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人工智能能耗惊人

Engineering 2024年第1期32卷 7-9页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

In the month of August 2023,more than 180 million users logged on to ChatGPT(Fig.1)[1],the famous artificial intelligence(AI)chatbot[2].Developed by San Francisco,CA,USA-based OpenAI,ChatGPT can write prose in the style of Ernest Hemingway,generate computer code,help jobseekers craft their resumes,furnish reasonably accurate medical diagnoses,and perform a range of other sophisticated tasks[2-5].People who sign up for the free version of ChatGPT-as well as anyone else accessing the many Al-enhanced search engines and programs that are now available-do not have to pay for the *** it is not actually free.

关键词：人工智能 computer artificial

Add-on Renewables Aim to Decrease Impact and Increase Benefits

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Engineering 2024年第6期37卷 10-12页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

In the South Boulder Canal near Denver,CO,USA,turbine blades that resemble the mixers used to stir cake batter in kitchens(Fig.1)spin in the rushing water[1].Each of the turbines,manufactured by Emrgy of Atlanta,GA,USA,generates up to 25 kW of electricity for the area’s grid[2].In an orchard in southern Italy,an arcade of solar panels stands above rows of citron trees,which are valuable for the essential oils in their fruits[3].The solar panels not only produce electricity for local homes,but also protect the trees from the sun,reducing their water use by 70%[3].These are two examples of a clean energy trend:integrating power-generation with other *** the approach called agrivoltaics,for example,farmers and ranchers grow crops or raise livestock around and beneath solar panels(Fig.2)[4].Experts hope that such add-on strategies can spare farmland,cut the environmental costs of clean energy development,supply extra income to landowners,and furnish other benefits[5,6].

关键词： income beneath integrating

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日本福岛核污染水排海引发争议

Engineering 2024年第3期34卷 6-8页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

In late August 2023,China cut off seafood imports from Japan[1]and criticized its neighbor for being “extremely selfish and irresponsible”[2].In Seoul,the Republic of Korea,protesters marched through the streets,held a candlelight vigil,and attempted to force their way into the Japanese embassy[3].The environmental organization Greenpeace denounced Japan for violating human rights and breaking international law[4].

关键词：核污染 breaking peace

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人工智能或将引发科学革命

Engineering 2024年第4期35卷 4-6页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

A drug developer trying to devise a new cancer treatment,a virologist investigating how a virus invades cells,an evolutionary biologist probing the effects of mutations on an organism’s fitness—these are just some of the scientists who need to know the three-dimensional structures of specific ***,deducing a protein’s shape through experiments is laborious and costly[1].

关键词：人工智能 cancer treatment

Promising Results Predict Role for Artificial Intelligence in Weather Forecasting

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Engineering 2024年第8期39卷 10-12页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

Artificial intelligence(AI)has already demonstrated its proficiency at difficult scientific tasks like predicting how proteins will fold and identifying new astronomical objects in masses of observational data[1].Now,recent results suggest that AI also excels at weather *** global predictions,GraphCast,an AI system developed by Google subsidiary DeepMind(London,UK),outperforms the state-of-the-art model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF),providing more accurate projections of variables such as temperature and humidity 90%of the time[2,3].Other AI systems,including Pangu-Weather from the Chinese tech company Huawei(Shenzhen,China)[4],can also match or beat traditional global forecasting models.

关键词： forecasting humidity weather

Is There a Bright Future for Solar Power from Space?

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Engineering 2024年第2期33卷 9-11页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

Late in the evening of May 22,2023,a team of researchers at the California Institute of Technology(Caltech)in Pasadena,CA,USA,measured a faint beam of microwaves emanating from a solar-powered satellite 550 km *** send signals to Earth all the time,but this occasion was *** satellite car-ried a unique transmitter developed by the Caltech researchers,a 30 cm by 30 cm array of polyimide and copper designed to be lightweight and *** that transmitter,the satellite became the first spacecraft to direct solar power captured in space to the Earth’s surface.

关键词： Earth Solar lightweight

Can Giant Microchips Become a Big Deal?

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Engineering 2024年第5期36卷 6-8页

作者： Mitch leslie Senior Technology Writer

For decades,manufacturers have boasted about how small they can make microchip *** have shrunk by about 1000-fold over the last 50 years,for example[1].But Cerebras Systems,*** Sunnyvale,CA,USA takes pride in how big its chips *** from a single silicon wafer,its Wafer-Scale Engine(WSE)-2 chips measure 46225 mm^(2),56 times the size of a standard Nvidia microprocessor(Fig.1)[2].

关键词： microprocessor Microchip Engine

Seasonal changes in Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) song syntax

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Avian Research 2024年第2期15卷 172-179页

作者： Sean P.Roach Luke C.McLean Jeff W.MacLeod leslie S.Phillmore Psychology Department University of New Brunswick Saint John100 Tucker Park RoadSaint JohnNBCanada Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Dalhousie University1355 Oxford StHalifaxNSB3H 4J1Canada

In many songbird species,birdsong features phonological syntax,meaning that the units within their vocal se-quences are ordered in a non-random way that adheres to a *** such syntactical patterns have been richly described in many species,comparatively little is known about how those patterns contribute to song achieving its important *** each of song’s main functions,territorial defense and mate attraction,evidence of a role for syntax is *** species for which syntax has been thoroughly described is the Hermit Thrush(Catharus guttatus),which presents song types from their repertoires in a semi-predictable order and,in doing so,rapidly cycle up and down the frequency *** objective of the present study was to explore the importance of song syntax in the Hermit Thrush through a within-subject examination of how measures of syntax,such as the predictability of song type order within song sequences,shift over the breeding *** hypothesized that,if such syntactical characteristics are important to breeding behaviour,they would be most prominent at the start of the breeding season when activity associated with territory establishment and mate attraction is most *** revealed that,as predicted,the rigidness of song type ordering within se-quences was highest at the start of the season and declined *** song type sequences were most predictable at the vitally important early part of the breeding season fit our hypothesis that this aspect of song syntax is important to song’s functions related to territory establishment and/or mate *** work will clarify whether that role relates to one of song’s two main functions or serves song transmission in some broader way.

关键词： Birdsong Hermit Thrush Seasonal change Stereotypy Syntax

Nano-formulated delivery of active ingredients from traditional Chinese herbal medicines for cancer immunotherapy

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2024年第4期14卷 1525-1541页

作者： Qi Shang Wandong Liu Faith leslie Jiapei Yang Mingmei Guo Mingjiao Sun Guangji Zhang Qiang Zhang Feihu Wang School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou 310053China Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310053China Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Whiting School of Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD 21218USA Traditional Chinese Medicine“Preventing Disease”Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang Hangzhou 310053China Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China

Cancer immunotherapy has garnered promise in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis through establishing durable and memorable immunological activity. However, low response rates, adverse side effects, and high costs compromise the additional benefits for patients treated with current chemical and biological agents. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are a potential treasure trove of natural medicines and are gaining momentum in cancer immunomodulation with multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics. The active ingredient extracted from CHMs benefit generalized patients through modulating immune response mechanisms. Additionally, the introduction of nanotechnology has greatly improved the pharmacological qualities of active ingredients through increasing the hydrophilicity, stability, permeability, and targeting characteristics, further enhancing anti-cancer immunity. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of active ingredients for cancer immunomodulation, highlight nano-formulated deliveries of active ingredients for cancer immunotherapy, and provide insights into the future applications in the emerging field of nano-formulated active ingredients of CHMs.

关键词： Chinese herbal medicines Nano-formulation Activeingredients Drug delivery Cancer immunotherapy Innate immune system Adaptive immune system