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Identifying contextual determinants of problems in tuberculosis care provision in South Africa: a theory-generating case study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第3期10卷 82-94页

作者： Jamie Murdoch Robyn Curran Andre Jvan Rensburg Ajibola Awotiwon Audry Dube Max Bachmann Inge Petersen lara fairall School of Health Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK. University of Cape Town Lung Institute Knowledge Translation UnitUniversity of Cape TownMowbray 7700South Africa Centre for Rural Health University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa Norwich Medical School University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK. King's Global Health Institute King's College LondonLondon SE19NHUK. Knowledge Translation Unit Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape Town Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape TownMowbray 7700South Africa.

Background:Despite progress towards End TB Strategy targets for reducing tuberculosis(TB)incidence and deaths by 2035,South Africa remains among the top ten high-burden tuberculosis countries globally.A large challenge lies in how policies to improve detection,diagnosis and treatment completion interact with social and structural drivers *** understanding and theoretical development of the contextual determinants of problems inTB care is required for developing effective *** article reports findings from the pre-implementation phase of a study ofTB care in South Africa,contributing to HeAlth System StrEngThening in Sub-Saharan Africa(ASSET)-a five-year research programme developing and evaluating health system strengthening interventions in sub-Saharan *** study aimed to develop hypothetical propositions regarding contextual determinants of problems inTB care to inform intervention development to reduce TB deaths and incidence whilst ensuring the delivery of quality integrated,person-centred ***:Theory-building case study design using the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions(CICI)framework to identify contextual determinants of problems in TB *** February and November 2019,we used mixed methods in six public-sector primary healthcare facilities and one public-sector hospital serving impoverished urban and rural communities in the Amajuba District of KwaZulu-Natal Province,South *** data included stakeholder interviews,observations and documentary *** data included routine data on sputum testing andTB *** were inductively analysed and mapped onto the seven CICI contextual ***:Delayed diagnosis was caused by interactions between fragmented healthcare provision;limited resources;verticalised care;poorTB screening,sputum collection and *** nurse responsible forTB care,with limited integration ofTB with other conditions,and policy focused o

关键词： Tuberculosis Health systems strengthening Primary healthcare Person-centred care Context

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Comorbidities between tuberculosis and common mental disorders:a scoping review of epidemiological patterns and person-centred care interventions from low-to-middle income and BRICS countries

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020年第1期9卷 95-95页

作者： AndréJanse Van Rensburg Audry Dube Robyn Curran Fentie Ambaw Jamie Murdoch Max Bachmann Inge Petersen lara fairall Centre for Rural Health School of Nursing and Public HealthUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Howard CollegeBereaDurbanSouth Africa 不详

Background:There is increasing evidence that the substantial global burden of disease for tuberculosis unfolds in concert with dimensions of common mental ***-centred care holds much promise to ameliorate these comorbidities in low-to-middle income countries(LMICs)and emerging *** this end,this paper aims to review 1)the nature and extent of tuberculosis and common mental disorder comorbidity and 2)person-centred tuberculosis care in low-to-middle income countries and emerging *** text:A scoping review of 100 articles was conducted of English-language studies published from 2000 to 2019 in peer-reviewed and grey literature,using established guidelines,for each of the study *** broad tuberculosis/mental disorder comorbidities were described in the literature,namely alcohol use and tuberculosis,depression and tuberculosis,anxiety and tuberculosis,and general mental health and *** of comorbidity varied widely across countries for depression,anxiety,alcohol use and general mental *** use and tuberculosis were significantly related,especially in the context of *** initial tuberculosis diagnostic episode had substantial sociopsychological effects on service *** men tended to report higher rates of alcohol use and treatment default,women in general had worse mental health *** age and a history of mental illness were also associated with pronounced tuberculosis and mental disorder ***-centred tuberculosis care interventions were almost absent,with only one study from Nepal ***:There is an emerging body of evidence describing the nature and extent of tuberculosis and mental disorders comorbidity in low-to-middle income *** the potential of person-centred interventions,evidence is *** review highlights a pronounced need to address psychosocial comorbidities with tuberculosis in LMICs,where models of person-centred tube

关键词： Tuberculosis Mental disorder Comorbidity Person-centred care Low-to-middle income countries BRICS

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Contribution of mechanical forces to structural synaptic plasticity:insights from 3D cellular motility mechanisms

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1995-1996页

作者： Rita O.Teodoro Mafalda Ribeiro Ramos lara Carvalho iNOVA4Health NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências MédicasNMS|FCMUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal

Cells,tissues,and organs are constantly subjected to the action of mechanical forces from the extracellular environment-and the nervous system is no ***-intrinsic properties such as membrane lipid composition,abundance of mechanosensors,and cytoskeletal dynamics make cells more or less likely to sense these *** and extrinsic cues are integrated by cells and this combined information determines the rate and dynamics of membrane protrusion growth or retraction(Yamada and Sixt,2019).Cell protrusions are extensions of the plasma membrane that play crucial roles in diverse contexts such as cell migration and neuronal synapse *** the nervous system,neurons are highly dynamic cells that can change the size and number of their pre-and postsynaptic elements(called synaptic boutons and dendritic spines,respectively),in response to changes in the levels of synaptic activity through a process called *** plasticity is a hallmark of the nervous system and is present throughout our lives,being required for functions like memory formation or the learning of new motor skills(Minegishi et al.,2023;Pillai and Franze,2024).

关键词： plasticity structural mechanisms

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Reassessing the AMPK-MTORC1 balance in autophagy in the central nervous system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3209-3210页

作者： Marta García-Juan Mario Villa Irene Benito-Cuesta lara Ordónez-Gutiérrez Francisco Wandosell Centro de Biología Molecular“Severo Ochoa”(CSIC-UAM) Nicolas Cabrera 1Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain Fisiología Animal Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain Department of Clinical Neuroscience CMM Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset SolnaStockholmSweden Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Universidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas(CIBERNED) MadridSpain

Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling system,indispensable for cellular and organ development,homeostasis,and *** cellular process is evolutionarily highly conserved to quality control of many proteins and dysfunctional organelles,which finally recycle components as amino *** process is effective during normal physiology as part of anabolism and plays an additional important role during starvation(Dikic and Elazar,2018).Different types of autophagy have been chara cterized based on their dynamic,mechanism of action,target substrates,and protein *** of them are macroautophagy(hereafter called"autophagy"),microa utophagy,and chape rone-media ted autophagy(Fleming et al.,2022).

关键词： homeostasis system hereafter

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Profitability of RE-Technology Regarding the Economic Environment:A Case Study of Swiss SMEs

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Journal of Electronic Science and Technology 2018年第4期16卷 351-366页

作者： lara Thalmann Yves Hertig international institute of management in technology University of Fribourg Fribourg 1700Switzerland

Considering the important changes in the Swiss energy sector, especially in renewable energy(RE)technologies, new revenue possibilities for small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) emerge. However, the adaption of RE-technologies for Swiss enterprises relies on tangible financial returns, based on complex calculations. This article analyses business opportunities(BOs) of eight Swiss SMEs considering the net present value of RE-investments in an uncertain economic environment. We identify two profitable BOs for Swiss SMEs and three which are not profitable. Further, the article demonstrates that the profitability of such investments remains mostly positive even under economic uncertainties. Surprisingly the profitability does not change significantly if the SME receives a subsidy or not. The support instrument of the Swiss Government has not a ponderous impact on the decision to invest in RE-technologies or not. Therefore, the article emphasizes the importance of including SME in the Swiss attempt to decentralize the energy market.

关键词： Net present value renewable energy(RE)-investments sensitivity analysis small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs)

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The “PAWPER-on-a-page”: Increasing global access to a low-cost weight estimation system

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2019年第2期10卷 101-108页

作者： Mike Wells lara Nicole Goldstein Division of Emergency Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand

BACKGROUND: The PAWPER tape is one of the most accurate weight estimation systems available today, but international access to the tape is limited because it has no commercial distribution. For this reason, the "PAWPER-on-a-page" concept was devised: downloadable image fi les that allow users to print and assemble their own tapes. However, the feasibility of this method is dependent on users being able to produce accurate tapes. This study was devised to determine whether untrained participants could print and assemble the "PAWPER-on-a-page" easily and ***: Doctor and nurse volunteers downloaded the "PAWPER-on-a-page" and "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" image files and printed copies on a home-printer and also at a commercial printer. One copy of each tape was then assembled according to instructions from an online video. The accuracy of printing and assembly, the time taken for assembly and the cost were then ***: There were 32 participants. The median time for assembly was 8 minutes 19 seconds and 7 minutes 31 seconds for the "PAWPER-on-a-page" and "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" respectively, with a median cost of USD 0.09 and USD 1.00 respectively. For the assembled tapes, 71.9% of the "PAWPER-on-a-page" tapes and 65.6% of the "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" achieved the required accuracy of 0.2%. Printing errors, related to scaling, were common, but easily ***: The "PAWPER-on-a-page" system can be easily, quickly, affordably and accurately printed and assembled by end users. Stringent double checking of the printed and fully assembled tapes is essential to ensure accuracy.

关键词： PAWPER tape Weight estimation Paediatric emergency care

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Use of improved cold-finger technique to assess effects of basicity on heat transfer through solidified mold flux

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2019年第4期26卷 393-402页

作者： Karina lara Santos Assis Petrus Christiaan Pistorius Department of Materials Science and Engineering Center for Iron and Steelmaking ResearchCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh 15213PAUSA

Cold-finger measurements were used to estimate the contact resistance and average thermal conductivity of mold flux films solidified on a water-cooled copper *** industrial mold fluxes,with basicities from low to high,were *** steady-state rate of convective heat transfer between the solid film and liquid flux was compared with calculations based on natural convection correlations;the comparison indicates that the surface of the solid film(in contact with molten flux)is approximately at its solidus *** roughness of the mold flux film in contact with copper was larger for films grown from higher-temperature mold flux and for higher-basicity mold *** glassy(low-basicity)film had an estimated thermal conductivity of 1.1 W/(m K).The crystalline or partially crystalline films had higher estimated thermal conductivities of 2.2-3.2 W/(m K).The measured values of thermal resistance were extrapolated to typical mold flux film thicknesses for industrial conditions;the extrapolations confirmed that the high contact resistance of higher-basicity mold fluxes can yield higher thermal resistances than the low-basicity *** morphology of the rough interface of higherbasicity mold flux films that gives the higher contact resistance is consistent with that observed in previous work and appears not to be directly related to crystallization.

关键词： Mold flux Heat transfer Conduction Contact resistance-Cold-finger technique

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Neuroprotective effects of metalosalen complexes against oxidative stress

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第1期16卷 121-122页

作者： lara Rouco Marcelino Maneiro Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain

Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress:During the metabolic processes,O2 can accept unpaired electrons to form superoxide radical species(O2^·–),which are able to generate hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)with a fast dismutation,therefore increasing the hydroxyl radical(HO^·)*** species and other radicals(·OOH,ROO^·,RO^·,CO3^·–),which can be produced through a sequence of reactions,constitute the designated reactive species of oxygen(ROS).Oxidative stress is caused by a disequilibrium between the ROS produced and the antioxidant defence against them(catalase enzymes,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidases,in addition to other non-enzymatic antioxidants,such asα-tocopherol,ascorbic acid and carotenes).

关键词： oxidative complexes radical

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Development and screening of(Ca-P-Si-F)-PEO coatings for biodegradability control of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第8期10卷 2220-2237页

作者： lara Moreno Marta Mohedano Raul Arrabal Endzhe Matykina Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain

PEO coatings were developed on MgZnxCayalloys for biomedical applications using different treatment times and a novel transparent electrolyte containing Ca,P,Si and *** characteristics and chemical composition of studied materials were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and optical *** investigations were performed for uncoated and coated materials using potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hydrogen evolution measurements in three media(0.9wt.%NaCl,α-MEM and inorganic part ofα-MEM).Findings revealed that Zn-rich intermetallics favour the formation of large voids in the ***,P,F and Si are successfully incorporated into the *** consist of crystalline phases(Mg O,Mg F_(2)and Ca,Si-rich compounds)and amorphous *** and organic components ofα-MEM solution accelerate corrosion of the bare substrates but have no significant influence on the corrosion resistance of coated ***,inorganicα-MEM can be considered as an appropriate medium for fast screening of PEO *** relatively small amount of F content in the barrier layer facilitates early failure of the coatings,which show undercoating ***-rich intermetallic particles in the undercoating crevice induce a more aggressive corrosive environment and enhanced micro-galvanic couple effect with the Mg *** leads to faster degradation of the coated alloys compared to the bare substrates.

关键词： Magnesium Biomaterials Plasma electrolytic oxidation Corrosion

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Equity issues and the PeCUS index:an indirect analysis of community severance

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2020年第4期23卷 293-304页

作者： Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez lara Antonio Nelson Rodrigues da Silva Department of Transportation Engineering São Carlos School of EngineeringUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil

Urban barriers are often a consequence of the unplanned expansion of transport infrastructures,housing growth nearby existing transport infrastructures,and the vehicular traffic *** process,also known as“community severance”,is a problem that affects the travel patterns of the population and causes negative impacts to adjacent communities,but it is not easy to *** an alternative to the costly technologies and restricted-access data sometimes used to analyze urban barriers,we propose an analytical approach that assesses community severance levels by classifying the quality of Pedestrian Crossings on Urban Streets(the PeCUS index).Additionally,the approach is used to identify possible inequities nearby the different classification groups regarding demographic *** used the chi-square(χ^(2))test of independence and the standardized Pearson residuals to indicate deficits and excesses of residents regarding the demographic characteristics studied surrounding the urban *** found the following evidences of associations:residents with low-income or those aged up to 19 tend to live close to the worst crossings,whereas residents with permanent mobility constraints or the elderly tend to live near the crossings with the best ***,the study shows that the assessment of community severance by the analysis of the PeCUS index is ***,it reveals that the distribution of residents surrounding the distinct classes of quality of crossings is equitable for vulnerable social groups,except for low-income or young residents.

关键词： Community severance transport barriers pedestrian crossings equity open data geographic information systems(GIS)

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