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Impact of the Condition of Drinking Water Supply Networks on the Quality of Water Intended for Consumption: The Case of the Network in the Commune of Daloa (Central West of Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2023年第12期15卷 677-691页

作者： Amoin Anne Marie kouassi kouakou lazare kouassi Theophile Gnagne UFR Environnement University Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa C&ocircte d’Ivoire UFR des Sciences et Gestion de l’Environnement University Nangui Abrogoua Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire

The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated state and lack of maintenance of drinking water networks. In Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of drinking water networks in the various towns are ageing. In Daloa, despite the efforts made by the company in charge of water treatment and distribution to make the water drinkable, the water at consumers’ taps is often colored, has an unpleasant aftertaste and settles after collection. As a result, people are concerned about the potability of tap water, and some are turning to alternative sources of drinking water of unknown quality. In order to determine the factors responsible for the deterioration in water color and taste, as well as the sectors of the network most affected, a diagnosis of the network’s equipment was carried out. Water samples taken from the network were analyzed for color and turbidity. The diagnosis revealed that most of the equipment (suction pads, valves, drains and fire hydrants) is outdated and irregularly maintained. Analyses show that the water is more colored in cast-iron and PVC pipes than in asbestos cement pipes. Coloration values in the network range from 0 to 27 UVC for asbestos cement pipes, from 15 to 56 UCV for ductile iron pipes, and from 11 to 102 UCV for PVC pipes. On the over hand, turbidity values vary from 8.02 to 3.32 NTU for ductile cast iron pipes, 8.51 to 16.98 NTU for asbestos cement pipes and 0.9 to 6.98 NTU for PVC pipes. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions on contact with water, degrading their color. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions into the water, degrading its color. The high color values observed in the vicinity of drains are thought to be due to irregular maintenance of the network. In fact, after network maintenance, a reduction rate ranging from 2% to 73% is observed for turbidity, while for col

关键词： Pipe Water Supply Network Drinking Water Daloa

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Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflows in the Lobo River Catchment at Nibéhibé, Côte d’Ivoire

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2020年第6期12卷 495-511页

作者： Bérenger Koffi Zilé Alex Kouadio kouakou Hervé kouassi Affoué Berthe Yao Martin Sanchez kouakou lazare kouassi Laboratory of Science and Technology of Environment Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Planetology and Geodynamics (LPG) University of Nantes Faculty of Science and Technology Nantes France

The management of water resources in watersheds has become increasingly difficult in recent years due to the frequency and intensity of drought sequences. The Lobo River catchment, like most tropical regions, has experienced alternating wet and dry periods. These drought periods have a significant impact on the availability of water resources in the basin. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of meteorological drought on flows in the Lobo River catchment. Therefore, using the Normalized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Drought Flow Index (SDI), the characteristics of droughts were studied. The results of this study show that meteorological droughts were more frequent than hydrological droughts in the Lobo River watershed. However, the hydrological drought was longer and more intense than the meteorological drought. The greater relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought was observed at the Daloa and Vavoua station (0.43 < r < 0.50) compared to the Zuenoula station (r < 0.5). In addition, there was a resumption of precipitation and runoff between 2007 and 2013 in the basin. The study of these climatic trends would be very useful in the choice of management and adaptation policies for water resources management.

关键词： Rainfall Normalized Index Meteorological Drought Hydrological Drought Lobo River

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Exploitation of Satellite Data for the Mapping of Areas at Risk of Flooding in Grand-Bassam (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Advances in Remote Sensing 2020年第4期9卷 117-126页

作者： kouakou Hervé kouassi Zilé Alex Kouadio Arthur Brice Konan-Waidhet Affessi Christian Serge Affessi kouakou lazare kouassi Laboratory of Science and Technology of Environment Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa Cote d’Ivoire

In order to better identify spatially the areas at risk of flooding for the riparian populations of Grand-Bassam during strong floods, a study aimed at developing hazard and vulnerability maps from RADAR Sentinel-1 and optical images Sentinel-2 has been put in place. The flood hazard study highlighted the flooded areas in Grand-Bassam. These areas represent 747.7 ha, or 1.02% of the total surface. The vulnerability map produced using the maximum likelihood method identified eight (8) land use classes. These are the classes Water, Dense forest, Secondary forest, Swamp forest, Industrial crops, Food crops, Habitats and bare soils. It made it possible to highlight the socio-economic interests of Grand-Bassam. The flood risk map developed from the intersection of the themes of the vulnerability map and that of the hazard has enabled the recognition of risk areas which are located near the source of the risk (Comoé River) and at low altitudes. These are Moossou, Petit Paris, Quartier Phare and Quartier France.

关键词： Remote Sensing Hazard Vulnerability Flood Risk Grand-Bassam

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Prospects for Minimizing the Potential Environmental Impacts of the Hydro-Agricultural Dam of M’Bahiakro(Cote d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第9期5卷 847-853页

作者： lazare.kouakou kouassi Innocent kouassi Kouame Seraphin kouakou Konan Brou Dibi Soumahoro Moussa Diakaria Kone Dago Gnakri Laboratoire des Sciences de l’eau et de l’Environnement Universite Jean Lorougnon GuedeDaloaCote d’Ivoire Laboratoire Geosciences et Environnement Universite Nangui AbrogouaAbidjanCote d’Ivoire Projet d’Aménagement Hydroagricole de la Vallee du N’Zi ONDR_MINAGRIDimbokroCote d’Ivoire Office National de l’Eau Potable(ONEP) Direction des Ressources en EauAbidjanCote d’Ivoire

This study aims at characterizing the physical environment and suggesting solutions for a better management of the hydro-agricultural dam of M’Bahiakro which is being constructed over the N’Zi River and is the first inflatable dam in Cote d’Ivoire. In this survey, data related to hydrology, characteristics of the dam and the irrigated rice production area were obtained with the Water Resources Agency and the National Office of Rice Development of Cote d’Ivoire. Physicochemical parameters of the N’Zi River were collected seasonally at three monitoring stations. Results showed that the N’Zi River is characterized by a high water level period from April to November and a low water level period from November to April. The gap between the low flows and the high flows is important (about 206 m3/s on average). The annual average flow is 40 m3/s with a standard deviation of 32.52 m3/s and a variation coefficient of 0.88. The SAR average value (1.63) and the average conductivity (78.44 μS/cm) showed that waters of the N’Zi River are of high quality to be used for irrigation. Suspended sediment concentrations do not present significant difference along the river. But the seasonal variations are important;they are higher during the rainy seasons (45.8 mg/L on average) than in the dry seasons (17.7 mg/L on average). The annual solid flux of the N’Zi River is 41897 tons, i.e. 15810 m3 of sediments. The annual sediment flux is important and can lead to high depositions in the line-shaped reservoir of the dam and that calls for attention to control the silting up of the reservoir. Great efforts concerning interdisciplinary approaches, as well as extensive and intensive field work are needed in order to better manage the hydro-agricultural dam of M’Bahiakro.

关键词： Hydrology Irrigation Dam Suspended Sediment N’Zi River

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Modeling of Quaternary Groundwater Pollution Risk by GIS and Multicriteria Analysis in the Southern Part of Abidjan District(Cote d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第11期4卷 1213-1223页

作者： Innocent kouassi Kouame Aristide Gountoh Douagui Kouadio Koffi Brou Dibi lazare.kouakou kouassi Issiaka Savane Laboratoire de Geosciences et Environnement Universite Nangui AbrogouaAbidjanCote d’Ivoire Universite Jean Lorougnon Guede DaloaCote d’Ivoire

The pollution generated by human activities in the area “Vridi canal-Grand Bassam” puts more at risk the quaternary groundwater that supplies water to a large part of the population of the southern part of Abidjan city. This paper deals with the combined approach of geographic information systems and multicriteria analysis to delineate areas at risk of pollution of groundwater in the study area. The multicriteria analysis also incorporated the statistical and geostatistical techniques for defining the factor ratings and weightings of all the parameters under a GIS environment. The criterion for these factor ratings and weightings was the correlation coefficient of each parameter with the nitrates concentration in groundwater. Two indicators were combined for creating situations of pollution risks according to their importance: the intrinsic vulnerability indicators which combined the depth to groundwater, the net recharge, the slope, the soil media, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and extrinsic vulnerability characterized by the land use. The results showed that all to the site presents nitrate pollution risks with 50.7% of moderate risk, and 49.3% of high and very high risks. The areas which present the highest risks of pollution are the densely urbanized communes of Treichville, Marcory, Koumasi, Port-Bouet and Grand-Bassam. The sensitivity analysis indicates that parameters causing high sensitivity on the nitrate pollution risks map are the depth to groundwater and the recharge. The errors committed on the maps establishment are ±0.15%, ±0.40% and ±6% respectively for IV map, EV map and pollution risk map.

关键词： Pollution Risk Quaternary Groundwater GIS Multicriteria Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Abidjan

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Rain-Flow Modeling Using a Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Network on the Watershed of the Cavally River(Cote d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第12期9卷 1403-1413页

作者： Brou Loukou Alexis kouassi kouakou lazare Konan kouakou Seraphin Kouadio Zile Alex Konan Koffi Felix Kamagate Bamory Universite Jean Lorougnon Guede DaloaCote d’Ivoire Universite Nangui-Abrogoua AbidjanCote d’Ivoire

Water resources management is nowadays a significant stake for the world. However, missing or bad quality of the hydro-climatic historical data available of the studied area makes sometimes hydrological studies difficult. Generally, conceptual rain-flow models are designed to bring an appropriate answer with the correction of gaps and prediction of the flows. Historical hydro-climatic data of the Ity station, located on Cavally River, contain gaps which must be bridged. This study aims to establish a rainfall-runoff model through artificial neural networks for filling the gaps into the flow data series of the hydrometric station of Ity on the watershed of Cavally River. A multi-layer perceptron of feed forwards with two entries (monthly average rain and evapotranspiration) and an exit (flows) was established with flow evapotranspiration data. Comparison of the criteria of performance of the various architectures of the neural network model showed that architecture 2-3-1 gives best results. This architecture provides Nash coefficients of 75.79% and correlation linear coefficient of 95.64% for the calibration and Nash coefficients of 73.32% and correlation linear coefficient of 98.33% for the validation. The correlations between simulated flows and observed flows are strong. The correlation coefficients are 83.89% and 83.08% respectively for the calibration and validation.

关键词： Rain-Flow Modeling Artificial Neural Network Cavally River Cote d’Ivoire

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Contribution of Agro-Hydrological Modeling in the Evaluation of Water Availability of an Ungauged Basin Reservoir in Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Loka Reservoir in Bouaké

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2021年第3期10卷 117-130页

作者： Kouao Armand Anoh kouakou Séraphin Konan Sampah Georges Eblin Ange Victorine Atcho kouakou lazare kouassi Water and Environment Science and Technology Laboratory Jean Lorougnon Guedé University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

The city of Bouaké, the second biggest city of Côte d’Ivoire, experienced a water shortage in 2018 that lasted four months due to the drying up of the Loka reservoir, which supplies two-thirds of the city. The challenge of the Loka reservoir is that it is located in an ungauged basin where very few hydrological studies have been carried out, despite the recurrent problems of access to drinking water. In the purpose to better understand the phenomena that caused this temporary drying of the dam, the methodology implemented was based on agro-hydrological modeling with SWAT using a regionalization technique of a nearby watershed. The model performance was assessed using three statistical indices (the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS), the coefficient of determination (R2) and the percentage of bias (PBIAS)) and the visual appreciation of hydrographs for monthly series. The statistical indices appear satisfactory with a NS and R2 ≥ 0.6 both for calibration and validation, and a PBIAS of -11.2 and -3.8 respectively for calibration and validation. The hydrological modeling of Loka basin has shown the impact of climate change already reported by some authors as well as anthropization. Thus, while the reservoir records a decrease in its water volume estimated at 384,604 m3 each year, the water demand undergoes an increase of 122,033 m3 per year.

关键词： Loka Basin Hydrological Modeling SWAT SUFI-2 Water Availability

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Assessment of the Quality of Sediments and Agricultural Soils: Case of the Ity-Floleu Area in the Prefecture of Zouan-Hounien, Western Côte d’Ivoire

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第12期8卷 255-275页

作者： Konan kouakou Séraphin Gbamélé kouassi Serge Doffou Richard Jean Olive Brou Loukou Alexis kouassi kouakou lazare Dongui Bini Kouamé Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Departement of Geology University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

The objective of this study is to assess the level of metal contamination of sediments and agricultural soils in the Ity-Floleu zone. The concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured in different seasons over two successive years. The sediment pollution index made it possible to note that the sediments and agricultural soils of the various stations studied are highly polluted in all seasons. The calculation of the geoaccumulation index indicates that surface water sediments most often experience extreme or moderate pollution in As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn in the dry or rainy season except in Pb in some cases. We observed that the sediments of the Cavally river present a serious pollution due to extreme anthropic activities carried out along the river. Over the entire region, the results of the potential ecological risk index (RI) indicate that all the sediments and agricultural soils analysed present a moderate ecological risk in terms of Pb and Zn in certain cases and an ecological risk is observed low bound to other metals in all seasons. This metallic pollution generated by human activities in this region can have consequences for the environment and biodiversity.

关键词： Anthropogenic Activities Cavally River Contamination Factors Contamination Indices Metallic Trace Elements Sediments and Agricultural Soils

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Evaluation of Pollution Due to Gold Mining at Ity-Floleu Area in Sub-Prefecture of Zouan-Hounien, Western Côte d’Ivoire

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第12期7卷 20-41页

作者： Gbamélé kouassi Serge Konan kouakou Séraphin kouassi kouakou lazare Brou Loukou Alexis Konan Koffi Félix Bini Kouamé Dongui Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa Côte d’Ivoire Departement of Geology University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa Côte d’Ivoire Laboratory of Ecology Biodiversity and Evolution University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa Côte d’Ivoire Laboratory of Environment Chemistry and Materials University Jean Lorougnon Guede Daloa Côte d’Ivoire

This study aims to evaluate the mineral pollution of a gold mining environment in the sub-Prefecture of Zouan-Hounien (C?;te d’Ivoire). Samples were taken from surface water and flesh and skin samples of the Cavally River fish species over a period of two successive years. Concentrations in major elements, trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn), nutrients () and physico-chemical parameters in situ were measured. The results obtained show that the surface waters have very low pH with an average of 5.70. For nutrient salts, the deterioration of water quality in the study area is mainly related to alterations by nitrates, phosphates and sulphates. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Hg and Pb are above the existing standards (international, FAO/WHO) for the majority of the stations, thus causing the deterioration of the surface water quality. Therefore, their use for agricultural irrigation could have negative impact on the health of the population and on biodiversity. Regarding the bioindicating species, the results obtained after analysis of samples showed that the fish (carp and machoiron) have Fe, Cu, Hg and Pb concentrations higher than the existing standards (international, FAO/WHO) exposing consumers to high health risks. This study showed good correlation between the high values of surface water turbidity and the proximity of gold washing sites. The use of the principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical dataset revealed comparable behaviors for certain minerals within the groups (Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Na) and (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Ca) in water. The Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) analysis has defined three different classes of surface water in the study area. The presence of mineral trace elements in these receiving environments is of natural origin but would be strongly accentuated by human activities.

关键词： Cavally River Fish Gold Mining Major Elements Nutritious Salts Surface Water Trace Elements

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Assessment of Vulnerability to Groundwater Pollution in the Lobo Watershed at Nibéhibé(Central-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2020年第8期12卷 657-671页

作者： Yiwa Monique Kamenan Oi Mangoua Jules Mangoua Brou Dibi Sampah Eblin Georges kouakou lazare kouassi Kouamé Auguste kouassi Laboratory of Science and Technology of Environment Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratory Geosciences et Environment Nangui Abrogoua University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

Drinking water supply to people in rural areas is increasingly oriented towards the search for groundwater. However, these resources, which were once of good quality, are currently threatened by various sources of pollution points and diffuse. The objective of this study is to map the intrinsic vulnerability to groundwater pollution of the Lobo watershed in Nibéhibé. The intrinsic vulnerability mapping method, PaPRIKa adapted or PaPRI which acronym is the protection of aquifers (Pa) based on three criteria: P for protection, R for rock type, I represents infiltration was used. The results show three (3) vulnerability classes, which are moderate, high and very high. This map shows that the high vulnerability class (89%) dominates the study area. This predominance shows that the groundwater of the Lobo watershed is at high risk of pollution.

关键词： Pollution Groundwater Vulnerability PaPRI Côte d’Ivoire

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