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Is intraspecific variation in diet and morphology related to environmental gradients?Exploring Liem’s paradox in a cichlid fish

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Integrative Zoology 2010年第3期5卷 241-255页

作者： Sandra A.BINNING lauren j.chapman Biology Department McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanadaH3A 1B1 Wildlife Conservation Society BronxNew YorkUSA

Interspecific studies have demonstrated that trophic morphology and ecology are not always tightly matched:a phenomenon rarely reported at the intraspecific *** the present study,we explored relationships among diet,morphology and the environment in a widespread cichlid fish,Astatoreochromis alluaudi(Pellegrin 1904),from 6 sites in southern Uganda to test for evidence of eco-morphological matching at the interdemic *** studies of Astatoreochromis alluaudi have demonstrated developmental plasticity in trophic morphology in response to diet:a mollusk diet produces specimens with large pharyngeal jaws and muscles,whereas a soft-food diet produces smaller pharyngeal jaws and corresponding changes in *** were chosen to maximize variability in environmental variables that might directly or indirectly affect trophic *** found significant differences in pharyngeal jaw and muscle morphology among ***,we found differences in diets among sites:mollusks were found in the stomachs of fish from only 2 populations sampled,despite the presence of mollusks in 5 of the 6 *** trophic morphology did match the observed diet in 2 sites,diet did not correlate with either morphology or environmental variables across sites,nor were environmental variables correlated with morphological variation among *** results suggest that mismatch can occur among different populations of a single species for reasons such as seasonality in resources,developmental plasticity and/or complex indirect *** mechanisms should be further studied in order to better understand the complex relationships between morphological specialization and ecological generalization.

关键词： ecological specialization fish diet Liem’s paradox population divergence trophic morphology

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Phenotypic plasticity is maintained despite geographical isolation in an African cichlid fish,Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第1期9卷 85-96页

作者： Kirsten E.WIENS Erika CRISPO lauren j.chapman Department of Pathology New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA Department of Biology and Health Sciences Pace UniversityNew YorkNYUSA Department of Biology McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada Wildlife Conservation Society BronxNew YorkUSA

Gene flow among populations in different selective environments should favor the evolution of phenotypic plasticity over local *** in development is a common response to long-term hypoxia in some widespread African fishes,including Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor,a cichlid that exploits both normoxic(high oxygen)rivers/lakes and hypoxic(low oxygen)*** studies have shown that fish from normoxic and hypoxic sites differ in many traits,including gill size,brain size and body shape,and that much of this vari-ation reflects developmental ***,these earlier studies focused on areas in Uganda where gene flow between swamp and river or lake populations is *** this study we tested the hypothesis that ***-color from a relatively isolated lake population(Lake Saka,Uganda)exhibit low levels of plasticity in traits re-lated to oxygen *** broods of *** from Lake Saka were reared under low and high dis-solved oxygen,and traits related to gill size,brain mass and body shape were ***,both gill size and brain mass showed high levels of developmental *** suggest that high levels of plasticity,particularly in the gill size of ***,reflects low costs of maintaining the plastic response,even in rela-tively isolated populations.

关键词： brain geometric morphometrics gills hypoxia riverine fish

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Distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds in flour milling fractions from hard red winter wheat

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Grain & Oil Science and Technology 2024年第2期7卷 71-78页

作者： lauren Renee Brewer jittawan Kubola Sirithon Siriamornpun Yong-Cheng Shi Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Department of Food Innovation and Processing Faculty of Agricultural TechnologyBuriram Rajabhat UniversityBuriram 31000Thailand Research Unit of Thai Food innovation Department of Food Technology and NutritionMahasarakham UniversityMahasarakham 44000Thailand

Mature wheat kernels contain three main parts:endosperm,bran,and *** milling results in multiple streams that are chemically different;however,the distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds has not been well documented in terms of conventional milling by-product *** this study,multiple analytical methods were used to investigate antioxidant activity and phenolic compound compositions of hard red winter wheat(whole ground wheat),the parts of a wheat kernel(bran,flour,germ),and wheat by-product streams(mill feed,red dog,shorts)for the first *** each mill stream,phenolic compounds(total,flavonoid,and anthocyanin contents)were determined and antioxidant activities were evaluated with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical-scavenging activity,ferric reducing/antioxidant power(FRAP),and total antioxidant capacity *** differences(Pjority of antioxidant properties,whereas bran contains a substantial portion of phenolic compounds and *** feed was high in phenolic content(5.29 mg FAE/g),total antioxidant capacity(866 mg/g),and antioxidant activity(up to 75% DPPH inhibition and 20.26μmol FeSO_(4)/g).The comprehensive information on distribution of antioxidants and phenolic compounds provides insights for future human consumption of commonly produced co-products from flour milling,and for selecting and using different milling fractions to make foods with improved nutritional properties.

关键词： Wheat Milling streams Antioxidants Phenolic acids Flavonoid Anthocyanin

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SARS-CoV-2 triggers Dickkopf-1(Dkk-1)modulation of T helper cells and lung pathology in mice

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第4期11卷 9-12页

作者： Yifan Wu Freedom M.Green Stephen A.Shaw lauren j.Bonilla Shannon E.Ronca Maria Elena Bottazzi Farrah Kheradmand jill E.Weatherhead Department of Pathology&Immunology One Baylor PlazaHoustonTX 77030USA Department of Pediatrics One Baylor PlazaHoustonTX 77030USA Department of Medicine One Baylor PlazaHoustonTX 77030USA National School of Tropical Medicine One Baylor PlazaHoustonTX 77030USA Molecular Virology&Microbiology One Baylor PlazaHoustonTX77030USA Biologyof Inflammation Center Baylor College of MedicineOne BaylorPlazaHoustonTX77030USA Michael E.DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases HoustonTX 77030USA

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCov-2)is the etiologic agent of the coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)*** viral infections like SARS-CoV-2,a robust anti-viral type 1 immune response,including upregulation of type 1 CD4+T helper cells(Th1),is required for effective viral clearance while minimizing end-organ pathology and collateral tissue damage.

关键词： pathology acute respiratory

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Association of initial assessment variables and mortality in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury

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World journal of Pediatric Surgery 2024年第2期7卷 125-133页

作者： Katherine C Bergus Kelli N Patterson Lindsey Asti josh Bricker Tariku j Beyene lauren N Schulz Dana M Schwartz Rajan K Thakkar Eric A Sribnick Pediatric Surgery Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA CenterforSurgical Outcomes Research Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA Neurologic Surgery The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA Neurologic Surgery Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA

Background Predictive scales have been used to prognosticate long-term outcomes of traumatic brain injury(TBI),but gaps remain in predicting mortality using initial trauma resuscitation *** sought to evaluate the association of clinical variables collected during the initial resuscitation of intubated pediatric severe patients with TBI with in-hospital *** Intubated pediatric trauma patientsjanuary 2011 to December 2020 were *** between initial trauma resuscitation variables(temperature,pulse,mean arterial blood pressure,GCS score,hemoglobin,international normalized ratio(INR),platelet count,oxygen saturation,end tidal carbon dioxide,blood glucose and pupillary response)and mortality were evaluated with multivariable logistic *** Among 314 patients,median age was 5.5 years(interquartile range(IQR):2.2-12.8),GCS score was 3(IQR:3-6),Head Abbreviated Injury Score(hAIS)was 4(IQR:3-5),and most had a severe(25-49)Injury Severity Score(ISS)(48.7%,153/314).Overall mortality was 26.8%.GCS score,hAIS,ISS,INR,platelet count,and blood glucose were associated with in-hospital mortality(all p<0.05).As age and GCS score increased,the odds of mortality *** 1-point increase in GCS score was associated with a 35%decrease in odds of *** hAIS,INR,and blood glucose increased,the odds of mortality *** each 1.0 unit increase in INR,the odds of mortality increased by 1427%.Conclusions Pediatric patients with severe TBI are at substantial risk for in-hospital *** are needed to examine whether earlier interventions targeting specific parameters of INR and blood glucose impact mortality.

关键词： mortality pediatric traumatic

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As clear as mud： Turbidity induces behavioral changes in the African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

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Current Zoology 2012年第1期58卷 146-157页

作者： Gray, Suzanne M. Mcdonnell, Laura H. Cinouemani, Fabio G. chapman, lauren j. Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave Montreal QC Canada H3A 1B1 Current address: Department of Biology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road North Mississauga ON Canada L5L 1C6 Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA

Aquatic biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate. One factor driving this loss is increased turbidity, an en- vironmental stressor that can impose behavioral, morphological, and/or physiological costs on fishes. Here we describe the be- havioral response of a widespread African cichlid, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae, to turbidity. We used a split-brood rearing design to test if F1 offspring reared in turbid water, originating from river （turbid） and swamp （clear） populations, behave differently than full-sibs reared in clear water. We examined two facets of behavior：（1） behaviors of fish in full sib groups, in- eluding activity level and social dynamics collected during the rearing period; and （2） male aggressive behavior directed at poten- tial male competitors after fish had reached maturity; this was done in an experimental set-up independent of the rearing aquaria. Regardless of population of origin, fish reared in turbid water were marginally less active and performed fewer social behaviors than those reared in clear water. On the other hand, when tested against a competitor in turbid water, males performed more ag- gressive behaviors, regardless of population of origin or rearing environment, Our results suggest a plastic behavioral response to turbidity that may allow P. multicolor to persist over a range of turbidity levels in nature by decreasing activity and general social behaviors and intensifying reproductive behaviors to ensure reproductive success [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 146-157, 2012].

关键词： Cichlidae Behavioral plasticity Environmental stressor Male-male competition

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电机学

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作者： Stephen j.chapman

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减肥“神药”调控大脑

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环球科学 2024年第15期 38-45页

作者：劳伦·j.扬高玉婷(翻译) 《科学美国人》北京大学第三医院内分泌科

近年来,一种新型减重药——GLP-1类药物风靡全球。这类药物不仅能减缓食物消化,还能直接作用于大脑,有效降低患者食欲。同时,它还表现出远超减重的治疗潜力,一些看似与代谢无关的功效正逐渐浮出水面。

关键词：食物消化神药治疗潜力减重大脑有效降低 GLP-1

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萎缩的大家庭

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环球科学 2024年第11期 92-93页

作者：劳伦·j.扬红猪(翻译) 不详

到2095年,大家的亲戚可能会少很多。由于全球人口正向着更低的出生率和死亡率转型,全世界的家庭结构也注定发生剧烈变动。据最近的一项研究估测,平均年龄为65岁的女性,其家庭规模将从1950年的41名亲戚缩小到2095年的25名——降幅近40%... 详细信息

到2095年,大家的亲戚可能会少很多。由于全球人口正向着更低的出生率和死亡率转型,全世界的家庭结构也注定发生剧烈变动。据最近的一项研究估测,平均年龄为65岁的女性,其家庭规模将从1950年的41名亲戚缩小到2095年的25名——降幅近40%。这种下降在缺乏有力机构支持体系的国家更为显著,比如津巴布韦的家庭规模预计将下降71%之多。

关键词：津巴布韦大家庭出生率平均年龄死亡率

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Fish embryo and juvenile size under hypoxia in the mouth- brooding African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

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Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 401-412页

作者： E.E. REARDON L.j. chapman Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave Montreal Quebec H3A 1B 1 Canada Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA

We used a field survey and a laboratory rearing experiment to （a） examine response （size and survival） to life-long hypoxia in offspring of the African maternal mouth-brooding cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae （Seegers） and （b） explore the degree to which developmental response can be environmentaUy-induced. Embryo size metrics were quantified in 9 field populations across a range of dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations. In the laboratory, first generation （F1） broods of low-DO origin were reared under high or low DO. Brooding period was quantified for the mothers; and egg size, egg metabolic rate and juvenile size-at-release were quantified in their （F2） offspring. The F2 offspring were split and grown for 3 months post-release under high or low DO, and juvenile size and survival were quantified. In the field survey, across stages, embryos from low-DO field populations were shorter and weighed less than embryos from high-DO populations. In the laboratory experi- ment, F2 eggs and juveniles-at-release from mother＇s mouth did not differ in mass, length, survival regardless of development DO environment. However, juveniles diverged in size after leaving mother＇s mouth, exhibiting smaller size when grown under low DO. Size differences in embryo size across field populations and divergence in embryo size after release from the mother＇s mouth support predictions for smaller body size under hypoxia. There was no evidence for negative effects on survival of juveniles after 3 months. Brooding period was 16% shorter in females reared under low DO suggesting that hypoxia may accelerate embryo de- velopment. This work provides insights into how bearer fishes respond to hypoxic stress relative to fishes with no post-spawning parental care; a shorter brooding interval and smaller body size may provide an optimal solution to parent and embryo survival under hypoxia in brooding fishes [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 401-412, 2012].

关键词： African cichlid Lake Victoria Life-history Parental care Dissolved oxygen

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