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higher Variations of the Monty hall Problem (3.0, 4.0) and Empirical Definition of the Phenomenon of Mathematics, in Boole’s Footsteps, as Something the Brain Does

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Advances in Pure Mathematics 2012年第4期2卷 243-273页

作者： leo Depuydt Richard D. Gill Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies Brown University Providence USA Mathematisch Instituut Universiteit Leiden Leiden The Netherlands

In Advances in Pure Mathematics (***/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty hall problem was mapped in detail. It is styled here as Monty hall 1.0. the proposed analysis was then generalized to related cases involving any number of doors (d), cars (c), and opened doors (o) (Monty hall 2.0) and 1 specific case involving more than 1 picked door (p) (Monty hall 3.0). In cognitive terms, this analysis was interpreted in function of the presumed digital nature of rational thought and language. In the present paper, Monty hall 1.0 and 2.0 are briefly reviewed (§§2-3). Additional generalizations of the problem are then presented in §§4-7. they concern expansions of the problem to the following items: (1) to any number of picked doors, with p denoting the number of doors initially picked and q the number of doors picked when switching doors after doors have been opened to reveal goats (Monty hall 3.0;see §4);(3) to the precise conditions under which one’s chances increase or decrease in instances of Monty hall 3.0 (Monty hall 3.2;see §6);and (4) to any number of switches of doors (s) (Monty hall 4.0;see §7). the afore-mentioned article in APM, Vol. 1, No. 4 may serve as a useful introduction to the analysis of the higher variations of the Monty hall problem offered in the present article. the body of the article is by leo Depuydt. An appendix by Richard D. Gill (see §8) provides additional context by building a bridge to modern probability theory in its conventional notation and by pointing to the benefits of certain interesting and relevant tools of computation now available on the Internet. the cognitive component of the earlier investigation is extended in §9 by reflections on the foundations of mathematics. It will be proposed, in the footsteps of George Boole, that the phenomenon of mathematics needs to be defined in empirical terms as something that happ

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Binary Structure Boolean Algebra Boolean Operators Boole’s Algebra Brain Science cognition cognitive Science Definition of Mathematics Definition of Probability theory Digital Mathematics Electrical Engineering Foundations of Mathematics human Intelligence Linguistics Logic Monty hall Problem Neuroscience Non-quantitative and Quantitative Mathematics Probability theory Rational thought and Language

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负载型钌催化剂催化山梨醇氢解制乙二醇(英)

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催化学报 2014年第5期35卷 614-621页

作者： Inmaculada Murillo leo Manuel Lopez Granados Jose Luis Garcia Fierro Rafael Mariscal Group of Sustainable Energy and chemistry Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry(CSIC)

Supported Ru catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation to evaluate the role of different oxide supports(Al_2O_3,SiO_2,tiO_2,ZrO_2) in sorbitol hydrogenolysis to glycols.X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,hydrogen chemisorption,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and Nh3temperature-programmed desorption were used to characterize the catalysts,which were active in the hydrogenolysis of *** support affected both the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of the supported Ru *** characterization results revealed that the Ru/Al_2O_3catalyst has a high surface acidity,partially oxidized Ru species on the surface,and a higher surface Ru/Al atomic ratio,which gave it the highest selectivity and yield to glycols.

关键词：负载钌催化剂山梨醇过负载二元醇 Ru Al2O3催化剂氢解 X射线光电子能谱透射电子显微镜

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NPhS2 Gene Mutation and Polymorphisms in Indonesian children with Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2015年第1期5卷 27-33页

作者： Dedi Rachmadi Ani Melani leo Monnens Department of child health Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Bandung Indonesia Medical Faculty Health Research Unit Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Bandung Indonesia Department of Pediatrics Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands

Objective:?Although several NPhS2 gene mutations and polymorphisms were described and?associated with clinical manifestation of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS),?the?occurrence of these genetic abnormalities or variants appeared?to be influenced by race and ethnic group. We have investigated?probable mutations and variants in NPhS2 gene involved in SRNS and their association with clinical manifestations. Methods: We examined 28 children?with primary SRNS?whovisited?the pediatric nephrology division of 10 teaching hospitals in Indonesia. Molecular genetic studies of the NPhS2 gene were?conducted through screenings?for the exon 1, exon 2, and exon 8. the mutational analysis of NPhS2 was performed by DNA sequencing.?Fisher’s Exact test was used to determine?the?correlation?between?NPhS2 polymorphisms and clinical ***:?Seven?females (25%) and 21 males (75%)?participated in the study.?the mean age of the subjects with 95% cI is: 7.6 (6.1 - 9.0) years while the mean age at onset of disease with 95% cI is: 5.4 (3.9 - 7.0) years. Sixteen patients (57.14%) were younger than 6 years at the onset of disease. Seventeen (60.7%) subjects had normal eGFR, while 11 (39.3%) had chronic renal insufficiency. the mean eGFR of the subjects with 95% cI is: 111.4 (87.7 - 135.1) ml/min/1.73 m2. the mean systolic blood pressure with 95% cI is: 117.0 (108.9 - 125.1) mmhg and the mean diastolic blood pressure with 95% cI is: 77.0 (70.3 - 83.7) mmhg.?We identified 6 NPhS2polymorphisms,?i.e.?g.-52G>t, c.101A>G, g.-117c>t, c.288c>t, c.954c>t, and c.1038A>G and no mutation?was found. there was?no correlation?between?NPhS2 polymorphisms and clinical manifestations (p > 0.05). conclusion: the?results demonstrate no mutation of NPhS2 gene, and the 6 NPhS2 gene polymorphisms that were identified have no correlation with the clinical manifestation in Indonesian children with SRNS.

关键词： Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome NPhS2 Gene Polymorphism

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5-Methylcytosine RNA Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2017年第11期10卷 1387-1399页

作者： Xuean cui Zhe Liang Lisha Shen Qian Zhang Shengjie Bao Yuke Geng Bin Zhang Vonny leo Leah A. Vardy tiegang Lu Xiaofeng Gu hao Yu Biotechnology Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China Department of Biological Sciences and temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore Singapore Institute of Medical Biology Agency for Science Technology and Research (A^+STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos 138648 Singapore Singapore

5-Methylcytosine （m^5c） is a well-characterized DNA modification, and is also predominantly reported in abundant non-coding RNAs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. however, the distribution and biological functions of m^5c in plant mRNAs remain largely unknown. here, we report transcriptome-wide profiling of RNA m^5c in Arabidopsis thaliana by applying m^5c RNA immunoprecipitation followed by a deep- sequencing approach （m^5c-RIP-seq）. Lc-MS/MS and dot blot analyses reveal a dynamic pattern of m^5c mRNA modification in various tissues and at different developmental stages, m^5c-RIP-seq analysis identified 6045 m^5c peaks in 4465 expressed genes in young seedlings. We found that m^5c is enriched in coding sequences with two peaks located immediately after start codons and before stop codons, and is associated with mRNAs with low translation activity. We further demonstrated that an RNA （cytosine-5）-methyl- transferase, tRNA-specific methyltransferase 4B （tRM4B）, exhibits m^5c RNA methyltransferase activity. Mutations in tRM4B display defects in root development and decreased m^5c peaks. tRM4B affects the transcript levels of the genes involved in root development, which is positively correlated with their mRNA stability and m^5c levels. Our results suggest that m^5c in mRNA is a new epitranscriptome marker inArabidopsis, and that regulation of this modification is an integral part of gene regulatory networks underlying plant development.

关键词： 5-methylcytosine (m^5c) Arabidopsis RNA methylation tRM4B root development

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Novel coronaviruses and Astroviruses in Bats

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Virologica Sinica 2009年第2期24卷 100-104页

作者： Daniel K. W. chu J. S. Malik Peiris leo L. M. Poon State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong Kong

Zoonotic transmissions of emerging pathogens from wildlife to human have shaped the history of mankind. these events have also highlighted our poor understanding of microorganisms circulated in wild animals. coronaviruses and astroviruses,which can be found from a wide range of mammals,were recently detected in bats. Strikingly,these bat viruses are genetically highly diverse and these interesting findings might help to better understand the evolution and ecology of these viruses. the discoveries of these novel bats viruses not only suggested that bats are important hosts for these virus families,but also reiterated the role of bats as a reservoir of viruses that might pose a zoonotic threat to human health.

关键词： coronavirus Astroviruses Emerging pathogens

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Use of a Natural compound Made of Ecklonia bicyclis Seaweed, tribulus terrestris and Water-Soluble chitosan Oligosaccharide, in Male Sexual Asthenia with Mild or Mild-Moderate Erectile Dysfunction and Serum testosterone Levels at the Lower Limit of Normal

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health 2016年第15期8卷 1668-1678页

作者： Antonio Russo Enrico Maisto leo Romis Giuseppe celentano Urology Department University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy hospital Santa Maria delle Grazie Pozzuoli Naples Italy

Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of a natural compound made of Ecklonia bicyclis Seaweed, tribulus terrestris and water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide, in the male sexual asthenia with mild or mild-moderate erectile dysfunction and serum testosterone levels between 280 and 350 ng/dl. Materials and Methods: 84 male patients affected by reduced libido and serum testosterone levels at the lower limit of normal, were recruited. We have separated patients in three different age groups: group A (18 - 45 years), group B (45 - 59 years), group c (>60 years). All subjects answered the International index of erectile function questionnaire (IIEF-5) and underwent determination of serum total testosterone before and after 30 days of treatment. Results: Before treatment, the group A showed mean (± standard deviation) total testosterone 321.9 ± 19.2 ng/dl and mean IIEF-5 18.6 ± 1.97, in the group B it was 318.5 ± 18.1 ng/dl and 16.3 ± 2.66, and finally in the group c it was 305.4 ± 13.1 ng/dl and 14.2 ± 1.95 respectively. After treatment mean total testosterone and mean IIEF-5 were respectively: group A (448 ± 111.46 ng/dl and 21.84 ± 3.41);group B (453.8 ± 105.23 ng/dl and 20.4 ± 3.81);group c (385.8 ± 87.29 ng/dl and 16.7 ± 3.84). conclusions: the treatment with Ecklonia bicyclis, tribulus terrestris and water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide might represent a safe and effective option on the improvement of libido and erectile function in man with testosterone level at the lower limit of normal.

关键词： Sexual Dysfunction Sexual Asthenia testosterone Ecklonia bicyclis Seaweed tribulus terrestris herbal Medicine

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texture and Structure control in Ultra-low carbon Steels by Non-conventional Sheet Manufacturing Processes

Texture and Structure Control in Ultra-low Carbon Steels by ...

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第十届中国钢铁年会暨第六届宝钢学术年会

作者： leo A.I.Kestens Ghent University Department of Materials Science and Engineering

the sheet manufacturing process, which involves various solid-state transformations such as phase transformations, plastic deformation and thermally activated recovery processes, determines the texture of the finished product. the conventional process of flat rolling and annealing only offers limited degrees of freedom to modify the texture. After annealing a {111} recrystallization fibre in Bcc alloys is commonly obtained. For flux carrying purposes, however, other texture components are required than the ones achievable by conventional processing. In the present paper it is shown that by severe plastic deformation of ultra-low carbon steel a texture can be obtained with increased intensity on the {001} fibre, which is of interest for magnetic applications. A similar texture is observed at the surface of Mn added low carbon steels by a mechanism of orientation selection, which involves the crystal anisotropy of the metal/vapour surface energy. It is also demonstrated that the conventional {111} deep drawing texture of IF steel can be obtained by a process of ultra-fast annealing（with a heating rate of more than 1000°c/s）. Ultra-fast annealing also allows to significantly reduce the grain size of the finished product as compared to the conventionally processed IF steel.

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先兆子痫、胎儿宫内发育受限及hELLP综合征患者胎盘组织中细胞凋亡诱导因子BNip3及Nix的定位及表达

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（妇产科学分册） 2006年第2期2卷 16-17页

作者： Stepan h. leo c. Purz S. 张剑萍 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Leipzig Philipp-Rosenthalstr. 55 04103 Leipzig Germany

Objective: BNip3 and its homologue Nix are pro-apoptotic factors of the Bcl-2-family and are expressed in malignant tumors. In vitro, this expression was shown to be mediated by hypoxia. Recently, it has been shown that placental hypoxia as well as apoptosis are pathogenetic factors for pregnancy-induced hypertensive diseases and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). the aim of the study was to analyze placental expression of BNip3 and Nix in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (hELLP) syndrome and IUGR. Material and methods: Placental tissue was sampled from 10 pregnancies each with preeclampsia, hELLP syndrome, IUGR and gestational age-matched controls. the placental expression of BNip3/Nix has been investigated with immunohistochemistry by the use of specific human BNip3/Nix antibodies. Results: In cytotrophoblastic cells, the BNip3 expression was strong in the control placentas, but only mediate in the placentas from pregnancies with preeclampsia, IUGR or hELLP syndrome. the intensity of the Nix staining showed a similar pattern. In the syncytiotrophoblast, there was a weak BNip3 staining observable in the control as well as IUGR samples, whereas BNip3 was undetectable in preeclamptic placentas or those with hELLP syndrome. For Nix, only in the preeclampsia a weak staining was detectable, whereas all other probes were negative. conclusions: Our study shows for the first time that the proapoptotic proteins BNip3 and Nix are expressed in the human placenta. Pregnancies with placental dysfunction and hypertensive pregnancy disorders with different clinical manifestations are characterized by a significantly decreased expression of BNip3 and Nix. these results suggest that the hypothesis of generally increased placental apoptosis in pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders caused by disturbed trophoblast invasion has to be partly reconsidered.

关键词： hELLP综合征胎儿宫内发育胎盘组织 BNip3 Nix 凋亡诱导因子先兆子痫肝酶升高合体

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Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(2008-2019)

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022年第10期16卷 91-104页

作者： heidelore Fiedler Mohammad Sadia thomas Krauss Abeer Baabish leo W.Y.Yeung School of Science and technology MTM Research Centre(O)rebro UniversitySE-70182(O)rebroSweden Funda(c)ao Oswaldo cruz(FIOcRUZ) Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde(INCQS)Avenida Brasil4365-Manguinhos EP 21.040-900Rio de Janeiro-RJBrazil

Within the global monitoring plan(GMP)established by article 16 of the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS),perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFhxS)are recommended for analysis in core matrices to assess occurrence and changes geographically and with *** 101 samples consisting of 86 national pools and 15 pools from States in Brazil obtained between 2008 and 2019,PFhxS was detected in 17%of the national pools and none in *** and PFOS had a detection frequency of 100%and 92%,*** perfluoroalkane substances(PFAS)had either low detection frequencies and median values of zero(carboxylic acids c4-c11;except PFOA)or could not be quantified in any sample(sulfonic acids,c4-c10,and long-chain carboxylic acids,c_(12)-c_(14)).correlation between PFOA and PFOS was moderately(r=0.58).Whereas median values were almost identical(18.9 pg/g *** PFOS;18.6 pg/g *** PFOA),PFOS showed larger ranges(than PFOA(t was shown that wealthier countries had higher PFOA concentrations than poorer *** difference in concentrations was found for samples collected in countries having or not having ratified the Stockholm convention amendments to list PFOS or *** goal to achieve 50%decrease in concentrations within ten years was met by Antigua and Barbuda,Kenya,and Nigeria for PFOS and by Antigua and Barbuda for *** a few cases,increases were observed;one country for PFOS,four countries for PFOA.

关键词： human biomonitoring human breast milk Lc-MS/MS analysis Lifestyle parameters

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Interfacial engineering of heterogeneous molecular electrocatalysts using ionic liquids towards efficient hydrogen peroxide production

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chinese Journal of catalysis 2022年第5期43卷 1238-1246页

作者： Zixun Yu chang Liu Yeyu Deng Mohan Li Fangxin She leo Lai Yuan chen Li Wei School of chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia

Efficient and selective oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)electrocatalysts are critical to realizing decentralized h_(2)O_(2)production and *** we demonstrate a facile interfacial engineering strategy using a hydrophobic ionic liquid(IL,i.e.,[BMIM][NtF2])to boost the performance of a nitrogen coordinated single atom cobalt catalyst(i.e.),cobalt phthalocyanine(coPc)supported on carbon nanotubes(cNts).We find a strong correlation between the ORR performance of coPc/cNt and the thickness of its IL *** characterization revealed that a higher O_(2)solubility(2.12×10^(−3)mol/L)in the IL compared to aqueous electrolytes provides a local O2 enriched surface layer near active catalytic sites,enhancing the ORR ***,the hydrophobic IL can efficiently repel the as‐synthesized h_(2)O_(2)molecules from the catalyst surface,preventing their fast decomposition to h_(2)O,resulting in improved h_(2)O_(2)*** to coPc/cNt without IL coatings,the catalyst with an optimal~8 nm IL coating can deliver a nearly 4 times higher mass specific kinetic current density and 12.5%higher h2O2 selectivity up to 92%.In a two‐electrode electrolyzer test,the optimal catalyst exhibits an enhanced productivity of 3.71 molh2O2 gcat^(–1)h^(–1),and robust *** IL‐based interfacial engineering strategy may also be extended to many other electrochemical reactions by carefully tailoring the thickness and hydrophobicity of IL coatings.

关键词： hydrogen peroxide Ionic liquid Oxygen reduction reaction Single‐atom catalyst heterogeneous molecular catalyst

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