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Comparative Water Efficiency Analysis of Sole and Multiple Cropping Systems under Tunnel Farming in Punjab-Pak.stan

Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2020年第6期12卷 455-471页

作者： Hina Fatima lal k. almas Sehrish Haroon Department of Finance and Economics Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Karachi Pakistan Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences West Texas A & M University Canyon TX USA Department of Public Administration Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan

Water scarcity is the growing concern of present times, requiring its efficient utilization deemed as necessity. Rapidly growing population has significantly exerted pressure on its demand, in Pak.stan. In order to fulfill it, all factors of production are required to be used in the possibly most efficient way. Good quality and quantity of water are the growing concerns of producers in Pak.stan and around the globe. The efficient water utilization is crucial to optimize the farm returns under the selected sole and multiple cropping systems. This study considered the water efficiency analysis of multiple and sole cropping systems, with the aim of finding out cropping patterns more efficient in terms of water utilization in Pak.stan. In order to estimate the water efficiency analysis, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is run to find out the water efficient cropping systems among sole and multiple cropping systems. The Tobit analysis is also used to find out the factors affecting the water efficiency of selected farms in the study area. The results of the study report an inefficient water usage in terms of irrigation, the inefficient use of water instigates the wastage of one of the most important as well as scarce farm inputs especially water, in case of multiple cropping system. Around 51% and 13% of water inefficiency are present under multiple and sole cropping systems, respectively. Basin irrigation is the method for irrigation, used by the farmers of the study area approximating to be 95% - 97%. It is one of the most conventional and least efficient methods of irrigation. Only 2.67 and 4.67 percent of farms were using the Furrow irrigation method, which is way more efficient and steady as compared to Basin irrigation method, respectively. It appears as a requirement that the most efficient methods regarding water application in Pak.stan should be recognized. Lack.of management in wate

关键词： Water Efficiency Irrigated Agriculture Sole and Multiple Cropping Tun-nel Farming Punjab-Pak.stan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Tobit Analysis

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Extending the Economic Life of the Ogallala Aquifer with Water Conservation Policies in the Texas Panhandle

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第3期9卷 255-270页

作者： lal k. almas Bridget L. Guerrero David G. Lust Hina Fatima Rachna Tewari Robert Taylor Department of Agricultural Sciences West Texas A & M University Canyon TX USA Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan Department of Agriculture Geosciences and Natural Resources The University of Tennessee at Martin Martin TN USA Institutional Research & Effectiveness Clarendon College Clarendon TX USA

The continued decline in the availability of water from the Ogallala Aquifer in the Texas Panhandle has led to an increased interest in conservation policies designed to extend the life of the aquifer and sustain rural economies. Four counties were chosen for evaluation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of five policies in terms of changes in the saturated thick.ess, crop mix, water use per acre, and the net present value of farm profits over a 60-year planning horizon. The dynamic optimization models were developed using GAMS for the baseline as well as one for all five of the policy alternatives for each county. Results indicate that the policy scenarios of biotechnology adoption and a water use restriction will conserve the most water among the policies analyzed. In terms of economic returns, the biotechnology adoption policy by far provides the greatest benefit to producers due to yield increases that are estimated with current annual growth rates in new seed varieties. The water use restriction policy, on the other hand, has the lowest net present value of returns, indicating that conservation is accompanied with significant costs to producers. The irrigation adoption technology scenario is the next best policy in terms of net present value of returns (following biotechnology);however, it rank. last in terms of reducing aquifer depletion. It is important to note that while the models do not perfectly predict the factors being evaluated, it is the basis for comparison between the policy scenarios which are important. These comparisons will aid policy mak.rs in determining the most effective strategy to conserve water while simultaneously considering the economic costs to producers. In addition, the results of this study can be applied to other areas facing similar conditions, either currently or in the future, throughout the Texas Panhandle.

关键词： Groundwater Conservation Irrigated Agriculture Ogallala Aquifer Texas Panhandle Water Management Policy

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