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Principles for managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2015年第5期1卷 15-32页

作者： Kimberly A.Selkoe Thorsten blenckner Margaret R.Caldwell larry b.crowder Ashley L.Erickson Timothy E.Essington James A.Estes Rod M.Fujita benjamin S.Halpern Mary E.Hunsicker Carrie V.Kappel Ryan P.Kelly John N.Kittinger Phillip S.Levin John M.Lynham Megan E.Mach Rebecca G.Martone Lindley A.Mease Anne KSalomon Jameal F.Samhouri Courtney Scarborough Adrian C.Stier Crow White Joy Zedler National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis 735 State StreetSuite 300Santa BarbaraCalifornia 93101 USA Hawaii Institute of Marine biology University of HawaiiKaneoheHawaii 96744 USA Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm UniversityKra¨ftriket 2B10691 StockholmSweden Center for Ocean Solutions Stanford Woods Institute for the EnvironmentStanford University473 Via Ortega Room 193StanfordCalifornia 94305 USA School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWashington 98195 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary biology 100 Shaffer RoadUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia 95060 USA Environmental Defense Fund 123 Mission Street28th FloorSan FranciscoCalifornia 94105 USA bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia 93106 USA Imperial College London Silwood Park CampusBuckhurst RoadAscot SL57PY United Kingdom School of Marine and Environmental Affairs University of Washington3707 Brooklyn Avenue NESeattleWashington 98105-6715 USA Conservation International Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans7192 Kalaniana‘ole HighwaySuite G230HonoluluHawaii 96825 USA Conservation biology Division Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattleWashington 98112 USA Department of Economics University of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHawaii 96822 USA School of Resource and Environmental Management Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish Columbia V5A1S6 Canada Department of biological Sciences California Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis ObispoCalifornia 93407 USA botany Department University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin 53706 USA

As climatic changes and human uses intensify,resource managers and other decision makers are taking actions to either avoid or respond to ecosystem tipping points,or dramatic shifts in structure and function that are often costly and hard to *** indicates that explicitly addressing tipping points leads to improved management *** on theory and examples from marine systems,we distill a set of seven principles to guide effective management in ecosystems with tipping points,derived from the best available *** principles are based on observations that tipping points(1)are possible everywhere,(2)are associated with intense and/or multifaceted human use,(3)may be preceded by changes in earlywarning indicators,(4)may redistribute benefits among stakeholders,(5)affect the relative costs of action and inaction,(6)suggest biologically informed management targets,and(7)often require an adaptive response to *** suggest that early action to preserve system resilience is likely more practical,affordable,and effective than late action to halt or reverse a tipping *** articulate a conceptual approach to management focused on linking management targets to thresholds,tracking early-warning signals of ecosystem instability,and stepping up investment in monitoring and mitigation as the likelihood of dramatic ecosystem change *** approach can simplify and economize management by allowing decision makers to capitalize on the increasing value of precise information about threshold relationships when a system is closer to tipping or by ensuring that restoration effort is sufficient to tip a system into the desired regime.

关键词： critical transition ecosystem-based management marine spatial planning nonlinear relationships restoration ecology stakeholder engagement

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Analysis of direct operating cost of wide-body passenger aircraft: A parametric study based on Hong Kong

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2019年第5期32卷 1222-1243页

作者： Minwoo LEE larry K.b.LI Wenbin SONG Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Analysis of the Direct Operating Cost(DOC) of aircraft is an important step towards achieving financially sustainable aviation operations. However, the value of the DOC for different aircraft types and flight scenarios is not widely available. In this study, we perform a systematic analysis of the DOC of every wide-body passenger aircraft currently in production, using the method of the Association of European Airlines(AEA). The elements of the DOC, e.g. financial costs, maintenance costs, and flight costs, are evaluated individually. Several realistic flight scenarios are considered, each with differences in route distance, fuel price, passenger number, and seating arrangement. For each flight scenario, the most cost-efficient aircraft type is identified and evaluated in the context of operations from Hong Kong International Airport. The information provided in this study could be useful to airline operators and policy makers.

关键词： Association of European Airlines(AEA) method Aviation economics Cost efficiency Direct Operating Cost Wide-body aircraft

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Contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning:a non-equilibrium thermodynamic perspective

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Journal of Arid Land 2011年第1期3卷 71-74页

作者： Amit CHAKRAbORTY b larry LI Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of California XIEG-UCR International Center for Arid Land Ecology University of California

Ecosystem stays far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Through the interactions among biotic and abiotic components, and encompassing physical environments, ecosystem forms a dissipative struc- ture that allows it to dissipate energy continuously and thereby remains functional over time. biotic regulation of energy and material fluxes in and out of the ecosystem allows it to maintain a homeostatic state which corresponds to a self-organized state emerged in a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system. While the associated self-organizational processes approach to homeostatic state, entropy （a measure of irre- versibility） degrades and dissipation of energy increases. We propose here that at a homeostatic state of ecosystem, biodiversity which includes both phenotypic and functional diversity, attains optimal values. As long as biodiversity remains within its optimal range, the corresponding homeostatic state is maintained. However, while embedded environmental conditions fluctuate along the gradient of accelerating changes, phenotypic diversity and functional diversity contribute inversely to the associated self-organizing proc- esses. Furthermore, an increase or decrease in biodiversity outside of its optimal range makes the eco- system vulnerable to transition into a different state.

关键词： ecosystem self-organization non-equilibrium thermodynamics functional diversity phenotypic diversity

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Spatial organization of multiple plant species in arid ecosystems:linking patterns and processes

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Journal of Arid Land 2010年第1期2卷 9-13页

作者： Amit CHAKRAbORTY b.larry LI Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of California Center for Conservation biology University of California XIEG-UCR International Center for Arid Land Ecology University of California

Spatial organization of multiple plant species that appears as a non-random distribution of vegetative patches is one of the mostly observed spatial patterns in arid ecosystems. Yet understanding of ecological processes allowing this spatial pattern to emerge through interspecific interactions is still lacking. With a proposed conceptual model involving interspecific trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonization ability, we have argued that within patch abundance dynamics regulated by the mechanisms of competition are strongly influenced by the between patches colonization dynamics that are maintained via this trade-offs and it holds a positive, intraspecific occupancy-abundance relationship, in which increased patch occupancy increases species density within inhabiting patches. In a constant environment, while local abundance dynamics approach toward a stable equilibrium point, a fixed spatial arrangement of species can be retained through this coupled dynamics. However, in fluctuating environments where existence of such stable equilibriums is highly uncertain, it may involve continuous transitions from one community state to another as species re-organized themselves over space through the rapid changes in local species abundances. While some of the inhabiting patches are destroyed exogenously or endogenously, or species responses to increasing environmental fluctuations vary increasingly with time, discontinuous transitions into an abrupt, irreversible state of the community dynamics may occur, as with this effect the inherent positive relationship between occupancy and abundance of species is no longer maintained.

关键词： spatial organization competition-colonization tradeoffs spatial coexistence occupancy-abundance relationship

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生态模型在河口管理中的应用研究综述

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水科学进展 2015年第5期26卷 739-751页

作者：申霞 b.larry LI 南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室江苏南京210029 Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory University of California at Riverside

河口作为河流和海洋的交汇地,具有生态交错带特性,其在自然和人类活动双重压力下发生着演变。生态模型是研究生态系统结构、功能及其时空演变规律以及生物过程对于生态系统的影响及其反馈机制的重要手段。采用不同方法对生态模型进行分... 详细信息

河口作为河流和海洋的交汇地,具有生态交错带特性,其在自然和人类活动双重压力下发生着演变。生态模型是研究生态系统结构、功能及其时空演变规律以及生物过程对于生态系统的影响及其反馈机制的重要手段。采用不同方法对生态模型进行分类,综述各类生态模型的特性、优缺点及应用领域。讨论建模过程中模型变量与函数、模型整合及时空尺度、模型参数取值及不确定等关键技术问题。分析各类生态模型在河口生态工程设计、生态系统修复、生态系统评价、系统决策支持等管理领域的应用。尽管中国河口生态模型构建及应用已有一些成果,但与国外相比,在理论生态学及数据积累方面仍有一定差距。

关键词：河口生态系统生态模型分类时空尺度人类活动海岸带综合管理

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Probiotic supplementation decreases intestinal transit time: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第29期19卷 4718-4725页

作者： larry E Miller Arthur C Ouwehand Miller Scientific Consulting Inc. Arden NC 28704 United States DuPont Nutrition and Health FIN-02460 Kantvik Finland

AIM: To determine the efficacy of probiotic supplementation on intestinal transit time (ITT) and to identify factors that influence these outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotic supplementation that measured ITT in adults was conducted by searching MEDLINE and EMbASE using relevant combinations. Main search limits included RCTs of probiotic supplementation in healthy or constipated adults that measured ITT. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. A random effects meta-analysis was performed with standardized mean difference (SMD) of ITT between probiotic and control groups as the primary outcome. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the impact of moderator variables on ITT SMD. RESULTS: A total of 11 clinical trials with 13 treatment effects representing 464 subjects were included in this analysis. Probiotic supplementation was associated with decreased ITT in relation to controls, with an SMD of 0.40 (95%CI: 0.20-0.59, P bjects (r 2 = 23%, P biotics in meta-regression. Subgroup analyses demonstrated statistically greater reductions in ITT with probiotics in subjects with vs without constipation and in older vs younger subjects [both SMD: 0.59 (95%CI: 0.39-0.79) vs 0.17 (95%CI: -0.08-0.42), P = 0.01]. Medium to large treatment effects were identified with bifidobacterium Lactis (b. lactis ) HN019 (SMD: 0.72, 95%CI: 0.27-1.18, P b. lactis DN-173 010 (SMD: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.15-0.94, P bination products yielded small treatment effects. CONCLUSION: Overall, short-term probiotic supplementation decreases ITT with consistently greater treatment effects identified in constipated or older adults and with certain probiotic strains.

关键词： Constipation Gastrointestinal Intestinal transit time Meta-analysis Probiotics

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美国煤矿废弃地的生态修复

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生态学报 2011年第1期31卷 276-285页

作者：张成梁 b.larry Li 轻工业环境保护研究所北京100089 山西省林业科学研究院太原030012 University of California RiversideCA 92521-0124U.S.A.

在对美国煤矿废弃地生态修复项目实地考察的基础上,结合相关文献资料,介绍了其煤矿废弃地生态修复的管理体系、资金来源及使用\技术路线及保障措施。结合实例介绍了美国煤矿废弃地生态修复的工程措施,并重点介绍了"师法自然生态修复法"... 详细信息

在对美国煤矿废弃地生态修复项目实地考察的基础上,结合相关文献资料,介绍了其煤矿废弃地生态修复的管理体系、资金来源及使用\技术路线及保障措施。结合实例介绍了美国煤矿废弃地生态修复的工程措施,并重点介绍了"师法自然生态修复法"的新理念及其指导下的生态修复设计和生态修复工程建设。"师法自然生态修复法"是基于地形、地貌、水文、气象、气候等条件,模拟自然的生态修复过程。"师法自然生态修复法"将会对我国的生态修复产生积极而深远的影响。

关键词： “师法自然生态修复法” 废弃地煤矸石

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Dreamweaver 3从入门到精通

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2000年

作者：（美）David crowder （美）Rhonda crowder 毕建明杜昱等译

本书介绍了Dreamweaver 3的概貌，如何使用Dreamweaver的基本技术，Dreamweaver 3高级技术领域，Fireworks和图像映射、动画等内容。

ISBN: (纸本)7505361198

本书介绍了Dreamweaver 3的概貌，如何使用Dreamweaver的基本技术，Dreamweaver 3高级技术领域，Fireworks和图像映射、动画等内容。

关键词：制作网页软件工具

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Cascade effects of crop species richness on the diversity of pest insects and their natural enemies

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2014年第7期57卷 718-725页

作者： SHI PeiJian HUI Cang MEN XingYuan ZHAO ZiHua OUYANG Fang GE Feng JIN XianShi CAO HaiFeng LI b.larry State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries Ministry of AgricultureYellow Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Centre for Invasion biology Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch University Institute of Plant Protection Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory University of California

Understanding how plant species richness influences the diversity of herbivorous and predatory/parasitic arthropods is central to community *** explore the effects of crop species richness on the diversity of pest insects and their natural *** data from a four-year experiment with five levels of crop species richness,we found that crop species richness significantly affected the pest species richness,but there were no significant effects on richness of the pests’natural *** contrast,the species richness of pest insects significantly affected their natural *** findings suggest a cascade effect where trophic interactions are strong between adjacent trophic levels,while the interactions between connected but nonadjacent trophic levels are weakened by the intermediate trophic *** crop species richness resulted in a more stable arthropod community compared with communities in monoculture *** results highlight the complicated cross-trophic interactions and the crucial role of crop diversity in the food webs of agro-ecosystems.

关键词： trophic level stability generalized additive model monoculture polyculture

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RhizoVision Crown:An Integrated Hardware and Software Platform for Root Crown Phenotyping

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Plant Phenomics 2020年第1期2卷 25-39页

作者： Anand Seethepalli Haichao Guo Xiuwei Liu Marcus Griffiths Hussien Almtarfi Zenglu Li Shuyu Liu Alina Zare Felix b.Fritschi Elison b.blancaflor Xue-Feng Ma larry M.York Noble Research Institute LLC2510 Sam Noble ParkwayArdmoreOK 73401USA Division of Plant Sciences University of MissouriColumbiaMO 65201USA Crop and Soil Sciences University of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Texas A&M University SystemAmarilloTX 79106USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32601USA

Root crown phenotyping measures the top portion of crop root systems and can be used for marker-assisted breeding,genetic mapping,and understanding how roots influence soil resource *** imaging protocols and image analysis programs exist,but they are not optimized for high-throughput,repeatable,and robust root crown *** RhizoVision Crown platform integrates an imaging unit,image capture software,and image analysis software that are optimized for reliable extraction of measurements from large numbers of root *** hardware platform utilizes a backlight and a monochrome machine vision camera to capture root crown *** RhizoVision Imager and RhizoVision Analyzer are free,open-source software that streamline image capture and image analysis with intuitive graphical user *** RhizoVision Analyzer was physically validated using copper wire,and features were extensively validated using 10,464 groundtruth simulated images of dicot and monocot root *** platform was then used to phenotype soybean and wheat root crowns.A total of 2,799 soybean(Glycine max)root crowns of 187 lines and 1,753 wheat(Triticum aestivum)root crowns of 186 lines were *** component analysis indicated similar correlations among features in both *** maximum heritability was 0.74 in soybean and 0.22 in wheat,indicating that differences in species and populations need to be *** integrated RhizoVision Crown platform facilitates high-throughput phenotyping of crop root crowns and sets a standard by which open plant phenotyping platforms can be benchmarked.

关键词： crown utilize intuitive

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