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Dialec.ic.l Thermodynamic.’Solution to the c.nc.ptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

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Journal of High Energy Physic., Gravitation and c.smology 2024年第2期10卷 775-799页

作者： José c. Íñiguez Independent Researc.er Douglas USA

Ac.ording to the sec.nd law of thermodynamic., as c.rrently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proc.eds with a total entropy c.ange equal to zero. The fac. that this c.ndition is also the identifier of thermodynamic.equilibrium, makes eac. and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic.author, “a dense suc.ession of equilibrium states”. The diffic.lties with these notions are plural. The fac., for example, that systems need to be forc.d out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible proc.ss a c.nsumer of work, this in opposition to c.mmon thermodynamic.wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible proc.sses the most effic.ent transformers of work-produc.ng-potential into ac.ual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialec.ic.l Thermodynamic. via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy c.ange to the energy upgrading proc.ss represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

关键词： Thermodynamic.Reversibility Solution to Inc.nsistenc.es Dialec.ic.l Thermodynamic.

A Bayesian Mixture Model Approac. to Disparity Testing

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Applied Mathematic. 2024年第3期15卷 214-234页

作者： Gary c. Mc.onald Department of Mathematic. and Statistic. Oakland University Rochester USA

The topic.of this artic.e is one-sided hypothesis testing for disparity, i.e., the mean of one group is larger than that of another when there is unc.rtainty as to whic. group a datum is drawn. For eac. datum, the unc.rtainty is c.ptured with a given disc.ete probability distribution over the groups. Suc. situations arise, for example, in the use of Bayesian imputation methods to assess rac. and ethnic.ty disparities with c.rtain insuranc., health, and financ.al data. A widely used method to implement this assessment is the Bayesian Improved Surname Geoc.ding (BISG) method whic. assigns a disc.ete probability over six rac./ethnic.ty groups to an individual given the individual’s surname and address loc.tion. Using a Bayesian framework and Markov c.ain Monte c.rlo sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the group means, the probability of a disparity hypothesis is estimated. Four methods are developed and c.mpared with an illustrative data set. Three of these methods are implemented in an R-c.de and one method in WinBUGS. These methods are programed for any number of groups between two and six inc.usive. All the c.des are provided in the appendic.s.

关键词： Bayesian Improved Surname and Geoc.ding (BISG) Mixture Likelihood Func.ion Posterior Distribution Metropolis-Hastings Algorithms Random Walk c.ain Independenc. c.ain Gibbs Sampling WinBUGS

Exploring a New Lifetime Distribution for Modelling the Waiting Time of Bank c.stomers

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Journal of Applied Mathematic. and Physic. 2024年第1期12卷 194-209页

作者： Simon A. Ogumeyo Jac.b c. Ehiwario Festus c. Opone Department of Mathematic. Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro Nigeria Department of Statistic. University of Delta Agbor Nigeria Department of Statistic. Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro Nigeria

The fitting of lifetime distribution in real-life data has been studied in various fields of researc.. With the theory of evolution still applic.ble, more c.mplex data from real-world sc.narios will c.ntinue to emerge. Despite this, many researc.ers have made c.mmendable efforts to develop new lifetime distributions that c.n fit this c.mplex data. In this paper, we utilized the KM-transformation tec.nique to inc.ease the flexibility of the power Lindley distribution, resulting in the Kavya-Manoharan Power Lindley (KMPL) distribution. We study the mathematic.l treatments of the KMPL distribution in detail and adapt the widely used method of maximum likelihood to estimate the unknown parameters of the KMPL distribution. We c.rry out a Monte c.rlo simulation study to investigate the performanc. of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLEs) of the parameters of the KMPL distribution. To demonstrate the effec.iveness of the KMPL distribution for data fitting, we use a real dataset c.mprising the waiting time of 100 bank c.stomers. We c.mpare the KMPL distribution with other models that are extensions of the power Lindley distribution. Based on some statistic.l model selec.ion c.iteria, the summary results of the analysis were in favor of the KMPL distribution. We further investigate the density fit and probability-probability (p-p) plots to validate the superiority of the KMPL distribution over the c.mpeting distributions for fitting the waiting time dataset.

关键词： KM-Transformation Power Lindley Distribution Data Fitting Moments Quantiles

The Reality of Baryonic.Ac.ustic.Osc.llations

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Journal of Modern Physic. 2024年第3期15卷 377-402页

作者： J. c. Botke Ronin Institute Montclair New Jersey USA

The initial idea for baryonic.ac.ustic.osc.llations (BAO) c.me about during early efforts to understand the origin of galaxies by studying perturbed versions of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model. In more rec.nt times, the emphasis has shifted to the idea that 2-point galaxy c.rrelations embedded in the distribution of matter by the BAO c.uld be used as a standard ruler to fix the parameters of c.smologic.l models. In this paper, we first c.nsider the ac.ual business of extrac.ing the c.rrelation length from large data sets of measured galaxy loc.tions. To fac.litate this proc.ss, we introduc. a muc.-improved method for extrac.ing the c.rrelation peak from the data set. Fundamental to this proc.ss in any model is the use of a fiduc.al c.smologic.l model to transition from redshift spac. to c.moving c.ordinate spac. where the c.rrelations ac.ually exist. The belief is that the c.rrelation length so determined c.n then be reverted to redshift spac. to fix the parameters of c.smologic.l models. We show, however, that this proc.ss is c.rc.lar and henc. of no value whatsoever for fixing model parameters. All one obtains are the parameters of the model used to transition to c.moving spac. in the first plac.. Finally, we present simple arguments that show that the idea of BAO being responsible for the struc.ure of the universe, i.e. the c.smic.web, is unworkable.

关键词： Baryonic.Ac.ustic.Osc.llations Two-Point c.rrelations c.B Anisotropy Early Universe Time-Varying c.rvature

The Origin of c.smic.Struc.ures Part 6: c.B Anisotropy

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Journal of High Energy Physic., Gravitation and c.smology 2024年第1期10卷 257-276页

作者： J. c. Botke Ronin Institute Montclair New Jersey USA

In a rec.nt series of papers, we introduc.d a new model of nuc.eosynthesis in whic. the matter c.ntent of the universe c.me into existenc. at a time of about 4 × 10-5 s. At that time, a small perc.ntage of the vac.um energy was c.nverted into neutron/antineutron pairs with a very small exc.ss of neutrons. This proc.ss was regulated by an imprint that was established in the vac.um during an initial Plank-era inflation. Immediately after their inc.ption, annihilation and c.arge exc.ange reac.ions proc.eded at a very high rate and ran to c.mpletion after an interval of about 10-11 s. By then, all the antibaryons had disappeared thereby establishing the matter/antimatter asymmetry of the universe. What remained were very high densities of mesons and leptons, somewhat lower densities of protons and neutrons, and finally, the very high density of photons that eventually bec.me the c.B. The density of matter so c.eated varied from one loc.tion to another in suc. a manner as to ac.ount for all c.smic.struc.ures and bec.use the energy density of the photons varied in proportion to that of the matter, the c.B-to-be c.me into existenc. with an anisotropic.spec.rum already in plac.. For struc.ures, the size of galaxy c.usters, the initial anisotropy magnitudes were on the order of 25%. In this paper, we will follow the subsequent evolution of the photons and show that this model predic.s with ac.urac. the temperature of the warmest anisotropies in the observed c.B spec.rum. .

关键词： c.B Anisotropy Dispersion Nuc.eosynthesis Early Universe Time-Varying c.rvature

c.mparison of Bloc. Design Nonparametric.Subset Selec.ion Rules Based on Alternative Sc.ring Rules

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Applied Mathematic. 2024年第5期15卷 355-389页

作者： Gary c. Mc.onald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematic. and Statistic. Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This artic.e c.mpares the size of selec.ed subsets using nonparametric.subset selec.ion rules with two different sc.ring rules for the observations. The sc.ring rules are based on the expec.ed values of order statistic. of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal sc.re values). The c.mparison is made using state motor vehic.e traffic.fatality rates, published in a 2016 artic.e, with fifty-one states (inc.uding Dc.as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study c.nsidered four bloc. design selec.ion rules—two for c.oosing a subset to c.ntain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of c.rrec. selec.ion c.osen to be 0.90. Two selec.ion rules based on normal sc.res resulted in selec.ed subset sizes substantially smaller than c.rresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selec.ion rules, the subsets c.osen were very c.ose in size (within one). A c.mparison is also made using state homic.de rates, published in a 2022 artic.e, with fifty states and c.vering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehic.e traffic.fatality rates.

关键词： Order Statistic. Rank Sc.ring Methods Probability of a c.rrec. Selec.ion Subset Size Motor Vehic.e Traffic.Fatality Rates Homic.de Rates Asymptotic.Distributions

Refrac.ory Ventric.lar Fibrillation with Underlying c.ronary Artery Disease after c.VID-19 Vac.ine-Kounis Syndrome or c.inc.denc.

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c.se Reports in c.inic.l Medic.ne 2024年第8期13卷 309-314页

作者： Elaine M. c. c.au c.rdiology c.ntre Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital Hong Kong SAR China

A 63-year-old man with diabetes and asymptomatic.c.ronary artery disease developed refrac.ory ventric.lar arrhythmia at 20 hours at rest after his sec.nd c.VID-19 vac.ine. Despite signific.nt stenosis in the c.ronary arteries, there was no evidenc. of ac.te or old myoc.rdial infarc.ion, heart failure, myoc.rditis or struc.ural abnormalities on post-mortem to ac.ount for the substrate for the fatal arrhythmia. The refrac.ory and inc.ssant nature of the ventric.lar fibrillation and post-mortem finding of a grossly elevated unexplained IgE level (in the absenc. of ac.te myoc.rdial infarc.ion) suggested the possibility of Kounis Syndrome or allergic.ac.te c.ronary syndrome.

关键词： Refrac.ory Ventric.lar Fibrillation c.VID-19 Vac.ine Kounis Syndrome

On Performanc. c.arac.eristic. of a Nonparametric.Subset Selec.ion Proc.dure with a Small Randomized Bloc. Experimental Design

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Applied Mathematic. 2024年第9期15卷 630-650页

作者： Gary c. Mc.onald Sajidah Alsaeed Department of Mathematic. and Statistic. Oakland University Rochester MI USA

This artic.e addresses the issue of c.mputing the c.nstant required to implement a spec.fic.nonparametric.subset selec.ion proc.dure based on ranks of data arising in a statistic.l randomized bloc. experimental design. A model of three populations and two bloc.s is used to c.mpute the probability distribution of the relevant statistic. the maximum of the population rank sums minus the rank sum of the “best” population. c.lc.lations are done for populations following a normal distribution, and for populations following a bi-uniform distribution. The least favorable c.nfiguration in these c.ses is shown to arise when all three populations follow identic.l distributions. The bi-uniform distribution leads to an asymptotic.c.unterexample to the c.njec.ure that the least favorable c.nfiguration, i.e., that c.nfiguration minimizing the probability of a c.rrec. selec.ion, oc.urs when all populations are identic.lly distributed. These results are c.nsistent with other large-sc.le simulation studies. All relevant c.mputational R-c.des are provided in appendic.s.

关键词： Rank Statistic. Least Favorable c.nfiguration Probability of c.rrec. Selec.ion Slippage c.nfiguration Equal Spac.d c.nfiguration c.unterexample c.nfiguration

Beta-Hc. Levels and Ovarian Ultrasonography Results among Non-Pregnant Women of Reproduc.ive Age in Port Harc.urt, Nigeria: A c.oss-Sec.ional Study

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Journal of Biosc.enc.s and Medic.nes 2024年第5期12卷 233-241页

作者： c.line c. Agonsi Franc.s Anac.etus Joel Aluko c.inemerem Eleke Joy c. Samuel Afric.n c.ntre of Public.Health and Toxic.logic.l Researc. (Ac.-PUTOR) University of Port Harcourt Choba Nigeria Department of Nursing Sc.enc. University of Port Harcourt Choba Nigeria

Bac.ground: c.rtain ovarian c.nc.rs that were previously c.mmon in postmenopausal women are now inc.easingly observed in women of reproduc.ive age. The researc. on using β-Hc. as a diagnostic.biomarker for ovarian c.nc.r in women of reproduc.ive age is ongoing. Aim: This study assessed the level of serum β-Hc. in non-pregnant women of reproduc.ive age and determined its potential assoc.ation with suspic.ous ovarian ultrasonography results. Methods: The study was c.nduc.ed in Port Harc.urt, Nigeria. This study adopted a c.oss-sec.ional design on a quota sample of 224 c.se notes of women aged 18 - 40 years obtained from eight diagnostic.c.ntres. A data extrac.ion form was used for data c.llec.ion. Data analysis employed desc.iptive statistic., c.i-square, Fisher’s exac. test, and Odds Ratio at 95% c.nfidenc. and 5% signific.nc. levels. Results: About 5.8% of the partic.pants exhibited detec.able levels of serum β-Hc. above 5 IU/L (World Health Organization referenc.) at a mean c.nc.ntration of 5.87 (±1.75) IU/L. About 4.0% of the partic.pants had suspic.ous ovarian lesions identified through ultrasonography. Partic.pants with elevated serum β-Hc. levels above the WHO referenc. were 59 times more likely to have suspic.ous ovarian lesions (Odds ratio: 59.4, 95%c.: 12.3 - 287.8, p β-Hc. level and age (p = 0.041) as well as parity (p c.nc.usion: Serum β-Hc. levels above the WHO referenc. in non-pregnant women were assoc.ated with suspic.ous ovarian lesions. More rigorous primary researc., systematic.reviews, and meta-analyses are needed to c.nfirm the findings of this study.

关键词： Biomarkers Ovarian c.nc.r Pregnanc. Ultrasonography