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The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

Earthquake Science 2024年第1期37卷 1-12页

作者： Zhe Zhang lisheng xu Lihua Fang Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,*** event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously *** study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor *** relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang *** buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang *** rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and ***,the ground surface was not *** total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to *** moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 *** the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave *** the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased *** study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the *** the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

关键词： Shandong Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake double-difference earthquake location centroid moment tensor inversion buried fault

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Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of November 14,2001 from the GDSN long period waveform data

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第1期48卷 112-122页

作者： xu lisheng CHEN Yuntai Institute of Geophysics China Seismological Bureau Beijing 100081 China Institute of Geophysics China Seismological Bureau Beijing 100081 China

The temporal and spatial rupture process of the 14 November 2001 Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake (KMPE) is obtained by inverting the high signal-to-noise-ratio P-waveform data of vertical components of 20 stations with epicentral distances less than 90°, which are of Global Digital Seismogragh Network (GDSN). The inverted results indicate that the KMPE consists of 3 sub-events. The rupture of the first sub-event initiated at the instrumental epicenter (35.97°N,90.59°E) and then propagated both westwards and eastwards, extending 140 km westwards at the speed of 4.0 km/s and 80 km eastwards at the speed of 2.2 km/s, which appeared to be an asymmetrical bilateral rupture dominantly from east to west. This sub-event formed a 220-km-long fault. Fifty-two seconds after initiation of the first sub-event, at which time the first sub-event was not over but in its healing phase, the rupture of the second sub-event initiated 220 km west of the epicenter and propagated both westwards and eastwards, extending 50 km westwards at the speed of 2.2 km/s and 70 km eastwards at the speed of 5.8 km/s, which appeared to be an asymmetrical bilateral rupture dominantly from west to east. The secondsub-event formed a 120-km-long fault. The second sub-event fused with the first sub-event 140km west to the epicenter right 12 s after its initiation. Fifty-six seconds after initiation of the first sub-event, at which time the first sub-event was getting close to the end of its healing phase, the rupture of the third sub-event initiated 220 km east of the epicenter and propagated both westwards and eastwards, extending 140 km westwards at the speed of 4.0 km/s and 130 km eastwards at the speed of 3.7 km/s, which appeared to be nearly an bilateral rupture. This sub-event formed a 270-km-long fault. The third sub-event fused with the first sub-event 80 km east of the epicenter right 36 s after its initiation. Afterwards, the source process of the KMPE was dominated by the slip after fusion of the

关键词： long-period waveform data, temporal and spatial rupture process, rupture fusion.

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Source process of the 2010 Yushu,Qinghai,earthquake

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1249-1251页

作者： Yong Zhang lisheng xu Yun-Tai Chen Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100081 China

The comprehensive waveform analysis of the Love waves and P waves shows that the Yushu M S7.1 (M W6.9) earthquake consists of two distinct sub-events. The first one occurred in the first 5 s releasing less seismic moment, and the second occurred in the later 11 s releasing more seismic moment. Spatially, the first sub-event surrounded the hypocenter, and the second, about 30 km away from the first, was much closer to the Yushu city and broke through the ground surface. In terms of the rupture velocity to which the peak values of the two sub-events correspond, the first sub-event propagated with an average rupture velocity of 1.6 km/s, however, the second propagated with an average rupture velocity of 4.0 km/s which is actually superior to the shear-wave velocity in the hypocentral region. The magnitude of the Yushu earthquake is in the lower margin of large earthquakes. The results obtained in this study indicate that the super-shear rupture possibly appears in earthquakes with magnitude of around 7.0, instead of only in the great earthquakes with magnitude around 8.0 [14, 15]. In addition, the energy focusing caused by the super-shear rupture should take key responsibility for the tremendous damage to the Yushu city as well as the ground-surface breakage related to the larger second sub-event.

关键词： Velocity Wave propagation

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Extended Range(10–30 Days) Heavy Rain Forecasting Study Based on a Nonlinear Cross-Prediction Error Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2015年第12期32卷 1583-1591页

作者： XIA Zhiye CHEN Hongbin xu lisheng WANG Yongqian Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resources and Environment Chengdu University of Information Technology Atmospheric Radiation & Satellite Remote Sensing Laboratory Chengdu University of Information Technology

Extended range （10-30 d） heavy rain forecasting is difficult but performs an important function in disaster prevention and mitigation. In this paper, a nonlinear cross prediction error （NCPE） algorithm that combines nonlinear dynamics and statistical methods is proposed. The method is based on phase space reconstruction of chaotic single-variable time series of precipitable water and is tested in 100 global cases of heavy rain. First, nonlinear relative dynamic error for local attractor pairs is calculated at different stages of the heavy rain process, after which the local change characteristics of the attractors are analyzed. Second, the eigen-peak is defined as a prediction indicator based on an error threshold of about 1.5, and is then used to analyze the forecasting validity period. The results reveal that the prediction indicator features regarded as eigenpeaks for heavy rain extreme weather are all reflected consistently, without failure, based on the NCPE model; the prediction validity periods for 1-2 d, 3-9 d and 10-30 d are 4, 22 and 74 cases, respectively, without false alarm or omission. The NCPE model developed allows accurate forecasting of heavy rain over an extended range of 10-30 d and has the potential to be used to explore the mechanisms involved in the development of heavy rain according to a segmentation scale. This novel method provides new insights into extended range forecasting and atmospheric predictability, and also allows the creation of multi-variable chaotic extreme weather prediction models based on high spatiotemporal resolution data.

关键词： nonlinear cross prediction error extended range forecasting phase space

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Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第2期52卷 145-154页

作者： ZHANG Yong FENG WanPeng xu lisheng ZHOU ChengHu CHEN YunTai School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun Ms8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively ana-lyzed based on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion. From the inverted results as well as after-shock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×1020―2.0×1021 Nm, yielding moment magnitude of Mw7.9―8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed. The results indicate that the features of the co-seis

关键词： Wenchuan earthquake earthquake rupture process co-seismic displacement

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Source process of M_s6.4 earthquake in Ning’er, Yunnan in 2007

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第2期52卷 180-188页

作者： ZHANG Yong xu lisheng CHEN YunTai FENG WanPeng DU HaiLin School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

The moment tensor solution, source time function and spatial-temporal rupture process of the MS6.4 earthquake, which occurred in Ning’er, Yunnan Province, are obtained by inverting the broadband waveform data of 20 global stations. The inverted result shows that the scalar seismic moment is 5.51×1018 Nm, which corresponds to a moment magnitude of MW 6.4. The correspondent best double couple solution results in two nodal planes of strike 152°/dip 54°/rake 166°, and strike 250°/dip 79°/ rake 37°, respectively. Considering the isoseismals and geological structures in the meizoseismal region, the first nodal plane (strike 152°/ dip 54°/ rake 166°) is preferred to be the seismogenic fault. Thus, the MS6.4 earthquake occurred mainly along a right-lateral fault striking 152°. The source time function shows that the duration time of the earthquake is about 14 s. The most of the energy releases within the first 11 s and in 11-14 s the rupture is weak. The snapshots of the slip-rate indicate that the rupture process has 3 more detailed stages. In the first stage of the first 4 s after rupture initiation, the rupture propagates simultaneously toward both strike and dip directions; in the second stage of the following 3 s, the rupture extends to down-dip direction; and in the third stage, the rupture looks to be scattering on the fault. In general, this earthquake is of bilateral rupture, and the rupture mainly takes place in strike-dip direction. The major ruptured area is in the shape of a diamond with a dimension of 19 km. On the whole fault plane, the maximum slip is about 1.2 m, the average slip is about 0.1 m, the maxi-mum slip-rate is 0.4 m/s and the average slip-rate is 0.1 m/s. The features of the co-seismic theoretical displacement field of the Ning’er earthquake fault, calculated based on the inverted fault parameters, are consistent with those of the observed isoseismals.

关键词： Ning’er MS6.4 earthquake source process broadband waveform data

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Fast and robust inversion of earthquake source rupture process and its application to earthquake emergency response

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Earthquake Science 2012年第2期25卷 121-128页

作者： Yong Zhang Yun-tai Chen lisheng xu Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

Fast inversion of source rupture process for significant earthquake is introduced and applied to earthquake emergency response. We retrieve and use the apparent source time functions （ASTFs） to stabilize the rupture process inversion, aiming to get the rupture process results correctly and quickly. The applications to 22 significant earthquakes occurred between January 2009 and July 2011 show an average inversion time consumed of about four hours, suggesting a high efficiency of this method, which much improves the inversion speed of the rupture process and is helpful in earthquake disaster mitigation and relief.

关键词： rupture process earthquake emergency disaster mitigation real time seismology

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Single-and multiple-scattering properties of ice crystals in 1.38 μm wavelength and its potential applications in satellite remote sensing

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第7期44卷 650-654页

作者： Guodong Zhang lisheng xu Tamio Takamura Jilie Ding Atmospheric Radiation and Satellite Remote Sensing Laboratory Chengdu Meteorological College Chengdu China LSSR Peking University Beijing China Center for Environmental Remote Sensing Chiba University Chiba Japan

An improved ray-optics theory and Mie theory for single scattering and the adding-doubling method for multiple scattering are used to study the relationship between the radiation in the wavelengths of 1.38, 3.979, 6.5, and 11.03 μm and the microphysics of cirrus clouds. It is shown that the strong 1.38 μm water vapor band in the near-IR region is superior to the other three IR channels used in current operational satellites and has potential possibility of remote sensing of microphysical and optical properties of cirrus clouds.

关键词： ice crystals single scattering multiple scattering remote sensing channel.

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Rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake from the joint inversion of teleseismic and GPS data

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Earthquake Science 2012年第2期25卷 129-135页

作者： Yong Zhang lisheng xu Yun-tai Chen Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

Teleseismic and GPS data were jointly inverted for the rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The inversion results show that it is a bilateral rupture event with an average rupture velocity less than 2.0 km/s along the fault strike direction. The source rupture process consists of three sub-events, the first oc- curred near the hypocenter and the rest two ruptured along the up-dip direction and broke the sea bed, causing a maximum slip of about 30 m. The large-scale sea bed breakage may account for the tremendous tsunami disaster which resulted in most of the death and missing in this mega earthquake.

关键词： 2011 Tohoku earthquake rupture process joint inversion teleseismic data GPS data

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The 2018 M_S 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake:Source model and intensity based on near-field seismic recordings

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2019年第3期3卷 268-281页

作者： xu Zhang Zhen Fu lisheng xu ChunLai Li Hong Fu Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake Administration Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province

On September 8, 2018, an M_S 5.9 earthquake struck Mojiang, a county in Yunnan Province, China. We collect near-field seismic recordings(epicentral distances less than 200 km) to relocate the mainshock and the aftershocks within the first 60 hours to determine the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and some of the aftershocks and to invert for the finite-fault model of the *** focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the relocation results of the aftershocks constrain the mainshock on a nearly vertical fault plane striking northeast and dipping to the southeast. The inversion of the finite-fault model reveals only a single slip asperity on the fault plane. The major slip is distributed above the initiation point, ～14 km wide along the down-dip direction and ～14 km long along the strike direction, with a maximal slip of ～22 cm at a depth of ～6 km. The focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks show that most of the aftershocks are of the strike-slip type, a number of them are of the normal-slip type, and only a few of them are of the thrust-slip *** average, strike-slip is dominant on the fault plane of the mainshock, as the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock suggests, but when examined in detail, slight thrust-slip appears on the southwest of the fault plane while an obvious part of normal-slip appears on the northeast, which is consistent with what the focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks display. The multiple types of aftershock focal mechanism solutions and the slip details of the mainshock both suggest a complex tectonic setting, stress setting, or both. The intensity contours predicted exhibit a longer axis trending from northeast to southwest and a maximal intensity of Ⅷ around the epicenter and in the northwest.

关键词： 2018 MS 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake near-field seismic recording finite-fault model intensity prediction focal mechanism solution

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