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An analysis of correctness for API recommendation:are the unmatched results useless?

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第9期63卷 43-57页

作者： Xianglong KONG Weina HAN li liao Bixin li School of Computer Science and Engineering Southeast University

API recommendation is a promising approach which is widely used during software development. However, the evaluation of API recommendation is not explored with sufficient rigor. The current evaluation of API recommendation mainly focuses on correctness, the measurement is conducted by matching recommended results with ground-truth results. In most cases, there is only one set of ground-truth APIs for each recommendation attempt, but the object code can be implemented in dozens of ways. The neglect of code diversity results in a possible defect in the evaluation. To address the problem, we invite15 developers to analyze the unmatched results in a user study. The online evaluation confirms that some unmatched APIs can also benefit to programming due to the functional correlation with ground-truth *** we measure the API functional correlation based on the relationships extracted from API knowledge graph, API method name, and API documentation. Furthermore, we propose an approach to improve the measurement of correctness based on API functional correlation. Our measurement is evaluated on a dataset of 6141 requirements and historical code fragments from related commits. The results show that 28.2% of unmatched APIs can contribute to correctness in our experiments.

关键词： API recommendation onsite programming correctness evaluation of recommendation

Role of the Radiative Effect of Black Carbon in Simulated PM_(2.5) Concentrations during a Haze Event in China

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2014年第5期7卷 434-440页

作者： liao li liao Hong State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC) Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The authors quantify the radiative effect of black carbon （BC） on simulated aerosol concentrations during the heavily polluted haze event of 11-14 January 2013 in northern China using the chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model （WRF-Chem）. As a result of the stable synoptic conditions, simulated concentrations of BC and PM2.5 averaged over the study period were about 8-16 μg m-3 and 80-100 μg m-3, respectively, in the control simulation （CTRL）. When BC emissions were doubled （2BC）, tripled （3BC）, and quad- rupled （4BC） relative to the CTRL run, the simulated concentrations of aerosols in different regions showed distinct changes. The radiative effect of BC was simulated to increase concentrations of aerosols over Tianjin （Doml） and southern Henan （Dora3）, but to decrease in southern Hebei （Dora2）. Relative to the CTRL simulation, concen- trations of PM2s over Doml, Dom2, and Dom3 were simulated in 4BC to change by ＋18.6 1μg m-3 （＋32.3%）, -5.7 μg m 3 （-7.3%）, and ＋7.2 μg m3 （＋12.6%）, respec- tively. The BC-induced increases in aerosol concentra- tions corresponded mainly to the reductions in planetary boundary layer height over Doml and Dom3. The reduc- tions of aerosol concentrations in Dora2 were mainly caused by the weakened wind convergence at 850 hPa and reduced concentrations of sulfate and nitrate associ- ated with the reduced surface-layer ozone levels and rela- tive humidity.

关键词： aerosol black carbon PM2.5

A HYBRID MODEL FOR SIMULATING VELOCITY FIELD OF A RIVER WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRY PLUNGED BY MULTIPLE JETS

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2006年第6期18卷 752-759页

作者： li lian-xia liao Hua-sheng li Tian-xiang State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065China

A hybrid model that combines both physical and numerical models was employed to simulate the velocity field in a river area in complex geometry with multiple plunging jets. The simulation was based on experiments concerning energy dissipation and scour prevention at the Xiluodu Hydropower Station on the Yangtze River. The calculated results indicate that the complex geometry of the river area has a significant influence on the velocity field, especially on the circulation flow pattern at upstream and downstream of the plunging area and on the asymmetric characteristics of the spiral flow near both banks. The scour characteristics of the downstream river bed caused by the multiple jets were also predicted and analyzed according to the characteristics of the calculated velocity field. The good agreement between the simulated and experimental results indicates that the hybrid model can be used to effectively solve complicated 3-D problems with complex geometric and inlet conditions. Such problems may not easily be solved by using either a physical or a numerical model alone, and therefore the method presented in this article is considered to be a practical and effective way of dealing with this kind of problems.

关键词： hybrid models turbulence model scour multiple jets

A lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling model for ELF electromagnetic waves radiated from seismic sources and its possibility observed by the CSES

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第11期64卷 2551-2559页

作者： ZHAO ShuFan SHEN XuHui liao li ZEREN ZhiMa National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

Over the last century, abnormal electromagnetic(EM) emissions associated with earthquake(EQ) activities have been widely reported and recorded by ground-based and satellite observations. The mechanism of extremely low-frequency(ELF) EM waves radiated from earthquakes has been gradually established. However, whether EM waves radiated from earthquakes can be detected by low Earth orbit(LEO) satellites remains controversial. In this paper, to address these concerns, a lithosphereatmosphere-ionosphere model of ELF wave propagation is constructed. The features of the simulated EM field at LEO satellite altitudes radiated from earthquakes have been studied. The simulated EM field at the altitude of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES) is compared with the sensitivity of electromagnetic(EM) sensors onboard the CSES. The results illustrate that an earthquake with a magnitude over 6.0 can be detected by the EM sensors of the CSES. However, this depends on the focal depth, seismogenic environment and ionospheric parameters.

关键词： earthquakes CSES satellite sensitivity trans-lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere ELF wave propagation model

Electrical stimulation of dog pudendal nerve regulates the excitatory pudendal-to-bladder reflex

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第4期11卷 676-681页

作者： Yan-he Ju li-min liao Department of Urology China Rehabilitation Research Center School of Rahabilitation Medicine Capital Medical University Center of Neural Injury and Repair Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders

Pudendal nerve plays an important role in urine storage and *** hypothesis is that a neuroprosthetic device placed in the pudendal nerve trunk can modulate bladder function after suprasacral spinal cord *** had confirmed the inhibitory pudendal-to-bladder reflex by stimulating either the branch or the trunk of the pudendal *** study explored the excitatory pudendal-to-bladder reflex in beagle dogs,with intact or injured spinal cord,by electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve *** optimal stimulation frequency was approximately 15–25 *** excitatory effect was dependent to some extent on the bladder *** conclude that stimulation of the pudendal nerve trunk is a promising method to modulate bladder function.

关键词： nerve regeneration pudendal nerve neurogenic bladder spinal cord injury electrical stimulation urodynamics voiding reflex neuromodulation neural regeneration

Correlation between intrinsic dipole moment and pyroelectric coefficient of Fe-Mg tourmaline

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2014年第2期21卷 105-112页

作者： Chang-chun Zhao li-bing liao Jie Xing School of Science China University of Geosciences School of Materials Science and Technology China University of Geosciences

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural data of four Fe-Mg tourmalines with different Fe contents from Xinjiang, Sichuan, and Yunnan Provinces, China, were collected at room temperature and-100oC. The intrinsic dipole moments of polyhedra and the total intrinsic dipole moment of the unit cell were calculated. By comparing the intrinsic electric dipole moments of the X, Y, Z, T, and B site polyhedra, it is found that the T site polyhedron makes the greatest contribution to the total intrinsic dipole moment. The pyroelectric coefficients of four Fe-Mg tourmalines were experimentally determined, and the influence of intrinsic dipole moments on their pyroelectric properties was inves-tigated. The experimental results show that, compared with the case at room temperature, the intrinsic dipole moments change with the total Fe content at-100oC in a completely different way. With the decrease of temperature, the total intrinsic dipole moments of tourmaline de-crease. Over the same temperature interval, the pyroelectric coefficients increase with the increase in intrinsic dipole moment.

关键词： tourmaline pyroelectricity dipole moment polyhedra

Mechanical properties of electroformed copper layers with gradient microstructure

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2010年第1期17卷 69-74页

作者： Qiang liao li-qun Zhu Hui-cong liu Wei-ping li School of Materials Science and Engineering Beihang University Beij ing 100191 China

The electroformed copper layer with gradient microstructure was prepared using the ultrasonic technique. The microstructure of the electroformed copper layer was observed by using an optical microscope （OM） and a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The preferred orientations of the layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The mechanical properties were evaluated with a Vicker＇s hardness tester and a tensile tester. It is found the gradient microstructure consists of two main parts： the outer part （faraway substrate） with columnar crystals and the inner part （nearby substrate） with equiaxed grains. The Cu-（220） preferred orientation increases with the increasing thickness of the copper layer. The test results show that the microhardness of the electroformed copper layer decreases with increasing grain size along the growth direction and presents a gradient distribution. The tensile strength of the outer part of the electroformed copper layer is higher than that of the inner part but at the cost of ductility. Meanwhile, the integral mechanical properties of the electroformed copper with gradient microstrucmre are significantly improved in comparison with the pure copper deposit.

关键词： electroforming copper layer gradient rnicrostructure mechanical properties preferred orientation

Structural Characterization and Retention Time Simulation of Allergenic Fragrances

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2020年第10期39卷 1753-1762,1741页

作者： li Jian-Feng liao li-Min College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Neijiang Normal UniversityNeijiang 641100China Key Laboratory of Fruit Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling Neijiang 641100China

By classifying non-hydrogen atoms of organic compounds,parametric dyeing,and establishing the relationship between non-hydrogen atoms,new structure descriptors were *** structures of 48 common allergenic fragrance organic compounds were parametrically *** multiple linear regression(MLR)and partial least-squares regression(PLS)methods were used to build two models of relationship between the compound structure and chromatographic retention *** stability of the models was evaluated by the"leave-one-out"cross test,and the predictive ability of the models was tested using an external sample *** correlation coefficients(R2)of the two models are 0.9791 and 0.9744,those(R(CV)~2)of the cross test are 0.8542 and 0.7464,and those(R(test)~2)of the external prediction are 0.9802 and 0.9367,indicating that the models built have good fitting ability,stability and external forecasting *** structural factors affecting the chromatographic retention time of the compounds were *** results show that the compound with more secondary carbon atoms may have larger chromatographic retention time(tR)*** paper has certain reference value for the study on the relationship between the structures and properties of allergenic fragrance organic compounds.

关键词： allergenic fragrance structure descriptor structure characterization simulation prediction

Advances in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2019年第4期12卷 660-667页

作者： li liao Xiao-Hua Zhu Department of Ophthalmology the Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University

The pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment depends on three factors, namely, retinal rupture, vitreous liquefaction and traction causing the retina to separate from the pigment epithelium, among which retinal rupture is the most important. Retinopathy is caused by a gap between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium, which severely damages the visual function of the patient. Therefore, early clinical discovery, prevention and selection of an appropriate treatment are important. This article reviews progress in the treatment of retinal detachment.

关键词： rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treatment progress sclera external-route surgery retinal laser photocoagulation pars plana vitrectomy