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Benefits and Costs of the Informal Sector: The Case of Brick Kilns in Bangladesh

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第6期3卷 476-484页

作者： lelia croitoru Maria Sarraf World Bank Washington DC USA

In developing countries, the informal sector—brick kilns, leather tanning, food processing factories—is often highly polluting, causing countless deaths and illnesses. This paper presents the case of brick kilns in Dhaka, one of the most polluted cities in Asia. Five months per year, brick kilns are the city’s main source of fine particulate pollution, accounting for 38 percent of total fine particulate mass. The paper values the impacts of existing and alternative brick kiln technologies in Dhaka city. Through a Cost-Benefit Analysis, it estimates the net returns for the entrepreneur, and the social costs, such as health impacts from air pollution and damages due to carbon emissions from kilns. It shows that cleaner technologies are more attractive than traditional technologies both from the private and social perspective, and provides concrete recommendations for a cleaner brick sector in Bangladesh.

关键词： Cost-Benefit Analysis Air Pollution

How Much Does Environmental Degradation Cost? The Case of Morocco

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2018年第3期9卷 254-265页

作者： lelia croitoru Maria Sarraf The World Bank Group Washington DC USA

Environmental degradation is costly—to individuals, to societies and to the environment. This paper makes these costs clear in the context of Morocco, a country marked by rapid economic development and urbanization. Although Morocco has made impressive efforts to strengthen its policies and strategies to protect its environment and natural resources, environmental degradation is still an issue. Using the most updated methodology and data sources, the paper estimates that environmental degradation imposed costs on Moroccan society of about US$3.9 billion, or 3.5 percent of the country’s GDP in 2014. Water-related problems and air pollution are the most pressing challenges, followed by agricultural land degradation. Based on these findings, the paper provides guidance for an improved management of the country’s environmental priority areas.

关键词： Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) Valuation

Valuing Water Resources in Turkey: A Case Study of Beyşehir Lake

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2016年第12期7卷 1904-1922页

作者： lelia croitoru Buket Bahar Divrak Jian Xie The World Bank Washington DC USA The World Bank Ankara Turkey

Water resource management is critical to Turkey’s economy and environment. The country has about 112 billion m3 per year of economically exploitable water. However, population growth, climate change and pollution of water bodies are putting increasing pressure on these resources. In this context, understanding the contribution of water to the economy and environment is crucial for its conservation. To meet this need, the World Bank launched a program aiming at improving valuation and accounting systems of natural resources in Turkey. As part of this program, this article estimates in monetary terms the economic value of water in Bey?ehir Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Turkey. Valuation is based on the Total Economic Value concept, which includes use and non-use values. The results show that the economic value of water is about seven times higher than its financial value. In addition, the economic value of water allocated for municipal use (TL5/m3) is substantially greater than that supplied for irrigation (TL0.5/m3). The analysis suggests that allocation of water from Bey?ehir Lake among different uses is inefficient. To validate this conclusion and improve allocation, a more comprehensive assessment of the economic benefits of water resources is needed, particularly of water supply for irrigation, municipal use, recreation and biodiversity. The analysis also indicates that economic valuation can be a powerful tool to improve water management at the river basin level.

关键词： Water Valuation Total Economic Value Beyşehir Lake

The Health Cost of Ambient Air Pollution in Lagos

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第9期11卷 753-765页

作者： lelia croitoru Jiyoun Christina Chang Joseph Akpokodje The World Bank Group Washington DC USA The World Bank Group Abuja Nigeria

Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution in Sub Saharan region. It is especially worrying in Lagos, the country’s commercial capital and one of the world’s fastest growing megacities. Despite growing concerns about its deadly impacts, there is currently no reliable monetary estimate of the effects of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive control plan in Lagos. Using available ground-level monitored data and the most recent valuation techniques, this paper estimates that in 2018 alone, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused about 11,200 premature deaths, and generated a health cost of US$2.1 billion in Lagos. This is equivalent to about 2.1 percent of Lagos’ GDP in the same year. These results call for an urgent plan of action to improve air quality in the city, with primary focus on the main pollution sources: road transport, industrial emissions, and power generation.

关键词： Ambient Air Pollution Valuation Health Cost

The Cost of Plastic Pollution in N’Djamena: A Case Study

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第8期13卷 575-588页

作者： lelia croitoru Amos Singambaye Aurélie Rossignol World Bank Group Washington DC USA World Bank Group N’Djamena Chad

Plastic pollution is a major problem: it damages health, reduces ecosystem services, and affects local economies. Despite its importance, available valuation efforts have focused primarily on the damages caused by plastic in marine environments. Far less is known about the effects of plastic waste in inland settings. This paper addresses this gap by estimating in monetary terms the damages caused by the inappropriate disposal of plastic waste in an inland context. The study area is located along a canal that crosses N’Djamena, the capital of Chad. Using data from a primary survey and applying standard valuation techniques, the paper estimates the social cost of plastic pollution at over USD3000 per ton in 2020. In addition, it shows that the impacts of plastic waste vary significantly across the study area: households residing within 20 meters of the canal bear more than 75 percent of the total damages. The paper identifies the main valuation challenges and proposes recommendations to reduce plastic waste damages.

关键词： Solid Waste Plastic Pollution Economic Cost

Benefits and Costs of the Informal Sector: The Case of Brick Kilns in Bangladesh

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The Health Cost of Ambient Air Pollution in Lagos

Journal of Environmental Protection（环境保护） 2012年第6期

作者： lelia croitoru Maria Sarraf

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The Cost of Plastic Pollution in N’Djamena: A Case Study

Journal of Environmental Protection（环境保护） 2020年第9期

作者： lelia croitoru Jiyoun Christina Chang Joseph Akpokodje

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