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Superconducting X-ray detectors

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第8期63卷 91-109页

作者： Can YANG Mengting SI lixing you State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT)Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE) Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhejiang Photon Technology Co.Ltd. Guigu Science Park

Owing to their high sensitivity and low noise, superconducting detectors are used for photon detection from microwave to high-energy particles. X-ray detection plays an important role in materials analysis, astronomy, and medical radiography, which require high efficiency as well as high energy resolution. However, traditional semiconducting detectors cannot fulfill these requirements. In this article, we review superconducting quantum detectors for X-ray detection, including transition-edge sensor(TES), superconducting tunneling junctions(STJs), kinetic inductance detectors(KIDs) and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs), and introduce the physical structures, working mechanisms, and device behaviors of these detectors. We also review their performances regarding X-ray detection and analyze their respective characteristics. According to recent progress and the requirements of various applications, possible improvement of superconducting detectors for X-rays are discussed.

关键词： superconducting X-ray detectors transition-edge sensors superconducting tunneling junctions kinetic inductance detectors superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

超导单光子探测器在生物领域中的应用进展(特邀)

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激光与光电子学进展 2024年第1期61卷 18-30页

作者：吕超林尤立星覃俭徐光照蒋燕阳史经浩赋同量子科技(浙江)有限公司浙江嘉兴314100 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所集成电路材料全国重点实验室上海200050

自2001年被发明以来,超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)迅速成长为近红外波段的明星光子探测器,其在近红外波段如1550 nm处系统探测效率超过95%,暗计数率低于1 cps(counts per second),时间抖动优于10 ps,探测速率高于1 GHz,并广泛应用在... 详细信息

自2001年被发明以来,超导纳米线单光子探测器(SNSPD)迅速成长为近红外波段的明星光子探测器,其在近红外波段如1550 nm处系统探测效率超过95%,暗计数率低于1 cps(counts per second),时间抖动优于10 ps,探测速率高于1 GHz,并广泛应用在量子信息领域。近年来,研究人员开始将SNSPD引入到生物领域,以替代在近红外波段具有低信噪比、多后脉冲的半导体单光子探测器。本文将介绍SNSPD的探测原理和性能指标,并系统地阐述SNSPD在生物领域中的应用现状和发展前景。

关键词：超导纳米线单光子探测器共聚焦显微镜单线态氧检测漫反射光谱荧光寿命成像

Single photon response of superconducting nanowire single photon detector

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第4期55卷 441-445页

作者： you lixing SHEN XiaoFang YANG XiaoYan State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT) Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China

Single photon detection is one of the key technologies for quantum key distribution in quantum communication. As a novel single photon detection technology, superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) surpasses conventional semiconducting single photon detectors with high count rate and low dark count rate. In this article, we introduce SNSPD fabricated from NbN ultrathin superconducting film and lab-based SNSPD system. The characteristics of single photon response pulse of SNSPD are analyzed in detail. Also discussed is the relationship between waveform of single photon response and system bandwidth. Circuit model is made to analyze the performance of SNSPD. The simulation result agrees well with the experimental data. Those results are valuable for understanding the mechanism of SNSPD and building future SNSPD system for quantum communication.

关键词：单光子探测器超导薄膜纳米线反应量子通信高计数率 PD系统密钥分配

Ultralow-filling-factor superconducting nanowire single-photon detector utilizing a 2D photonic crystal

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Photonics Research 2023年第12期11卷 2128-2135页

作者： you XIAO XIYUAN CAO XIAOYU LIU LIANXI JIA JIA HUANG HAO LI AIMIN WU ZHEN WANG lixing you National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences(SIMITCAS)Shanghai 200050China State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology School of Instrument and ElectronicsNorth University of ChinaTaiyuan 030051China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Superconducting nanowires enable the operation of outstanding single-photon detectors,which are required particularly for quantum information and weak-light measurement ***,the trade-off between detection speed and efficiency,which is related to the filling factors of superconducting nanowires,is still a ***,we propose a fast,efficient single-photon detector fabricated by integrating ultralow-filling-factor meandered superconducting nanowires atop a photonic crystal(PhC)*** unique structure enables a fast photon response due to the low kinetic inductance of the short nanowires and ensures efficient photon absorption due to the resonant effect of the PhC *** proposed detector has a filling factor of only~12% while maintaining a high maximum absorption in our simulation of 90%.The fabricated device exhibits a maximum system detection efficiency of 60%,a maximum count rate of~80 MHz,and a recovery time of only~12 ns,which is three times faster than that of the conventional meandered structure at the same sensing diameter(18μm).This work helps advance the movement toward high-efficiency,high-speed single-photon detectors and promotes their future application in quantum communication and imaging.

关键词： nanowires superconducting enable

Fabrication and characterization of on-chip silicon spherical-like microcavities with high Q-factors

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Chinese Optics Letters 2022年第11期20卷 26-30页

作者： Hailong Han Hao Li lixing you Xiaoping Liu State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology(SIMIT)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Shanghai 200050China CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics(CENSE) Shanghai 200050China School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai 201210China

An effective way to fabricate high-quality(Q)silicon microcavities on-chip is proposed and *** fabrication technique consists of two significant steps:(1)patterning a special silicon micro-pillar by Bosch processes and(2)subsequent reflow of the pillar into a spherical-like microcavity using a laser pulse at 532 *** shape and surface roughness are characterized using a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force *** root-mean-square roughness of the surface is about 0.6 nm.A representative value for the loaded Q-factors of our silicon spherical-like microcavities is on the order of 10^(5).

关键词： optical microcavity whispering gallery mode high Q-factor

Photon counting reconstructive spectrometer combining metasurfaces and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

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Photonics Research 2023年第2期11卷 234-244页

作者： JINGYUAN ZHENG you XIAO MINGZHONG HU YUCHEN ZHAO HAO LI lixing you XUE FENG FANG LIU KAIYU CUI YIDONG HUANG WEI ZHANG Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology(BNRist) Department of Electronic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information Beijing 100084China Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing 100193China

Faint light spectroscopy has many important applications such as fluorescence spectroscopy, lidar, and astronomical observations. However, the long measurement time limits its application to real-time *** this work, a photon counting reconstructive spectrometer combining metasurfaces and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors is proposed. A prototype device was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate,and its performance was characterized. Experiment results show that this device supports spectral reconstruction of mono-color lights with a resolution of 2 nm in the wavelength region of 1500–1600 nm. Its detection efficiency is 1.4%–3.2% in this wavelength region. The measurement time required by the photon counting reconstructive spectrometer was also investigated experimentally, showing its potential to be applied in scenarios requiring real-time measurement.

关键词： measurement. constructive photon

Spectrally multiplexed indistinguishable single-photon generation at telecom-band

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Photonics Research 2022年第6期10卷 1417-1429页

作者： HAO YU CHENZHI YUAN RUIMING ZHANG ZICHANG ZHANG HAO LI you WANG GUANGWEI DENG lixing you HAIZHI SONG ZHIMING WANG GUANG-CAN GUO QIANG ZHOU Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054China Institut national de la recherche scientifique-CentreÉnergie Matériaux et Télécommunications(INRS-EMT)VarennesQuebec J3X 1S2Canada Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China Southwest Institute of Technical Physics Chengdu 610041China Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054China

Heralded single-photon source(HSPS)intrinsically suffers from the trade-off between the heralded single-photon rate and the single-photon *** break through this trade-off,one can apply multiplexing technology in different degrees of freedom that significantly improves the performance of the ***,we propose a 1.5μm chip-scale HSPS on lithium niobate on insulator by employing spectral multiplexing and active feedforward spectral manipulating,and we demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment with discrete fiber-based *** continuous-wave laser pumping and three spectral modes multiplexed,our experimental results show that the spectral multiplexing improves the heralded single-photon rate by near threefold while keeping the g^((2))(0)as low as 0.0006±0.0001 at a measured single-photon rate of 3.1 *** measuring the joint spectral intensity,we show that the spectral multiplexing and feed-forward control effectively erase the frequency correlation of photon ***,we implement the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between the spectrally multiplexed single photons and photons from an independent weak coherence source,which indicates that the multiplexed single photons are highly indistinguishable after the spectral *** results pave a way for on-chip scalable and high-performance HSPS with spectral multiplexing toward deterministic single-photon emission.

关键词： photon proof purity

NbN superconducting nanowire single photon detector with efficiency over 90% at 1550 nm wavelength operational at compact cryocooler temperature

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2017年第12期60卷 26-35页

作者： WeiJun Zhang lixing you Hao Li Jia Huang ChaoLin Lv Lu Zhang XiaoYu Liu JunJie Wu Zhen Wang XiaoMing Xie State Key Lab of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 China CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics Shanghai 200050 China

The rapid development of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors over the past decade has led to numerous advances in quantum information technology. The record for the best system detection efficiency at an incident photon wavelength of 1550 nm is 93%. This performance was attained from a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector made of amorphous WSi; such detectors are usually operated at sub-Kelvin temperatures. In this study, we first demonstrate superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors made of polycrystalline NbN with system detection efficiency of 90.2% for 1550-nm-wavelength photons at2.1 K, accessible with a compact cryocooler. The system detection efficiency saturated at 92.1% when the temperature was lowered to 1.8 K. We expect the results lighten the practical and high performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors to quantum information and other high-end applications.

关键词： detection efficiency NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector(SNSPD) quantum information

A Silicon Shallow-Ridge Waveguide Integrated Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector Towards Quantum Photonic Circuits

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Chinese Physics Letters 2019年第8期36卷 47-50页

作者： Lingjie Yu Heqing Wang Hao Li Zhen Wang Yidong Huang lixing you Wei Zhang Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Beijing Innovation Center for Future ChipsElectronic Engineering DepartmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing100193 State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and InformationTechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049

A silicon shallow-ridge waveguide integrated superconducting nanowire single photon detector is designed and *** the bias current of 11.6μA,4% on-chip detection efficiency near 1550 nm wavelength is achieved with the dark count rate of 3 Hz and a timing jitter of 75 *** device shows the potential application in the integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors with a complex quantum photonic circuit.

关键词： Silicon Detector Quantum