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Different Species of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp and Their Risk of Infection in N’Djamena Chad

Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2023年第11期11卷 1-12页

作者： Mahamat Tahir N’garé Hassan Ahmat idriss Ahmat Yacoub Mahamat Alla.ine Abakar lawane idriss Allagueryane Djimadinan Abderrazzack Adoum Foudda Ali Mahamat Moussa laboratoire de Recherche Diagnostics et d’Expertises Scientifiques Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Prevention N’Djamena Tchad laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences des Aliments et Nutrition Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine (FSSH) Université de N’Djamena N’Djamena Tchad Programme Sectoriel de Lutte Contre le Sida Université Touma&iuml N’Djamena Tchad Services Gastro-Entero-Hépatique Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Référence Nationale N’Djaména Tchad Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine N’Djaména Tchad

Introduction: Salmonella and Shigella are gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to most antibiotics and play an important role in an etiology of diarrhea disease. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp isolated from stool and blood samples in the city of N’Djamena. Materials and Method: This was a prospective study conducted in the four district hospitals of N’Djamena from 14 July 2022 to 31 December 2022. A questionnaire form was drawn up to collect the information sent to the study patients. The samples were analyzed at the CHU de la Mère et de l’Enfant, labo-Redes laboratory according to their protocols and the standard of the antibiogram committee of the French microbiology society. Results: Of the 803 biological samples analyzed, 39 were positive for Salmonella spp and Shigella spp, including 15 for Salmonella and 24 for Shigella, giving an overall prevalence rate of 4.85%. Borehole water, uncooked food and lack of access to a latrine constitute a risk of being infected by Salmonella spp and Shigella spp species. Of the 8 antibiotics tested, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp strains showed good sensitivity to nalidixic acid (100% for Salmonella and 90 for Shigella) and to ciprofloxacin (90.9% for Salmonella and 75% for Shigella). Resistance to ampicillin was found in 81.81% of Salmonella species and 78.57% of Shigella species, as was resistance to chloramphenicol (81.81% of Salmonella species and 67.85% of Shigella species). Similarly, cleanliness of the service and equipment is an essential factor in preventing Salmonella and Shigella infections.

关键词： Salmonella Shigella Species Prevalence Antibiotics Resistance Chad

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Beamforming Scheme for MIMO Relay Based 5G and beyond Wireless Network

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2021年第10期11卷 1157-1176页

作者： Ali Mahamoud Ali Bakhit a.ine Adoum idriss Saleh Bachar Mahamoud Youssouf Khayal laboratoire de Mathématiques Modélisation Informatique Applications et Simulation LARTIC FSEA/école Doctorale Sciences Techniques et Environnement CNRD Université de N’Djamena N’Djamena Tchad Ecole Nationale Superieure des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (ENASTIC) N’Djamena Tchad

In this paper, in order to attain the maximum ergodic capacity and significantly increase the spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems, novel linear beamforming is proposed for dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) multi-relay networks. The linear beamforming is designed based on the maximization of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and signal-to- leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR). The channel state information (CSI) is used in applying this new design to multi-relay (MR) nodes between the source and relays as well as relays and destination. The beamforming optimization problem is solved by using the Fukunaga-Koontz Transform (FKT). The scheme can achieve intra-node array and distributed gains by using multiple antennas and multi-relays (MRs). The performance of the proposed scheme demonstrates that by considering interference mitigation criteria the ergodic capacity at a significant level is improved as compared to the conventional techniques. Therefore, the proposed techniques based on the maximization of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) relay processing outperform other conventional techniques in case of a multi-relay dual-hop network in terms of ergodic.

关键词： Beamforming Ergodic Capacity MIMO Multi-Relay Network

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A Comprehensive Survey of Candidate Waveforms for 5G, beyond 5G and 6G Wireless Communication Systems

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2023年第1期13卷 136-161页

作者： Bakhit a.ine Adoum Kalsouabe Zoukalne Mahamat Saleh idriss Ali Mahmoud Ali Amir Moungache Mahamoud Youssouf Khayal Ecole Nationale Superieure des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (ENASTIC) N’Djamena Tchad Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Abeche (INSTA) Abeche Tchad Université de N’Djamena N’Djamena Tchad Virtual University of Chad N’djamena Tchad Centre National de Recherche pour le Developpement (CNRD) N’djamena Tchad

The evolution of global mobile data over the past decades in broadcasting, Internet of Things (IoT), education, healthcare, commerce, and energy has put strong pressure on 3G/4G mobile networks to improve their service offerings. These generations of mobile networks were initially invented to meet the requirements of the above-mentioned applications. However, as the requirements in these applications continue to increase, new mobile technologies such as 5G (fifth generation), 5G and beyond (B5G, beyond fifth generation), and 6G (sixth generation) are still progressing and being experimented. These networks are very heterogeneous generations of mobile networks that will have to offer very high throughput per user, good energy efficiency, better traffic capacity per area, improved spectral efficiency, very low latency, and high mobility. To meet these requirements, the radio interface of future mobile networks will have to be flexible and rationalized the available frequency resources. Therefore, new modulation methods, access techniques and waveforms capable of supporting these technological changes are proposed. This review presents brief descriptions of the types of 5G, B5G, and 6G waveforms. The 5G consists of OFDM including its transmission techniques: generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), filter bank based multi-carrier (FBMC), universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), and index modulation (IM). Meanwhile, the 6G covers orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS), orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) and orthogonal time sequence multiplexing (OTSM). The networks’ potentialities, advantages, disadvantages, and future directions are outlined.

关键词： Modulation 5G B5G 6G Waveforms

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High-Yielding and Carotenoid-Rich Clones Identification among Thirty-One Cassava Clones with Colored Flesh

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第9期12卷 1445-1458页

作者： N’Zue Boni Coulibaly idriss Koudous Koffi Kouamé Guillaume Essis Brice Sidoine Dibi Konan Evrard Brice Sie Raoul Sylvère Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) Baouké C&#244 te d’Ivoire Université Nangui Abrogoua UFR Sciences de la Nature Unité de Phytotechnie et Amélioration Génétique Abidjan 02 C&#244te d’Ivoire

Cassava is the second most important food crop produced and consumed in Côte d’Ivoire, after yam. White-fleshed varieties, which are low in total carotenoids, are widespread, while coloured-fleshed varieties (yellow to orange), carotenoid-rich, are rare. However, the consumption of carotenoid-rich cassava varieties could help to alleviate health problems related to vitamin A deficiency. This study aims to identify high agronomic performance, carotenoid-rich and versatile cassava varieties among 31 clones introduced from IITA. They were compared to three controls, Bocou2, Yacé and Bonou2, according to agronomic and technological parameters. Results found that out of the 31 clones, six (I082425, I084157, I084563, I085894, I083774 and I070520) were more productive than the control Bocou2 (46.01 ± 14.88 t·ha-1);the clone I083774 had the highest yield (55.88 ± 6.16 t·ha-1). Twenty-one clones had dry matter contents, ranging from 37% to 41%, significantly similar to Yacé control (42.70%). Thirteen clones had highest total carotenoid contents than the control Bocou2. Clones I084157 and I082425 recorded the highest total carotenoid contents with 17.57 ± 1.92 and 18.39 ± 1.19 μg·g-1 respectively. Overall 31 tested clones were fibrous to varying degrees while 27 clones had mild or neutral post-cooking flavours and 17 clones had poor cooking. The clone I084157 is the best compromise of agronomic and technological desired traits.

关键词： Manihot esculenta Carotenoid-Rich Coloured-Flesh Cassava High Yied Provitamin A

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Use of Multi-Method Approach for a Gravity Irrigation Network Diagnosis: Case of Karfiguela Paddy Field in Burkina Faso

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第12期13卷 1396-1420页

作者： Hillary Marie Michelle Compaore Élie Serge Gaë tan Sauret Ouindinboudé Jacques Kissou Mahougbé August Abdon Kinglo Pascal Bazongo Poulouma louis Yameogo Mamadou Koita idriss Serme Institut National de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (ineRA-CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Bureau d’Etudes en Geosciences et Georessources (BUGEGO) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso Nazi Boni University Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso Projet RESOB Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Fada N’Gourma Université de Fada N’Gourma Fada-Ngourma Burkina Faso Institut International de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is an agricultural and landlocked country whose agriculture is dependent on climatic hazards. Irrigated agriculture therefore appears as an alternative to secure, intensify and sustainably increase agricultural production. However, irrigation systems in Burkina Faso suffer from numerous technical, organizational, land and structural problems, which strongly undermine their performance. This is the case of the irrigated perimeter of Karfiguéla which since its development in 1977, has experienced insufficient water. This research has contributed to the reflection on the performance and operation of gravity irrigation networks on the irrigated perimeter in Burkina Faso and the contribution of satellite images in the mapping of irrigated perimeters. Then, an approach based on a mapping of hydraulic networks and on four main diagnostic methods were used: 1) mapping of hydraulic networks, 2) a detailed visual inspection of hydraulic infrastructure, 3) estimation of canals’ hydraulic efficiency, 4) surveys of the various actors involved in the management of the perimeter. These methods lead to the same results concerning the state of degradation and the functioning of irrigation networks in wet seasons. In terms of results, Karfiguéla perimeter has a net area of 360 ha and is supplied by a network made up of a supply canal, a primary canal, four (4) secondary canals, 37 tertiary ones, and quaternary ones for plots of water supply, all in ordinary concrete except the quaternary which are in rammed soil. The efficiency of the canals in the rainy season, greater than 100%, shows that the irrigation network during this period functions as a drainage network while the real drainage network is disorderly and non-functional. The damage to the irrigation network, siltation, grassing, erosion, overturning, large cracks and many others are all the more severe as we advance toward the Quaternary. The Strickler roughness coefficient values of the order of 68 for the feede

关键词： Irrigated Perimeter Hydraulic Network Rice Cultivation Water Management Remote Sensing

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