

作者： Hao He linhao ge Zhaolei Li Xueping Zhou Fangfang Li State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China

Autophagy plays an active anti-viral role in plants.Increasing evidence suggests that viruses can inhibit or manipulate autophagy,thereby winning the arms race between plants and viruses.Here,we demonstrate that overexpression of an m^(6)A writer from Solanum lycopersicum,SlHAKAI,could negatively regulate pepino mosaic virus(PepMV)infection,inhibit viral RNA and protein accumulations by affecting viral m^(6)A levels in tomato plants and vice versa.The PepMV-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRP)directly interacts with SlHAKAI and reduces its protein accumulation.The RdRP-mediated decreased protein accumulation of SlHAKAI is sensitive to the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and is compromised by knocking down a core autophagy gene.Furthermore,PepMV RdRP could interact with an essential autophagy-related protein,SlBeclin1.RdRP,SlHAKAI,and SlBeclin1 interaction complexes form bright granules in the cytoplasm.Silencing of Beclin1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants abolishes the RdRP-mediated degradation of SlHAKAI,indicating the requirement of Beclin1 in this process.This study uncovers that the PepMV RdRP exploits the autophagy pathway by interacting with SlBeclin1 to promote the autophagic degradation of the SlHAKAI protein,thereby inhibiting the m^(6)A modification-mediated plant defense responses.

关键词： Pepino mosaic virus HAKAI Autophagy Beclin1

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SUMOylation-modified Pelota-Hbs1 RNA surveillance complex restricts the infection of potyvirids in plants

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Molecular Plant 2023年第3期16卷 632-642页

作者： linhao ge Buwei Cao Rui Qiao Hongguang Cui Shaofang Li Hongying Shan Pan Gong Mingzhen Zhang Hao Li Aiming Wang Xueping Zhou Fangfang Li State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBejingChina Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests Ministry of Education and College of Plant ProtectionHainan UniversityHaikouHainanChina London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondonONCanada Department of Biology Western UniversityLondonONCanada state Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina

RNA quality control nonsense-mediated decay is involved in viral restriction in both plants and animals.However,it is not known whether two other RNA quality control pathways,nonstop decay and no-go decay,are capable of restricting viruses in plants.Here,we show that the evolutionarily conserved Pelota–Hbs1 complex negatively regulates infection of plant viruses in the family Potyviridae(termed potyvirids),the largest group of plant RNA viruses that accounts for more than half of the viral crop damage worldwide.Pelota enables the recognition of the functional G1-2A6-7 motif in the P3 cistron,which is conserved in almost all potyvirids.This allows Pelota to target the virus and act as a viral restriction factor.Furthermore,Pelota interacts with the SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme SCE1 and is SUMOylated in planta.Blocking Pelota SUMOylation disrupts the ability to recruit Hbs1 and inhibits viral RNA degradation.These findings reveal the functional importance of Pelota SUMOylation during the infection of potyvirids in plants.

关键词： SUMOylation Pelota-Hbs1 G1-2A6-7 motif Potyviruses

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Plant and animal positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses encode small proteins important for viral infection in their negative-sense strand

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Molecular Plant 2023年第11期16卷 1794-1810页

作者： Pan Gong Qingtang Shen Mingzhen Zhang Rui Qiao Jing Jiang Lili Su Siwen Zhao Shuai Fu Yu Ma linhao ge Yaqin Wang Rosa Lozano-Durán Aiming Wang Fangfang Li Xueping Zhou State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina School of Basic Medical Sciences Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Department of Plant Biochemistry Center for Plant Molecular Biology(ZMBP)Eberhard Karls University72076 TübingenGermany London Research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondonONCanada

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA(+ssRNA)viruses,the most abundant viruses of eukaryotes in nature,require the synthesis of negative-sense RNA(-RNA)using their genomic(positive-sense)RNA(+RNA)as a template for replication.Based on current evidence,viral proteins are translated via viral+RNAs,whereas-RNA is considered to be a viral replication intermediate without coding capacity.Here,we report that plant and animal+ssRNA viruses contain small open reading frames(ORFs)in their-RNA(reverse ORFs[rORFs]).Using turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)as a model for plant+ssRNA viruses,we demonstrate that small proteins encoded by rORFs display specific subcellularlocalizations,and confirm the presence of rORF2 in infected cells through mass spectrometry analysis.The protein encoded by TuMV rORF2 forms punctuate granules that are localized in the perinuclear region and co-localized with viral replication complexes.The rORF2 protein can directly interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,and mutation of rORF2 completely abolishes virus infection,whereas ectopic expression of rORF2 rescues the mutant virus.Furthermore,we show that several rORFs in the-RNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)have the ability to suppress type l interferon production and facilitate the infection of ve-sicular stomatitis virus.In addition,we provide evidence that TuMV might utilize internal ribosome entry sites to translate these small rORFs.Taken together,these findings indicate that the-RNA of+ssRNA vi-ruses can also have the coding capacity and that small proteins encoded therein play critical roles in viral infection,revealing a viral proteome larger than previously thought.

关键词： positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses small proteins negative-sense RNA turnip mosaic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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结合多尺度卷积块与密集卷积块的遥感图像融合

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计算机科学 2024年第S1期51卷 397-402页

作者：侯林昊刘帆太原理工大学大数据学院山西晋中030600

遥感图像融合的目的在于获得与多光谱图像相同光谱分辨率和与全色图像相同空间分辨率的高分辨率多光谱图像。尽管深度学习在遥感图像融合方面取得了显著的成果,但由于深度模型网络的限制,网络无法充分提取图像中丰富的空间信息,导致融... 详细信息

遥感图像融合的目的在于获得与多光谱图像相同光谱分辨率和与全色图像相同空间分辨率的高分辨率多光谱图像。尽管深度学习在遥感图像融合方面取得了显著的成果,但由于深度模型网络的限制,网络无法充分提取图像中丰富的空间信息,导致融合图像空间信息缺失,融合结果质量低。因此引入了多尺度块,不同尺度的图像特征可以通过不同大小的卷积核学习,从而增加提取特征的丰富性。随后引入了密集卷积块,通过密集连接来达到特征重用的目的,在网络较深时减少了浅层特征信息的丢失。在特征融合阶段,所提方法将网络不同层次的特征图作为特征融合层的输入,提高融合图像的质量。在ge1数据集以及QB数据集上与6种融合算法进行对比实验,实验结果表明所提方法的融合图像更好地保留了空间信息与光谱信息,在主观和客观评价上均优于对比方法。

关键词：遥感图像融合深度学习多光谱图像多尺度卷积块密集连接

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m^(6)A修饰与植物RNA病毒侵染

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中国科学：生命科学 2024年第3期54卷 447-458页

作者：葛林豪潘福安何浩贾明轩李方方周雪平中国农业科学院植物保护研究所植物病虫害综合治理全国重点实验室北京100193 浙江大学生物技术研究所水稻生物学国家重点实验室杭州310058

N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m^(6)A)是真核生物m RNA中丰度最高的RNA转录后化学修饰.RNA的m^(6)A修饰主要由甲基化转移酶(writers)、去甲基化酶(erasers)以及阅读蛋白(reader proteins)共同调控.近年的研究表明,m^(6)A修饰在植物病毒侵染中发挥了重要作用,相关调控机制成为植物病毒领域的研究热点.本文概述了植物RNA m^(6)A修饰相关蛋白的基本组成和m^(6)A修饰的检测技术,重点阐述了m^(6)A修饰在植物与RNA病毒互作中的作用,并提出了今后植物RNA病毒m^(6)A修饰功能研究的方向.

关键词： m^(6)A修饰植物植物RNA病毒

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地震荷载下预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验研究

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人民长江 2024年第1期55卷 208-215页

作者：尚佳艺赵宇飞汪小刚李林昊中国水利水电科学研究院北京100087

预应力锚索作为边坡支护的重要技术,已经在边坡加固中得到了广泛应用,但锚固岩质边坡在地震荷载作用下的响应机制以及锚索受力变形规律还不明确。为此,开展了预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验,系统介绍了模型相似设计、模型设计与制作、... 详细信息

预应力锚索作为边坡支护的重要技术,已经在边坡加固中得到了广泛应用,但锚固岩质边坡在地震荷载作用下的响应机制以及锚索受力变形规律还不明确。为此,开展了预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验,系统介绍了模型相似设计、模型设计与制作、地震荷载施加等试验关键技术,并以紫坪铺水库泄洪洞进口岩质边坡为原型,开展了简谐地震波作用下的锚固边坡离心模型试验。对试验结果进行了分析,并对该离心振动试验的主要影响因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明:地震作用下预应力锚索发挥了较强的被动支护作用,且越靠近滑面处应力应变响应越明显;边坡竖向位移与应力应变值的响应情况随地震烈度的改变产生明显变化。研究成果可为今后离心振动模型试验的开展提供参考与借鉴。

关键词：预应力锚索岩质边坡地震荷载离心振动试验

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Improving Low Bitrate Video Coding via Computation Incorporating A Priori Information

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China Communications 2015年第9期12卷 22-34页

作者： Tao Xiaoming Dong linhao Li Shaoyang Li Yang ge Ning Lu Jianhua Department of Electronics Engineering Tsinghua University School of Aerospace Engineering Tsinghua University

The growing number of mobile users, as well as the diversification in types of services have resulted in increasing demands for wireless network bandwidth in recent years. Although evolving transmission techniques are able to enlarge the network capacity to some degree, they still cannot satisfy the requirements of mobile users. Meanwhile, following Moore's Law, the data processing capabilities of mobile user terminals are continuously improving. In this paper, we explore possible methods of trading strong computational power at wireless terminals for transmission efficiency of communications. Taking the specific scenario of wireless video conversation, we propose a model-based video coding scheme by learning the structures in multimedia contents. Benefiting from both strong computing capability and pre-learned model priors, only low-dimensional parameters need to be transmitted; and the intact multimedia contents can also be reconstructed at the receivers in real-time. Experiment results indicate that, compared to conventional video codecs, the proposed scheme significantly reduces the data rate with the aid of computational capability at wireless terminals.

关键词：低比特率视频编码计算能力先验信息多媒体内容移动用户数据处理能力无线终端视频编解码器

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内容中心网络中基于多样化存储的缓存污染防御机制

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计算机应用 2015年第6期35卷 1688-1692页

作者：郑林浩汤红波葛国栋国家数字交换系统工程技术研究中心郑州450002

针对内容中心网络(CCN)中的缓存污染攻击问题,提出一种基于多样化存储的缓存污染防御机制。对不同业务内容采取差异化缓存从而减小网络受攻击面,将业务划分为三类并采用不同缓存策略:对隐私及实时性业务不予缓存;对流媒体业务以概率推... 详细信息

针对内容中心网络(CCN)中的缓存污染攻击问题,提出一种基于多样化存储的缓存污染防御机制。对不同业务内容采取差异化缓存从而减小网络受攻击面,将业务划分为三类并采用不同缓存策略:对隐私及实时性业务不予缓存;对流媒体业务以概率推送至网络边缘缓存;对其他文件类内容业务由上游到边缘逐步推送缓存。在不同节点分别配置不同的缓存污染攻击防御手段:对于边缘节点通过内容请求到达概率的变化对攻击进行检测;对于上游节点通过设置过滤规则将请求概率较低的内容排除出缓存空间。仿真结果表明,相比CNN传统缓存策略下的防御效果,该机制使网络平均缓存命中率提高了17.3%,该机制能够有效提升网络对于缓存污染攻击的防御能力。

关键词：内容中心网络缓存污染攻击缓存策略业务多样化防御机制

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