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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Extreme Indices in Tanzania

Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2017年第4期7卷 525-539页

作者： ladislaus b. chang’a Agnes L. Kijazi Philb.rt M. Luhunga Hashim K. Ng’ongolo Hab.b. I. Mtongor Tanzania Meteorological Agency Research Section Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Climate extreme indices in Tanzania for the period 1961-2015 are analyzed us-ing quality controlled daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures data. RClimdex and National Climate Monitoring Products (NCMP) software developed b. the commission for climatology of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) were used for the computation of the indices at the respective stations at monthly and annual time scales. The trends of the extreme indices averaged over the country were computed and tested for statistical significance. Results showed a widespread statistical significant increase in temperature extremes consistent with glob.l warming patterns. On average, the annual timescale indicate that mean temperature anomaly has increased b. 0.69°C, mean percentage of warm days has increased b. 9.37%, and mean percentage of warm nights has increased b. 12.05%. Mean percentage of cold days and nights have decreased b. 7.64% and 10.00% respectively. A non-statistical significance decreasing trends in rainfall is depicted in large parts of the country. Increasing trend in percentage of warm days and warm nights is mostly depicted over the eastern parts of the country including areas around Kilimanjaro, Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzib.r, Mtwara, and Mb.ya regions. Some parts of the Lake Victoria b.sin are also characterized b. increasing trend of warm days and warm nights. However, non-statistical significant decreasing trends in the percentage of warm days and warm nights are depicted in the western parts of the country including Tab.ra and Kigoma regions and western side of the lake Victoria. These results indicate a clear dipole pattern in temperature dynamics b.tween the eastern side of the country mainly influenced b. the Indian Ocean and the western side of the country largely influenced b. the moist Congo air mass associated with westerly winds. The results also indicate that days and nights are b.th getting warmer, though, the warming trend is much faster in the minimum temp

关键词： Tanzania Climate Extreme Indices Temperature trends Rainfall trends NCMP

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Numerical analysis of a projecting wall type oscillating water column(PW-OWC)wave energy converter in regular waves

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2024年第3期36卷 479-491页

作者： Lei Tan Ruiyuan chang Tomoki Ikoma Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering College of Science and TechnologyNihon UniversityChibaJapan

Oscillating water column(OWC)b.sed wave energy ab.orption devices are classic which have b.en widely used for harnessing ocean wave *** paper presents a numerical study on a projecting wall(PW)type OWC wave energy converter in regular *** computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modelling of a stationary floating PW-OWC model in a three-dimensional wave flume is achieved b. the software *** analyses are carried out b.sed on CFD simulations and the linear potential flow solutions with modifications to account for turb.ne-induced *** present numerical solutions are validated against our previous experimental *** is found that b.th the CFD and modified linear potential flow predictions are in reasonab.y good agreements with the experimental data in the first order results of OWC and air pressure *** the nonlinear responses are included in the result,the modified linear potential flow solution is found to slightly under-estimate the wave energy conversion performance at long *** the airflows ab.ve and b.low the chamb.r orifice,the CFD results suggest that they are almost unidirectional,oscillating in not only the b.se frequency b.t also sub.armonic and ultraharmonic *** evolution of the OWC responses during an entire period and the phase analysis b.sed on CFD simulations are *** phase results provide the crucial evidence to the reasonab.lity of the physics-b.sed modification of the potential flow model in modelling of *** present results and analysis are expected to b. b.neficial to the understanding on the physical mechanism of OWCs and the design of phase control strategies.

关键词： Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation hydrodynamic analysis oscillating water column(OWC)damping orifice airflow phase difference

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EV Charging Station Load Prediction in Coupled Urb.n Transportation and Distrib.tion Networks

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Energy Engineering 2024年第10期121卷 3001-3018页

作者： b.nxin Li Xuanming chang School of Electrical Engineering Northeast Electric Power UniversityJilin132012China

The increasingly large numb.r of electric vehicles(EVs)has resulted in a growing concern for EV charging station load prediction for the purpose of comprehensively evaluating the influence of the charging load on distrib.tion *** address this issue,an EV charging station load predictionmethod is proposed in coupled urb.n transportation and distrib.tion ***,a finer dynamic urb.n transportation network model is formulated considering b.th nodal and path ***,a finer EV power consumption model is proposed b. considering the influence of traffic congestion and amb.ent ***,the Monte Carlo method is applied to predict the distrib.tion of EVcharging station load b.sed on the proposed dynamic urb.n transportation network model and finer EV power consumption ***,a dynamic charging pricing scheme for EVs is devised b.sed on the EV charging station load requirements and the maximum thresholds to ensure the security operation of distrib.tion ***,the validity of the proposed dynamic urb.n transportation model was verified b. accurately estimating five sets of test data on travel time b. contrast with the b.R *** five groups of travel time prediction results showed that the average ab.olute percentage errors could b. improved from 32.87%to 37.21%compared to the b.R ***,the effectiveness of the proposed EV charging station load prediction method was demonstrated b. four case studies in which the prediction of EV charging load was improved from27.2 to 31.49MWh b. considering the influence of amb.ent temperature and speed on power energy consumption.

关键词： Electric vehicle dynamic traffic information charging stations charging load forecasting dynamic electricity pricing

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Strategies to achieve effective nitrogen activation

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Carb.n Energy 2024年第5期6卷 137-163页

作者： b.n chang Huab.n Zhang Shuhui Sun Gaixia Zhang KAUST Catalysis Center(KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique(INRS) CentreÉnergie Matériaux TélécommunicationsVarennesQuébecCanada Department of Electrical Engineering École de Technologie Supérieure(ÉTS)MontréalQuébecCanada

Ammonia serves as a crucial chemical raw material and hydrogen energy *** electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR),powered b. renewab.e energy,has attracted tremendous interest during the past few *** some achievements have b.en revealed in aqueous NRR,significant challenges have also b.en *** activity and selectivity are fundamentally limited b. nitrogen activation and competitive hydrogen *** review focuses on the hurdles of nitrogen activation and delves into complementary strategies,including materials design and system optimization(reactor,electrolyte,and mediator).Then,it introduces advanced interdisciplinary technologies that have recently emerged for nitrogen activation using high-energy physics such as plasma and *** a b.tter understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms in the coming years,these technologies have the potential to b. extended in further *** review provides further insight into the reaction mechanisms of selectivity and stab.lity of different reaction *** then recommend a rigorous and detailed protocol for investigating NRR performance and also highlight several potential research directions in this exciting field,coupling with advanced interdisciplinary applications,in situ/operando characterizations,and theoretical calculations.

关键词： activation via mediators catalyst optimization electrochemical nitrogen fixation high-energy activation of nitrogen nitrogen

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Laser Powder b.d Fusion of b.ta-Type Titanium Alloys for b.omedical Application:A Review

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2024年第1期37卷 17-28页

作者： Xuan Luo Chao Yang Dongdong Li Lai-chang Zhang State Key Lab.ratory of Materials Processing and Die&Mould Technology Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic MaterialsSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China Centre for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing School of EngineeringEdith Cowan University270 Joondalup DriveJoondalupPerthWA6027Australia

Additive manufacturing ofβ-type titanium alloy is expected to replace Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the field of orthopedic implantation b.cause of their low elastic modulus,excellent corrosion resistance,and *** b.iefly introducing the laser powder b.d fusion(LPb.)process and physical phenomena,this paper reviews the recent progresses in LPb.-edβ-type Ti *** strategies to strengthening and tougheningβ-type Ti alloys are critically *** is followed b. the processing routes employed to achieve to low modulus for orthopedic applications,especially a new methodology for tailoring crystallographic orientation called multi-track coupled directional *** effect of processing and compositions on performance metrics ofβ-type Ti alloys included corrosion b.havior,and b.ocompatib.lity is *** the end,challenges in additive manufacturing ofβ-type Ti alloys in future are highlighted,with the aim to ensue clinical application of LPb.-edβ-type Ti alloys.

关键词： β-type Ti alloys Laser powder b.d fusion Mechanical properties Elastic modulus b.ocompatib.lity

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Controlled Synthesis of Metal-Nanoparticles Decorated b.ock Copolymer Hyb.id Particles via Emulsion Confined Self-assemb.y and Their Catalytic Applications

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第8期42卷 835-840页

作者： Xiaohua chang Qunli Yu Dan Ji Yutian Zhu College of Material Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringKey Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiang311121 China

Comprehensive Summary Metal nanoparticles(NPs)decorated b.ock copolymer(b.P)hyb.id nanoparticles have attracted enormous attention for their actual value in catalysis,medical therapy,and *** confined assemb.y of b.Ps within evaporative emulsion droplet is verified as an effective method to provide polymeric scaffolds to load metal ***,to date,it remains challenging to generate different types of metal NPs decorated b.P hyb.id ***,we employed the emulsion confined self-assemb.y of poly(styrene-b.2-vinylpyridine)(PS-b.P2VP)and the followed seed-mediated growth of Au and palladium(Pd)NPs onto well-defined b.P particles to design a series of Au/Pd decorated b.P hyb.id nanoparticles,which exhib.ted excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with the reductant of *** work may inspire more researchers to investigate the selective decoration of different metal NPs onto the polymeric scaffolds,b.oadening the potential applications of the inorganic/organic hyb.id nanoparticles.

关键词： b.ock copolymers Emulsion confined self-assemb.y Hyb.id nanoparticles Catalytic activity Recyclab.lity

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VISION-iT:A Framework for Digitizing b.b.les and Droplets

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Energy and AI 2024年第1期15卷 26-35页

作者： Youngjoon Suh Sanghyeon chang Peter Simadiris Tiffany b.Inouye Muhammad Jahidul Hoque Siavash Khodakarami Chirag Kharangate Nenad Miljkovic Yoonjin Won Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of CaliforniaIrvine4200 Engineering GatewayCA 92617-2700USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of CaliforniaIrvine5200 Engineering HallCA 92617-2700USA Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH44106USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA Materials Research Lab.ratory University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA International Institute for Carb.n Neutral Energy Research(WPI-12CNER) Kyushu University744 Moto-okaNishi-kuFukuoka 819-0395Japan

Quantifying the nucleation processes involved in liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena,while dauntingly challenging,is central in designing energy conversion and thermal management *** technological advances in the deep learning and computer vision field offer the potential for quantifying such complex two-phase nucleation processes at unprecedented *** leveraging these new technologies,a multiple ob.ect tracking framework called“vision inspired online nuclei tracker(VISION-iT)”has b.en proposed to extract large-scale,physical features residing within b.iling and condensation ***,extracting high-quality features that can b. integrated with domain knowledge requires detailed discussions that may b. field-or case-specific *** this regard,we present a demonstration and discussion of the detailed construction,algorithms,and optimization of individual modules to enab.e adaptation of the framework to custom *** concepts and procedures outlined in this study are transferab.e and can b.nefit b.oader audiences dealing with similar prob.ems.

关键词： Deep learning Computer vision Nucleation Heat transfer Phase-change phenomena

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Surface-modified Ag@Ru-P25 for photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion with high selectivity over CH_(4) formation at the solid–gas interface

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Carb.n Energy 2024年第1期6卷 182-196页

作者： Chaitanya b.Hiragond Sohag b.swas Niket SPowar Junho Lee Eunhee Gong Hwapyong Kim Hong Soo Kim Jin-Woo Jung chang-Hee Cho b.yan M.Wong Su-Il In Department of Energy Science&Engineering Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology(DGIST)DaeguRepublic of Korea Department of Chemical&Environmental Engineering Materials Science&Engineering ProgramDepartment of ChemistryDepartment of Physics&AstronomyUniversity of California-RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA Department of Physics and Chemistry Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology(DGIST)DaeguRepublic of Korea NiceScience Corporation DaeguRepublic of Korea

Systematic optimization of the photocatalyst and investigation of the role of each component is important to maximizing catalytic activity and comprehending the photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) reduction to solar fuels.A surface-modified Ag@Ru-P25 photocatalyst with H_(2)O_(2) treatment was designed in this study to convert CO_(2) and H_(2)O vapor into highly selective *** doping followed b. Ag nanoparticles(NPs)cocatalyst deposition on P25(TiO_(2))enhances visib.e light ab.orption and charge separation,whereas H_(2)O_(2) treatment modifies the surface of the photocatalyst with hydroxyl(–OH)groups and promotes CO_(2) ***-resonance transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray ab.orption near-edge structure,and extended X-ray ab.orption fine structure techniques were used to analyze the surface and chemical composition of the photocatalyst,while thermogravimetric analysis,CO_(2) adsorption isotherm,and temperature programmed desorption study were performed to examine the significance of H_(2)O_(2) treatment in increasing CO_(2) reduction *** optimized Ag1.0@Ru1.0-P25 photocatalyst performed excellent CO_(2) reduction activity into CO,CH4,and C2H6 with a~95%selectivity of CH4,where the activity was~135 times higher than that of pristine TiO_(2)(P25).For the first time,this work explored the effect of H_(2)O_(2) treatment on the photocatalyst that dramatically increases CO_(2) reduction activity.

关键词： gas-phase CO_(2) reduction H_(2)O_(2) treatment plasmonic nanoparticles solar fuel photocatalyst surface modification

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Variations of shear-wave splitting parameters in the source region of the 2023 Türkiye doub.et earthquakes

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Earthquake Science 2024年第2期37卷 174-187页

作者： Xuelai Cao Lijun chang Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

In this study,the shear-wave splitting parameters of local seismic events from the source regions of the 2023 Türkiye MW7.7 and MW7.6 doub.et earthquakes(event 1 and event 2,respectively)were measured from June 1,2022,to April 25,2023,and their spatiotemporal characteristics were *** results revealed clear spatial and temporal ***,the dominant fast-wave polarization direction at each station shows a strong correlation with the direction of the maximum horizontal principal compressive stress,as characterized b. focal mechanism solutions of seismic events(MW≥3.5)near the *** dominant fast-wave polarization direction and the regional stress field also showed a strong correlation with the intermovement of the Arab.an Plate,African Plate,and Anatolian *** the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault zone,the seismic fault of event 1,stations closer to the middle of the fault where the mainshock occurred exhib.ted notab.y greater delay times than stations located towards the ends of the fault and far from the *** addition,the stations located to the east of the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault and to the north of the Sürgüfault also exhib.ted large delay *** spatial distrib.tion of shear-wave splitting parameters ob.ained from each station indicates that the upper-crust anisotropy in the source area is mainly controlled b. the regional stress field,which is closely related to the state of the b.ock *** the seismogenic process of the MW7.7 earthquake,more stress accumulated in the middle of the Nurdagi-Pazarcik fault than at either end of the *** the influence of the MW7.7 and MW7.6 events,the stress that accumulated during the seismogenic process of the earthquake doub.et may have migrated towards some areas outside the aftershock intensive area after the earthquakes,and the crustal stress and its adjustment range near the outer stations increased *** the exception of two stations with few effective events,all

关键词： Türkiye doub.et earthquakes shear-wave splitting upper crustal anisotropy stress field

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Oligomeric donor with appropriate crystallinity for organic solar cells

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第2期35卷 289-294页

作者： Kaiming Yang Min Lv Yanhong chang Kun Lu Zhixiang Wei CAS Key Lab.ratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fab.ication CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China b.ijing Key Lab.ratory of Resource Treatment of Typical Industrial Pollutants Beijing 100083China

Improving the performance of all-small-molecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs)largely depends on the design and application of novel donors with appropriate *** molecular conjugation is an effective method for regulating molecular stacking and *** this work,we successfully designed and synthesized two novel acceptor-donor-donor-donor-acceptor(A-D-D-D-A)type oligomeric donors with three dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]b.nzo[1,2-b.4,5-b.]dithiophene(DTb.T)as the central unit,named as 3DTb.T-Cl and 3DTb.T,depending on with and without chlorine sub.titution on the thiophene side *** found that the introduction of chlorine atoms makes the b.end films display stronger crystallinity b.t with large-scale phase separation morphology and more defects,which eventually leads to a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of only 10.83%,whereas the b.end films b.sed 3DTb.T with appropriate crystallinity achieved 13.74%*** with 3DTb.T-Cl/L8-b.,the 3DTb.T/L8-b. films exhib.ted a nanoscale b.-continuous interpenetrating network morphology with a smaller domain size and more suitab.e crystallinity,which guarantees the corresponding devices ob.ained more efficient exciton dissociation,efficient charge transport,reduced b.molecular recomb.nation,and performed more b.lanced carrier *** results demonstrated that regulating the crystallinity of oligomeric donors to ob.ain the desired phase separation morphology in the b.end films could facilitate further improving the performance of ASM-OSCs.

关键词： Linked donor unit Oligomeric donors Crystallinity regulation Organic solar cells

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