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Underground laboratories · Deep underground observation ·Scientific questions—Insights from observations of multi-physic fields in deep underground labs

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Huiqi REN Yun WANG Chang CHEN Guangyu FU Longqing QIU lianghui guo Chengliang XIE Yongsheng HE Heping SUN Jiwen TENG Institute of Defense Engineering Academy of Military Sciences State Kay Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Key Laboratory of Intraplate Volcanoes and Earthquakes Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

This paper presents a comprehensive review on recent development and research conducted in domestic and international underground laboratories. We first introduce the differences in three environments—surface, mountain tunnel cavities and underground coal mine tunnels—by examining cosmic ray background, ambient noises related to gravity and seismic measurement, and electromagnetic noises in magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements. We highlight potential misuse of the term Underground Lab or Deep Underground Lab when describing observations in different physical fields. We introduce unique features of underground coal mine tunnels in China, such as large spaces, ultra-quiet conditions, and ultra-clean environments. When comparing with mountain tunnel cavities and borehole observations, coal mine tunnel observations have superior long-term stability and high precision. Through observations and comparisons of multi-physic fields at surface and the deep underground, we find that the higher SNR seismic observations conducted in deep underground tunnels in coal mines are beneficial to improve velocity tomography of the solid earth. The gravity observation with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device(SQUID) makes it possibly to capture slow earthquake, which has not been observed previously in the Chinese mainland. SQUID magnetic observations can detect fluctuations as weak as femto-Tesla(fT), enabling us to explore the attenuation of Schumann Resonance down to the solid Earth. This opens opportunities to investigate the connections between the Earth's magnetic field and the interactions within the human brain and heart. To improve the precision of quantum measurement,we should consider the possible effects of weak magnetic disturbances in deep underground environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of deep underground laboratories, observing facilities and techniques deployed in these laboratories, and their possible connection with respect to “deep space” an

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Crustal velocity, density structure, and seismogenic environment in the southern segment of the North- South Seismic Belt, China

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Earthquake Science 2021年第6期34卷 471-488页

作者： Xun Sun lianghui guo School of Geophysics and Information Technology China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

The southern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt in China is a critical region for earthquake preparedness and risk reduction ***,limited by the low density of seismic stations and the use of single-parameter physical structural models,the deep tectonic features and seismogenic environment in this area remain ***,a comprehensive analysis based on high-resolution crustal structures and multiple physical parameters is *** this study,we applied the ambient noise tomography method to obtain the three-dimensional(3D)crustal S-wave velocity structure using continuous waveform data from 112 permanent stations and 350 densely distributed temporary stations in the southern segment of the North-South Seismic ***,we obtained the high-resolution 3D density structure through wavenumber-domain 3D gravity imaging constrained by the velocity *** low-velocity and low-density anomalies in the upper crust of the study area were mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin and around Dali and Simao,while the high-velocity and high-density anomalies were primarily distributed in the Panxi region,corresponding to the surface geological *** prominent low-velocity and low-density anomalies were observed in the middle and lower crust:one to the west of the Songpan-Garzêblock and Sichuan-Yunnan diamond-shaped block,and the other near the Anninghe-Xiaojiang *** with the spatial distribution of seismic events in the study area,we found that previous earthquakes predominantly occurred in the transition zones between high and low anomaly regions and in the low-velocity and low-density zones in the upper *** contrast,moderate-to-strong earthquakes mainly occurred within the transition zones between high and low anomaly regions and close to the high-velocity and high-density regions,often with low-velocity and low-density layers below their *** play a critical role in the seismogenic process by reducing fault

关键词： southern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt ambient noise tomography 3D gravity inversion crustal structure seismogenic environment.

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The Deep Structure Feature of the Sichuan Basin and Adjacent Orogens

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第4期89卷 1153-1164页

作者： XIONG Xiaosong GAO Rui guo lianghui WANG Haiyan JIANG Zhuwei State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics Key Laboratory of Earthprobe and GeodynamicsMLRInstitute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological Sciences School of Geophysics and Information Technology China University of Geosciences McKay Brook Resources Pty Ltd.

The basin-mountain system in the Sichuan Basin （SCB） reflects the main tectonic activity and the orogenic denudation in this region. The seismic probing work reveals the deep structure of the basin-mountain system. The seismic work was re-sampled to the Moho depth and the sedimentary thickness as well as the P-wave velocity=depth function to analyze the deep structure of the SCB and adjacent orogens. The results show two deposit centers in the SCB： the Deyang area in the west and the Nanchuan area in the east and depression uplift exists in the southwestern part of the SCB; the Moho shallowers gradually from the west to east （ca. 62-36 km deep）,the South-North seismic belt （SNSB） is very distinctive： the Moho depth is much shallower （〈 50 km）to the east of the SNSB, whereas it is much deeper（〉50 kin）to the west of the SNSB, suggesting that the SNSB rather than the Longmen Shan tectonic belt is a main Moho transition belt; the topography and the top interface of the basement have the same undulation trend when the sedimentary thickness and the Moho depth have a mirror relationship; the low velocity zone developed in the Kangdian thrust and fold belt and Songpan-Garze belt implied a soft, weak and thick crust there showing tectonic activity in these areas.

关键词： Sichuan basin basin-range contact zone deep structure top interface of basement Mohodepth

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Frozen subduction in the Yangtze block:insights from the deep seismic profiling and gravity anomaly in east Sichuan fold belt

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Earthquake Science 2016年第2期29卷 61-70页

作者： Xiaosong Xiong Rui Gao Haiyan Wang Jisheng Zhang lianghui guo Key Laboratory of Earth Probe and Geodynamics MLRInstitute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China School of Geophysics and Information Technology ChinaUniversity of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

The Sichuan basin is the main part of the middle-upper Yangtze block, which has been experienced a long-term tectonic evolution since Archean. The Yangtze block was regarded as a stable block until the collision with the Cathaysia block in late Neoproterozoic. A new deep seismic reflection profile conducted in the eastern Sichuan fold belt（ESFB） discovered a serials of south-dipping reflectors shown from lower crust to the mantle imply a frozen subduction zone within the Yangtze block. In order to prove the speculation, we also obtain the middle-lower crustal gravity anomalies by removing the gravity anomalies induced by the sedimentary rocks and the mantle beneath the Moho, which shows the mid-lower crustal structure of the Sichuan basin can be divided into eastern and western parts. Combined with the geochronology and Aeromagnetic anomalies, we speculated the Yangtze block was amalgamated by the West Sichuan and East Sichuan blocks separated by the Huayin-Chongqing line. The frozen subduction zone subsequently shifted to a shear zone accommodated the lower crustal shortening when the decollement at the base of the Nanhua system functioned in the upper plate.

关键词： Sichuan basin Frozen subduction Deep seismic reflection Gravity anomaly

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Magnetized magma intrusions being sources of a weak and a strong lunar magnetic anomaly revealed by 3D distribution of magnetization

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第5期8卷 711-727页

作者： HongYi Wang Shuo Yao ZeLin Li lianghui guo Jing Yang ChangLi Yao Yuan Fang ZhaoJin Rong School of Geophysics and Information Technology Research Center of Lunar and Planetary Remote Sensing ExplorationChina University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Intraplate Volcanoes and Earthquakes(China University of Geosciences Beijing)Ministry of EducationBeijing 100083China Hebei University of Engineering Handan Hebei 056038China Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

In this work,we aim to investigate the origin of the magnetic carriers in the lunar crust and the intensity of the ancient dynamo *** magnetization and depth range of magnetic carriers are studied under a weak and a strong magnetic anomaly in Mare Tranquillitatis and in Oceanus Procellarum,respectively,where the surface ages are 3.6 and 3.3 billion years.A sophisticated three-dimensional amplitude inversion software program from a geophysical survey is used to reconstruct the distributions of magnetization in the lunar *** no globally measured surface magnetic field exists for the Moon,a crustal magnetic anomaly model with a grid resolution of 0.2°is *** depth range of the magnetic source is fixed by the boundary identified by a relative criterion,which is 20%of the recovered maximum *** central burial depths of the magnetic carriers are approximately 15 km and 25 km under Reiner Gamma and Mare Tranquillitatis,*** volumes of the two magnetic sources are at scales of 104 and 105 km3,*** aforementioned differences may imply a hotter crust under Reiner Gamma than Mare Tranquillitatis by 3.3 billion *** results support the view that the magma intrusions magnetized by an ancient magnetic field could be the origin of magnetic anomalies under Reiner Gamma and Mare *** with previous works,the maximum magnetization of 3 A/m under Reiner Gamma supports the intensity of the field being several microteslas.

关键词： lunar magnetic anomaly 3D distribution of magnetization Reiner Gamma Mare Tranquillitatis

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Observation and research of deep underground multi-physical fields—Huainan–848 m deep experiment

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第1期66卷 54-70页

作者： Yun WANG Yaxin YANG Heping SUN Chengliang XIE Qisheng ZHANG Xiaoming CUI Chang CHEN Yongsheng HE Qiangqiang MIAO Chaomin MU lianghui guo Jiwen TENG School of Geophysics and Information Technology China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China School of Geophysics and Measurement-control Technology East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430077China Institution of Engineering Protection IDEAMSPLALuoyang 471023China State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China

Compared with the surface,the deep environment has the advantages of allowing“super-quiet and ultra-clean”-geophysical field observation with low vibration noise and little electromagnetic interference,which are conducive to the realization of long-term and high-precision observation of multi-physical fields,thus enabling the solution of a series of geoscience *** the Panyidong Coal Mine,where there are extensive underground tunnels at the depth of 848 m below sea level,we carried out the first deep-underground geophysical observations,including radioactivity,gravity,magnetic,magnetotelluric,background vibration and six-component seismic *** concluded from these measurements that(1)the background of deep subsurface gravity noise in the long-period frequency band less than 2 Hz is nearly two orders of magnitude weaker than that in the surface observation environment;(2)the underground electric field is obviously weaker than the surface electric field,and the relatively high frequency of the underground field,greater than 1 Hz,is more than two orders of magnitude weaker than that of the surface electric field;the east-west magnetic field underground is approximately the same as that at the surface;the relatively high-frequency north-south magnetic field underground,below 10 Hz,is at least one order of magnitude lower than that at the surface,showing that the underground has a clean electromagnetic environment;(3)in addition to the highfrequency and single-frequency noises introduced by underground human activities,the deep underground space has a significantly lower background vibration noise than the surface,which is very beneficial to the detection of weak earthquake and gravity signals;and(4)the underground roadway support system built with ferromagnetic material interferes the geomagnetic *** also found that for deep observation in the“ultra-quiet and ultra-clean”environment,the existing geophysical equipment and observation technology hav

关键词： Multi-physical fields Radioactivity Gravity Geomagnetic Electromagnetic Earthquake Observations deep underground

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Deep Learning in Gravity Research：A Review

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年

作者： Qingkui Meng lianghui guo Shuai Zhang Hanyu Lou Rui Li School of Geophysics and Information Technology， China University of Geosciences (Beijing) China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources

This study explores the application of deep learning (DL) to gravity research， which is a promising intersection of earth science and information science. DL provides new methods and ideas for exploring and solving problems related to multiple solutions and uncertainty in the study of gravity. We focus on the application of convolutional neural networks， recurrent neural networks， and other DL technologies to gravity data denoising， interpolation， anomaly inversion， field modelling， and geological interpretation. However， importantly， the application of DL to the field of gravity research is still in its initial stage. There is significant potential for development and widespread application in overcoming limitations in sample size， network framework optimization， and generalization ability.

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A method for gravity anomaly separation based on preferential continuation and its application

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Applied Geophysics 2009年第3期6卷 217-225,299页

作者： Meng Xiaohong guo lianghui Chen Zhaox Li Shuling Shi Lei State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Geo-detection （China University of Geosciences Beijing） Ministry of Education Beijing 100083 China

Based on the preferential continuation method proposed by Pawlowski （1995）, we propose a method and procedure for gravity anomaly separation with the preferential upward continuation operator in the case that the various sources are uncorrelated with one another and the continuation height is enough large. We also present a method for estimating optimum upward-continuation height, based on analyzing the characteristics of the preferential upward continuation operators of a synthesized gravity anomaly varying with different continuation heights. The method is tested on the raw Bouguer gravity data over an iron deposit. The result shows that the method separates the data into regional anomaly and residual anomaly efficiently and clearly.

关键词： Preferential continuation gravity anomaly separation continuation height

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青藏高原东南缘热流估算及与地震活动相关性分析

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地球物理学报 2020年第3期63卷 1056-1069页

作者：唐晗晗郭良辉方圆中国地质大学(北京)地球物理与信息技术学院

青藏高原东南缘地区内部构造运动强烈,是地热资源发育与地震事件频发的活动地区.大地热流记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程的热学信息,可以作为地质构造活动和地震活动研究的有效约束,但是大范围的热流数据测量很难实现,因此,本文根据... 详细信息

青藏高原东南缘地区内部构造运动强烈,是地热资源发育与地震事件频发的活动地区.大地热流记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程的热学信息,可以作为地质构造活动和地震活动研究的有效约束,但是大范围的热流数据测量很难实现,因此,本文根据居里面深度结合放射性元素分布等计算了青藏高原东南缘的大地热流分布.首先,通过地表放射性元素的分布计算出地表产热量的分布,然后,利用相关地热参数之间的关系迭代计算出该地区地壳上下层的热导率分布,最终估算出地表热流及地下不同深度处热流值的分布.本文结果表明:(1)青藏高原东南缘的大地热流位于44~108 mW·m^-2之间,平均75 mW·m^-2,符合研究地区西南高、东北低的背景趋势,地壳内部热流值随深度的增加而降低.大部分地区地表热流异常与实际地热带分布相吻合,如川西、藏东南与滇西地区等地为地热高值区,川东和楚雄等地为热流低值区.(2)结合其他地球物理探测结果,总结了地壳内部热流与地震事件的联系:在地热梯度带地区,当两侧地层在一定深度范围内存在明显物性差异时,地震事件高发.

关键词：大地热流热导率居里面青藏高原东南缘地震事件

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基于热重力改正的接收函数与重力联合估计技术及福建地区的应用

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地球物理学报 2024年第7期67卷 2668-2682页

作者：唐晗晗郭良辉李永华陆内火山与地震教育部重点实验室(中国地质大学北京)北京100083 中国地质科学院北京100037 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室(中国地质大学) 北京100083 中国地震局地球物理研究所北京100081 中国地震局震源物理重点实验室北京100081

接收函数与重力联合估计技术是获取台站下方地壳厚度和波速比参数的一种有效手段,重力数据的引入可改善传统接收函数H-κ叠加法在壳内多次波信号不清晰时估计不准的问题.在大地热流较高的地区,热重力扰动成为布格重力异常的不可忽略的... 详细信息

接收函数与重力联合估计技术是获取台站下方地壳厚度和波速比参数的一种有效手段,重力数据的引入可改善传统接收函数H-κ叠加法在壳内多次波信号不清晰时估计不准的问题.在大地热流较高的地区,热重力扰动成为布格重力异常的不可忽略的重要组成部分,此时常规接收函数与重力联合估计技术并不适用.本文给出基于热重力改正的接收函数与重力联合估计技术,通过热重力改正削弱热异常对重力数据的影响,同时采用接收函数Ps震相与重力数据的联合约束算法,避免多次波不清晰而引入误差的问题,实现高热流背景地区地壳厚度和波速比的有效估计.模型测试验证了本文技术的有效性和稳健性,给出了启动热重力改正的阈值(-10 mGal).典型高热流背景的福建地区实际数据应用结果表明,福建地区地壳向沿海地区减薄(约28 km),闽西和闽东南地区泊松比偏高(>0.26),暗示其下方存在地壳减薄的同时伴随着幔源物质的底侵.

关键词：热重力接收函数与重力联合估计福建地区地壳厚度波速比

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