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Origin and Distribution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil-Bearing Basins,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第6期83卷 1188-1201页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang liang yingbo Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery （Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development） Beijing 100083 China

The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas （H2S） varies greatly in the oil-bearing basins of China, from zero to 90%. At present, oil and gas reservoirs with high H2S concentration have been discovered in three basins, viz. the Bohai Bay Basin, Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, whereas natural gas with low H2S concentration has been found in the Ordos Basin, the Songliao Basin and the Junggar Basin. Studies suggest that in China H2S origin types are very complex. In the carbonate reservoir of the Sichuan Basin, the Ordos Basin and the Tarim Basin, as well as the carbonatedominated reservoir in the Luojia area of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, Wumaying areas of the Huanghua depression, and Zhaolanzhuang areas of the Jizhong depression, the H2S is of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction （TSR） origin. The H2S is of Bacterial Sulphate Reduction （BSR） origin deduced from the waterflooding operation in the Changheng Oilfield （placanticline oil fields） in the Songliao Basin. H2S originates from thermal decomposition of sulfur-bearing crude oil in the heavy oil area in the Junggar Basin and in the Liaohe heavy oil steam pilot area in the western depression of the Bohai Bay Basin. The origin types are most complex, including TSR and thermal decomposition of sulfcompounds among other combinations of causes. Various methods have been tried to identify the origin mechanism and to predict the distribution of H2S. The origin identification methods for H2S mainly comprise sulfur and carbon isotopes, reservoir petrology, particular biomarkers, and petroleum geology integrated technologies; using a combination of these applications can allow the accurate identification of the origins of H2S. The prediction technologies for primary and secondary origin of H2S have been set up separately.

关键词： H2S TSR BSR distribution origin mechanism oil-bearing basins

A discussion on gas sources of the Feixianguan Formation H_2S-rich giant gas fields in the northeastern Sichuan Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A1期52卷 113-124页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang ZHU GuangYou CHEN JianPing liang yingbo Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

In recent years several H2S-rich oolite giant gas pools have been discovered in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan basin, and their explored gas reserves have been over 5000×108 m3. However, gas sources remain unsolved due to multiple source horizons with high maturity in this area and TSR alterations. By integrating analytical data of natural gas samples with conprehensive investigations on many factors, such as oil-gas geology, distribution and evolution of source rocks, charging and adjustment of gas pools, mixture of natural gases and secondery alterations, the present study concluded that the dominant source for the Feixianguan Fr. gas pools is the Permian Longtan Fr. source rock and secondly the Silurian Longmaxi Fr. source rock. Natural gases from the various gas pools differ genetically due to the matching diversity of seal configurations with phases of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion by different source rocks, among which natural gases in Puguang Gasfield are dominated by the trapped gas generated from the Longtan Fr. source rock and commingled with the gas cracked from the Silurian crude oil, while those in Dukouhe, Tieshangpo and Luojiazhai Gasfields are composed mainly of the Silurian oil-cracking gas and commingled with the natural gas derived from the Longtan Fr. source rock.

关键词：天然气场海洋资源气源四川盆地

The genesis of H_2S in the Weiyuan Gas Field, Sichuan Basin and its evidence

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第10期52卷 1394-1404页

作者： ZHU GuangYou ZHANG ShuiChang liang yingbo LI QiRong Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Shunan Gasfield of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company Luzhou 646000 China

The Sinian Dengying Formation gas pool in Weiyuan is the oldest large-scale sulfur-bearing gas field in China, which has a H2S content ranging from 0.8% to 1.4%. The Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation gas pool discovered recently above the Dengying Formation contains gas geochemical behaviors similar to those of Dengying Formation but different in sulfur isotopes of H2S. Investigations show that though these two Sinian and Cambrian gas pools are separate ones, they share the same Cambrian source rock. The higher dry coefficient, heavier carbon isotopes, sulfur isotopes of sulfide, lower filling of gas pools, formation water characteristics, reservoir properties and H2S distribution, indicate that H2S in both the Sinian and Cambrian gas pools originates from TSR. The sulfur isotopes of sulfates have shown that H2S was formed in respective pools, namely hydrocarbons charged into the pools reacted with the Dengying Formation and the Xixiangchi Formation gypsum (TSR), respectively, to form H2S. Compared with sulfur isotopes of sulfates in each pool, δ34S values of H2S are 8‰ lighter for the Dengying Formation pool and 12‰ lighter for the Xixiangchi Formation pool, respectively, which is attributed to the difference in temperatures of TSR occurrence. The reservoir temperature of the Xixiangchi Formation pool is about 40℃ lower than that of the Dengying Formation pool. Temperature plays a controlling role in both the sulfur isotopic fractionation and amounts of H2S generation during TSR.

关键词：四川盆地威远气田 H2S 起源 TSR

Isotopic evidence of TSR origin for natural gas bearing high H_2S contents within the Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan Basin, southwestern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1960-1971页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang liang yingbo DAI Jinxing LI Jian Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

The northeastern area of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China, is the area with the maximal reserve of natural gas containing higher hydrogen sulphide (H2S) that has been found among the petroliferous basins of China, with the proven and controlled gas reserve of more than 200 billion cubic meters. These gas pools, with higher H2S contents averaging 9%, some 17%, are mainly distributed on structural belts of Dukouhe, Tieshanpo, Luojiazhai, Puguang, etc., while the oolitic-shoal dolomite of the Triassic Feixianguan Fm. (T1f) is the reservoir. Although many scholars regard the plentiful accumulation of H2S within the deep carbonate reservoir as the re-sult of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR), however, the process of TSR as well as its residual geological and geochemical evidence is still not quite clear. Based on the carbon iso-topic analysis of carbonate strata and secondary calcite, etc., together with the analysis of sulfur isotopes within H2S, sulphur, gypsum, iron pyrites, etc., as well as other aspects including the natural gas composition, carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons reservoir petrology, etc., it has been proved that the above natural gas is a product of TSR. The H2S, sulphur and calcite result from the participation of TSR reactions by hydrocarbon gas. During the process for hydrocarbons be-ing consumed due to TSR, the carbons within the hydrocarbon gas participate in the reactions and finally are transferred into the secondary calcite, and become the carbon source of secon-dary calcite, consequently causing the carbon isotopes of the secondary calcite to be lower (?18.2‰). As for both the intermediate product of TSR, i.e. sulfur, and its final products, i.e. H2S and iron pyrites, their sulfur elements are all sourced from the sulfate within the Feixianguan Fm. During the fractional processes of sulfur isotopes, the bond energy leads to the 32S being re-leased firstly, and the earlier it is released, the lower δ 34S values for the generated sulphide (H2

关键词： hydrogen sulphide, sulfate, sulfur isotope, carbon isotope, thermochemical sulfate reduction, northeasternSichuan Basin

Origins of High H_2S-bearing Natural Gas in China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2005年第5期79卷 697-708页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang liang yingbo DAI Jinxing LI Jian Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083

Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.

关键词： natural gas hydrogen sulphide gypsum thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) northeastern SichuanBasin Zhaolanzhuang

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A1期52卷 62-76页

作者： ZHU GuangYou ZHAO WenZhi ZHANG ShuiChang liang yingbo WANG ZhengJun Research Center of Petroleum Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.

关键词：碳酸盐岩石古生代海洋遗传学

Formation Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Natural Gas Reservoirs of the Jialingjiang Formation in the East Sichuan Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第5期81卷 805-816页

作者： ZHU Guangyou ZHANG Shuichang liang yingbo ZHOU Guoyuan WANG Zhengjun Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 East Sichuan Drilling Co. Ltd. Sichuan Petroleum Administration Chongqing 400021

The Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation reservoirs are distributed widely in the East Sichuan Basin, which are composed mainly of fractured reservoirs. However, natural gas with high concentration of H2S, ranging from 4% to 7%, was discovered in the Wolonghe Gas pool consisting primarily of porous reservoirs, while the other over 20 fractured gas reservoirs have comparatively low, tiny and even no H2S within natural gases. Researches have proved the H2S of the above reservoirs are all from the TSR origin. Most of the Jialingjiang Formation natural gases are mainly generated from Lower Permian carbonate rocks, the Wolonghe gas pool＇s natural gases are from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, and the natural gases of the Huangcaoxia and Fuchengzhai gas pools are all from Lower Silurian mudstone. The formation of H2S is controlled by the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs, and is not necessarily related with gas sources. The Jialingjiang Formation in East Sichuan is buried deeply and its reservoir temperature has ever attained the condition of the TSR reaction. Due to poor reservoir potential, most of the gas pools do not have enough room for hydrocarbon reaction except for the Wolonghe gas pool, and thus natural gases with high H2S concentration are difficult to be generated abundantly. The south part of East Sichuan did not generate natural gases with high H2S concentration because the reservoir was buried relatively shallow, and did not suffer high temperature. Hence, while predicting the distribution of H2S, the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs are the necessary factors to be considerd besides the existence of anhydrite.

关键词： Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation gas source carbon isotope hydrogen sulphide Wolonghe gas pool Sichuan Basin

A Plant Lectin Receptor-like Kinase Phosphorylates the Bacterial Effector AvrPtoB to Dampen Its Virulence in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2020年第10期13卷 1499-1512页

作者： Ning Xu Xuming Luo Wei Wu Yingying Xing yingbo liang Yanzhi Liu Huasong Zou Hai-Lei Wei Jun Liu State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China College of Plant Protection Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases(RLKs)perceive conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattems(PAMPs)in plants,leading to PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI).TheArabidopsis thaliana lectin RLK LecRK-Ⅸ.2 has been shown to regulate the bacterial flagellin-derived peptide flg22-induced ***,we discover that Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPtoB targets LecRK-Ⅸ.2 for degradation,which subsequently suppresses LecRK-Ⅸ.2-mediated PTI and disease ***,LecRK-Ⅸ.2 can interact with and phosphorylate AvrPtoB at serine site 335(S335).AvrPtoB self-associates in vitro and in vivo,and the association appears to be essential for its E3 ligase activity in ubiquitinating substrate in *** of S335 disrupts the self-association and as a result,phosphomimetic AvrPtoBS335D cannot ubiquitinate LecRK-Ⅸ.2 efficiently,leading to the compromised virulence of AvrPtoB in suppressing PTI ***22 enhances AvrPtoB S335 phosphorylation by inducing the expression and activating of LecRK-Ⅸ.*** study demonstrates that host RLKs can modify pathogen effectors to dampen their virulence and undermine their ability in suppressing PTI.

关键词： Arabidopsis AvrPtoB LecRK-Ⅸ.2 Pseudomonas syringae ubiquitination

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 96-106页

作者： ZHU GuangYou,ZHANG ShuiChang,ZHAO WenZhi,WANG ZhengJun,liang yingbo, ZHAO XueFeng&ZHANG JingYan PetroChina Oil Geologic Lab Center,Research Institutes of PetroChina Exploration and Development,Beijing 100083,China Research Institutes of PetroChina Exploration and Development PetroChina Oil Geologic Lab Center Beijing China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing *** present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant *** previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy *** gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded *** gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil *** are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 + heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen ***,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking *** isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic *** dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude *** heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.

关键词： heavy oil degraded gas shallow gas heavy oil biogenic gas anaerobic degradation