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Paradigm and Ecological Implication of Changing Agricultural Land-use:A Case study from Govind Wildlife sanctuary,Central Himalaya,India

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Journal of Mountain science 2012年第4期9卷 547-557页

作者： Vikram s.NEGI Rakesh K.MAIKHURI lakhpat s.rawat G.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Kosi-KatarmalAlmora UttarakhandIndia G.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Garhwal unitSrinagar GarhwalUttarakhandIndia

The paper scrutinizes that the changes in any sub-system(***,livestock and forest) have direct impact on biophysical and social processes in village ecosystem of the central Himalayan *** view of this,we studied the changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use and dependency of agroecosystem on forest and animal husbandry over a period of two *** on data analysis it was found that the cultivation of some traditional crops has either been abandoned in the area or declined by 25%-85% due to introduction of cash crops viz.,potato,kidney bean and apple farming with acreage increased up to 51%-72% in the last three *** population of different categories has declined drastically by 17%-75%,and has resulted shortage of farmyard manure,deterioration of soil quality and fertility which leads to un-sustainability of agriculture *** changes in agrobiodiversity have led to the dramatic increase in soil loss and runoff from the croplands together with the increase pressure on *** economic evaluation of each crop showed higher monetary benefit from cash crops as compared to traditional *** all the evaluated crops,the monetary output/input ratio was found highest(3.04) for kidney bean and lowest(1.26) for *** in land use and management have improved household income but at the cost of forest degradation,less productive animal husbandry and loss of agrodiversity in the ***,there is an urgent need to bring desirable changes in agricultural policy,research,land use and efficient management of the resources for maintaining sustainability in agro and Himalayan forest ecosystem.

关键词： Forest Animal husbandry Cash crop Traditional agrodiversity sustainability

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Ecological status and Uses of Juniper species in the Cold Desert Environment of the Lahaul Valley, North-western Himalaya, India

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Journal of Mountain science 2012年第5期9卷 676-686页

作者： Yashwant s.rawat Colin s.EVERsON school of Agricultural Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal

The juniper species Juniperus polycarpos C. Koch, J. indica Bertol. and J. communis L. var. saxatilis （Pallas） are important elements of the forest vegetation in Lahaul valley in the north-western Himalaya. Their ability to grow under the barren and xeric conditions of cold deserts makes them particularly suited for afforestation programmes under these eeologieal conditions. In the Lahaul valley, juniper species are used as subsistence resources and for religious purposes. Excessive removal of juniper wood and leaves by the local population, overgrazing, habitat fragmentation and low regeneration potential are the main obstacles to eonservation of juniper forests in this region. The present study was carried out to assess density, basal area and importance value index （WI） of the local vegetation as well as uses and amounts of juniper wood and leaves removed from the local forests. Pressure on relict juniper forests due to grazing animals and intensive removal of wood and leaves by the loeal population was found to be greater at an altitude above 3,00o m. The results of the study demonstrated that the different juniper speeies were adapted to specific altitude ranges. A higher species density was recorded at lower altitude except for J. indica which was only present at high altitude （〉3,200 m） on south-facing slopes. Density, basal area and IVI of J. polycarpos were higher at Hinsa （2,7oo m） than at Jahlma （3,000 m）. The rapid loss of vegetation due to overuse and habitat degradation has made the eonservation of juniper forests an important priority in the Lahaul valley. J. polycarpos at loweraltitude and J. indica at higher altitude are ecologically the more suitable species for the successful implementation of conservation programmes. The support of rehabilitation programmes by regional authorities is essential for the reestablishment of the local juniper forests.

关键词： Juniper Distribution Utilization Pattern Agroforestry Forest Conservation

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Availability and Use of Willow species in Representative Cold Desert Areas of Northwestern Himalaya,India

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Journal of Mountain science 2013年第3期10卷 472-481页

作者： Yashwant s.rawat Colin s.EVERsON Centre for Water Resources Research School of AgriculturalEarth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZuluNatal

Willow species （salix fragilis L. and s. alba L.） are important elements of cold desert agroforestry systems in the Lahaul valley, north- western Himalaya. Their ability to grow through shoot-cuttings plantations under extreme and xeric climatic conditions of cold deserts, makes them ecologically suited and socially accepted for forestry programmes. Willow species in cold deserts may combat desertification and can thrive well in these areas as compared to any other species. salixfragilis L. and s. alba L. are under cultivation in the Lahaul valley. However, s. fragilis is widely cultivated under the agroforestry and plantation forestry systems. In the Lahaul valley, willow species are used as subsistence resources and for socio-religious purposes. The present study was carried out to examine the vegetation analysis, density, diversity and distribution of willow species, present status and potential willow plantation sites and uses. The results of present study revealed that a higher species density was recorded at middle altitude villages （Jahlma-3,ooo m asl and Hinsa-2,7oo m asl）, except, a higher density of s. fragilis was at Khoksar （3,200 m asl） in plantation forestry on south-facing slopes. In forests, s. fragilis was planted mainly along the water channels, resulted a low density. The shrubby willow species occurred naturally in the entire Lahaul valley up to an altitude of 3,850 m asl. 81% of households felt the scarcity of willow trees, whereas, 19% of households were satisfied with the willow trees they owned. The majority of willow species were planted in middle altitudes on privately owned irrigated lands. It was rated most potential prospective willow planting siteby the farmers. small size of land-holdings was one of the main constraints for establishing a large number of willow plantations. Commercial aspects of willow species need to be investigated to encourage the farmers to plant more willows further.

关键词： Willow Agroforestry Forestry speciesdiversity Himalaya

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small molecule inhibitor DDQ-treated hippocampal neuronal cells show improved neurite outgrowth and synaptic branching

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第9期20卷 2624-2632页

作者： Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran Priyanka rawat Arubala P.Reddy Erika Orlov PHemachandra Reddy Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Nutritional sciences College of Human SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA Department of Pharmacology&Neuroscience Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Neurology Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of speech Language and Hearing SciencesTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA Department of Public Health Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterLubbockTXUSA

The process of neurite outgrowth and branching is a crucial aspect of neuronal development and *** and dendrites,sometimes referred to as neurites,are extensions of a neuron's cellular body that are used to start *** we explored the effects of diethyl(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)(quinolin-4-yl)methylphosphonate(DDQ)on neurite developmental features in HT22 neuronal *** this work,we examined the protective effects of DDQ on neuronal processes and synaptic outgrowth in differentiated HT22cells expressing mutant Tau(mTau)*** investigate DDQ chara cteristics,cell viability,biochemical,molecular,western blotting,and immunocytochemistry were *** outgrowth is evaluated through the segmentation and measurement of neural *** neural processes can be seen and measured with a fluorescence microscope by manually tracing and measuring the length of the neurite *** neuronal processes can be observed and quantified with a fluorescent microscope by manually tracing and measuring the length of the neuronal ***-treated mTau-HT22 cells(HT22 cells transfected with cDNA mutant Tau)were seen to display increased levels of synaptophysin,MAP-2,andβ-***,we confirmed and noted reduced levels of both total and p-Tau,as well as elevated levels of microtubule-associated protein 2,β-tubulin,synaptophysin,vesicular acetylcholine transporter,and the mitochondrial biogenesis protein-pe roxisome prolife rator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α.In mTa u-expressed HT22 neurons,we observed DDQ enhanced the neurite characteristics and improved neurite development through increased synaptic *** findings conclude that mTa u-HT22(Alzheimer's disease)cells treated with DDQ have functional neurite developmental chara *** key finding is that,in mTa u-HT22 cells,DDQ preserves neuronal structure and may even enhance nerve development function with mTa u inhibition.

关键词： diethyl(3 4-dihydroxyphenethylamino)(quinolin-4-yl)methylphosphonate(DDQ) hippocampal neuronal cells HT22 neurite outgrowth neuronal development small molecule

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Plant studies in the first Himalayan Biosphere Reserve: a review

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Journal of Mountain science 2019年第2期16卷 351-363页

作者： Amit KUMAR Mansa sRIVAsTAV Bhupendra s.ADHIKARI Gopal s.rawat Wildlife Institute of India Forest Research Institute

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR) was declared as the first Himalayan Biosphere Reserve owing to its unique biological and cultural wealth. Its core zones, Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park, are a UNEsCO World Natural Heritage site. In spite of lying at a high altitude, interplay of factors such as unique geographical location, climate, topography and wide altitudinal variations have endowed NDBR with a rich and diverse flora. Proportionately high percentage of endemic and near endemic plants makes NDBR a very important protected area from conservation point of view. However, its floristic wealth is facing unprecedented threats in the form of climate change and growing anthropogenic pressure. Hence, a need was felt to assess the directionality, quality and sufficiency of past and ongoing research for the conservation of floral and ethnobotanical wealth of NDBR in the absence of any such previous attempt. Based on an extensive review of more than 150 plant studies on NDBR, this communication provides a detailed account of the current state of knowledge and information gaps on flora, vegetation ecology, rare, endangered, threatened(RET) and endemic plants and ethnobotany. Priority research areas and management measures are discussed for the conservation of its unique floral wealth. Incomplete floral inventorization, lack of biodiversity monitoring, meagre studies on lower plant groups, population status of medicinal plants, habitat assessment of threatened taxa and geo-spatial analysis of alpine vegetation were identified as areas of immediate concern.

关键词： Endemism Ethnobotany Nanda Devi Himalaya Threatened taxa Valley of Flowers

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Biomass production of herb species in broad leaf forests in Kumaun Himalaya,India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2010年第3期21卷 355-360,399页

作者： Geeta Kharkwal Poonam Mehrotra Yaswant s.rawat Graduate school of Environmental Earth science Hokkaido University Botany Department Kumaun University Botany Department Bundelkhand University

The study focuses on the dynamics and biomass production （g·m-2） of understory （herbaceous） plant community under broad-leaf forests consisting of Quercus leucotrichophora （Banj-oak）, Quercus floribunda （Tilonj-oak） and Quercus semicarpifolia （Kharsu-oak）, respectively in central Himalaya, India. With increasing altitudes, the den-sity and biomass decreased significantly across the three types of forests. Banj-oak forest harboured the maximum density and biomass among the other sampling sites. The mean density of herb species in two contrasting orientation differed significantly （p0.05）, showing relatively higher density on slope orientation （west）. Across the sites, total production declined significantly with increasing altitude of the sites （p0.05）, and Banj-oak forest presented the highest production.

关键词： orientation altitude forest type species composition den-sity biomass

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The Potential Contribution of Wildlife sanctuary to Forest Conservation: A Case study from Binsar Wildlife sanctuary

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Journal of Mountain science 2013年第5期10卷 854-865页

作者： Balwant rawat Vikram s.NEGI Janhvi MIsHRA rawat Lalit M.TEWARI Laxmi rawat G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Kosi-Katarmal Forest Research Institute DehradunMolecular TaxonomyBotany Division Department of Botany D.S.B. CampusKumaun University Forest Research Institute DehradunForest Ecology and Environment Division

Forest vegetation of a protected area （Binsar Wildlife sanctuary） in Kumaun region （west Himalaya） was analysed for structure, composition and representativeness across three different altitudinal belts, lower （1,6oo-1,8oo m a.s.1.）, middle （1,900-2,100 m a.s.1.） and upper （2,200-2,400 m a.s.1.） during 2oo9-2011 using standard phytosociological methods. Four aspects （east, west, north and south） in each altitudinal belt were chosen for sampling to depict maximum representation of vegetation in the sanctuary. Population structure and regeneration behaviour was analysed seasonally for two years to show the establishment and growth of tree species. A total of 147 plant species were recorded from the entire region of which 27 tree species were selected for detailed study. Highest number was recorded at upper （18 species）, and lowest at lower altitudinal belt （15 species）. The relative proportion of species richness showed higher contribution of tree layer at each altitudinal belt. The population structure, based on the number of individuals, revealed a greater proportion of seedling layer at each altitudinal belt. The relative proportion of seedlings increases significantly along altitudinal belts （p〈0.05） while opposite trends were observed in sapling and tree layers. The density of sapling and seedling species varied non-significantly across seasons （p〉0.05）. The density values decreased in summer and increased during rainy season. As far as the regeneration status is concerned, middle and upper altitudinal belts showed maximum number of species with fair regeneration as compared to lower altitudinal belt. Overall density diameter distribution of tree species showed highest species density and richness in the smallest girth class and decreased in the succeeding girth classes. This study suggests that patterns of regeneration behaviour would determine future structural and compositional changes in the forest communities. It is suggested that the compositional changes v

关键词： Altitudinal gradient Populationstructure Regeneration status West Himalaya Wildlife sanctuary.

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Net Primary Productivity and species Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Banj-oak (Quercus leucotri-chophora ***) Forest in Kumaun Himalaya,India

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Journal of Mountain science 2011年第6期8卷 787-793页

作者： Mukesh JOsHI Y.s.rawat Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Post Box-59H.N.B.Garhwal University Department of Botany Kumaun University

Net primary productivity and species diversity of herbaceous vegetation of banj-oak （Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus） forest in Kumaun Himalaya, India were analyzed. Across different growth forms （tall forbs, short forbs, cushion and spreading forbs, grasses）, short forbs were most dominant component during rainy season （1VI=152） and winter season （IVI=167） and grasses during the winter season （IVI=148）. Maximum above-ground production occurred during rainy season （132.5 g m-2） and minimum during winter season （2.8 g m-~）. Below-ground production was maximum （85.9 g m-x） during winter season and minimum （14.9 g m-x） during summer season. Annual net shoot production was 15o g m-~ and below-ground production was 138 g m-~. Of the total input 61% was channeled to above- ground parts and 39% to below-ground parts.

关键词： Biomass Diversity Net-primaryproductivity

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Game theory-based attack and defense analysis in virtual wireless networks with jammers and eavesdroppers

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Digital Communications and Networks 2021年第3期7卷 327-334页

作者： Bassma s.Alsulami Chandra Bajracharya Danda B.rawat Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer science Howard UniversityWashingtonDC20059USA Department of Electrical Engineering Capitol Technology UniversityLaurelMD20708USA

Dynamic spectrum sharing and cognitive radio networks were proposed to enhance the Radio Frequency(RF)spectrum ***,there are several challenges to realize them in real systems,such as sensing uncertainty causing issues to licensed users,business models for licensed service *** virtualization is regarded as a technology that leverages service level agreements to sublease unused or underutilized RF spectrum that addresses aforementioned issues and helps to significantly enhance the utilization of the RF spectrum,offer improved coverage and capacity of networks,enhance network security and reduce energy *** wireless virtualization,wireless networks'physical substrate is shared and reconfigured dynamically between virtual wireless networks through Mobile Virtual Network Operations(MVNOs).Wireless virtualization with dynamic configurable features of Wireless Infrastructure Providers(WIPs),virtualized wireless networks are vulnerable to a multitude of attacks,including jamming attacks and eavesdropping *** paper investigates a means of defense through the employment of coalition game theory when jammers try to degrade the signal quality of legitimate users,and eavesdroppers aim to reduce secrecy ***,we consider a virtual wireless network where MVNO users'job is to improve their signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio(sINR)while the jammers target to collectively enhance their Jammer Received signal strength(JRss),and an eavesdropper's goal is to reduce the overall secrecy *** results have demonstrated that the proposed game strategies are effective(in terms of data rate,secrecy rate and latency)against such attackers compared to the traditional approaches.

关键词： Game theory based security Virtual wireless networks Jamming and eavesdropping

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COUPLED-MODE THEORY OF TERMINAL CHARACTERIsTIC PARAMETERs FOR MULTILAYERED AND MULTICONDUCTOR LINEs

COUPLED-MODE THEORY OF TERMINAL CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS FO...

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1998 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology

作者： Kiyotoshi YAsUMOTO Mayumi MATsUNAGA Banmali s.rawat Department of Computer science and Communication Engineering Kyushu University 36 Fukuoka 812-8581Japan Department of Electrical Engineering University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557-0153U.S.A.

＜正＞Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION Multilayered and multiconductor transmission lines are widely used for many applications in the microwave and millimeter-wave integrated-circuit devices,such as filters and directional couplers. These circuits are usually designed using the impedance matrix or the scattering matrix characterizing the terminal parameters of the *** the operating frequency is relatively

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