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Towards low emissions and high thermal efficiency of gasoline compression ignition engine under high loads by modulating the fuel reactivity and injection strategy

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2020年第1期63卷 96-104页

作者： JIANG ChenXu LI ZiLong QIAN Yong lu xingcai Key Lab for Power Machinery and Engineering of MOE Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Gasoline compression ignition(GCI) is a practicable way to obtain low emissions and high thermal efficiency of gasoline-like fuels in internal combustion engines. In this paper, the research octane number(RON) and injection strategy were coordinated to optimize the GCI engine performance and emissions under high loads. The direct injection and port injection were used to achieve two injection strategies: direct injection(DI) and port injection plus direct injection(PIDI), and the primary reference fuels(PRF) with the RON of 60, 70, 80 and 90 were used. The results show that using lower RON fuels under high loads, DI mode can achieve higher efficiency, while PIDI mode can achieve lower combustion noise at an expense of slightly lower fuel economy. When the DI mode is converted to PIDI mode with a pre-injection ratio of 30%, using PRF70 under 12 bar and the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) rate of 40%, the gross indicated thermal efficiency and the maximum pressure rise rate are reduced by 1% and by 2 bar/°CA, respectively, while the particle emissions also decrease significantly, thus achieving low emissions and high efficiency. However, under the same load and EGR rate, DI mode produces less regulated and unregulated emissions than PIDI mode. In addition, the effect of fuel RON was obvious, the lower RON fuels exhibit obvious three-stage heat release in PIDI mode, however, PRF90 with higher RON only exhibits two-stage heat release, and the peak value of the firststage heat release rate is also lower than those of other fuels.

关键词： gasoline compression ignition regulated and unregulated emissions injection strategy particle emissions fuel reactivity

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Gasoline-diesel dual fuel intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI)combustion:Conceptual model and comparison with other advanced combustion modes

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第4期64卷 719-728页

作者： LI ZiLong QIAN Yong HUANG Guan ZHAO WenBin ZHANG YaoYuan lu xingcai Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E. Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

The internal combustion engines can remain the advantage over competitor technologies for automotive driven,especially the engine efficiency,exceeded 50%while maintaining ultra-low emissions.In this paper,a novel combustion mode characterized by dual high-pressure common-rail direct injection systems,denoted as intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI)combustion,is proposed to realize high efficiency and clean combustion in wide engine operating ranges.Specifically,commercial gasoline and diesel,which are considered to be complementary in physical and chemical properties,are directly injected into the cylinder by the two independent injection systems,respectively.Through this unique design,the in-cylinder air-fuel mixtures can be flexibly adjusted by regulating injection timing and duration of different fuels,consequently obtaining suitable combustion phase and heat release rate.The ICCI mode can widely run from indicated mean effective pressure 2 bar to 16 bar with an utterly controllable cylinder pressure rising rate,around 50%indicated thermal efficiency and low NOxemissions.A series of experiments were carried out to compare the combustion and emissions of ICCI with other combustion modes(including conventional diesel combustion,reactivity-controlled compression ignition,partially premixed combustion,and gasoline compression ignition).The results show that at the medium engine loads,ICCI mode can reach much high indicated thermal efficiency,especially up to 52%along with extremely low NOxemissions.Prospectively,ICCI mode can realize real-time adjustments of in-cylinder mixture stratification and instantaneous combustion mode switch in one cycle at any operating conditions,and has an excellent commercial application prospect for energy conservation and environmental improvement.

关键词： intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI) dual-fuel direct injection system gasoline diesel high-efficiency clean combustion

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An experimental and modeling study of n-hexadecane autoignition under low-to-intermediate temperatures

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2020年第5期63卷 719-730页

作者： YU Liang WANG WenYu WANG SiXu FENG Yuan QIAN Yong lu xingcai Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E. Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

N-hexadecane is a potential candidate of diesel surrogate fuels and is also the largest linear alkane(n-alkanes)with known chemical kinetic models.The objective of this study is to investigate the autoignition characteristics of n-hexadecane in the lowto-intermediate temperature region and to validate the existing kinetic models.In this study,the ignition delay times(IDTs)of nhexadecane were measured using a heated rapid compression machine(RCM)at two pressures of 7 and 10 bar,and over equivalence ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.3.Two-stage ignition characteristic and the negative temperature coefficient(NTC)behavior of total ignition delay time were experimentally captured.This study paid special attention to the influence of pressure,equivalence ratio,and oxygen content on the IDTs of n-hexadecane.It is observed that both the total IDTs and the first-stage IDTs decrease with the rise of those parameters.It is worth noting that the first-stage IDT is found to show a greater dependence on temperature but a weaker dependence on other parameters compared to the total IDT.The observed IDT dependence in the lowtemperature region(LTR)were quantitatively described by ignition delay time correlations.The newly measured IDTs were then validated against two kinetic models(LLNL and CRECK).Simulation results show that both models underpredict the first-stage IDT but generally capture the temperature dependence.The CRECK model well predicts the total IDTs of n-hexadecane while the LLNL model significantly underpredicts the total IDTs at most investigated conditions.To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first investigation on n-hexadecane autoignition under low-to-intermediate temperatures,which deepens the understanding of large n-alkane oxidation and contributes to the improvement of the existing kinetic models.

关键词： n-hexadecane autoignition rapid compression machine low-temperature reactivity ignition delay time kinetic model

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Experimental study of n-heptane ignition delay with carbon dioxide addition in a rapid compression machine under low-temperature conditions

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2012年第30期57卷 3953-3960页

作者： GUANG HuanYu YANG Zheng HUANG Zhen lu xingcai Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

The ignition delay of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) combustion under high levels of carbon dioxide addition was quantitatively measured at elevated pressure from low to intermediate temperatures in a rapid compression machine.The experiments were conducted in the compressed temperature range 613-750 K.Both the compression ratio and fuel/air equivalence ratio were varied to investigate their effects on the ignition delay of n-heptane.Carbon dioxide was subsequently added to study the influence of the carbon dioxide level on the ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions.It was found that carbon dioxide had different effects on the two-stages of ignition delay of n-heptane under low-temperature conditions:the concentration of carbon dioxide had little effect on the first-stage ignition time;a certain concentration of carbon dioxide accelerated the first-stage ignition but had a significantly larger impact on the second-stage ignition delay,thus increasing the overall ignition delay time.The results also showed that the first-stage ignition delay of n-heptane is only a function of temperature under low-temperature conditions.The mass of n-heptane in the combustible mixture,the equivalence ratio,and the pressure at the top dead center had little effect on the first-stage ignition time of n-heptane.

关键词：点火延迟时间二氧化碳低温条件压缩机庚烷实验中间温度点火时间

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Autoignition of butanol isomers/n-heptane blend fuels on a rapid compression machine in N_2/O_2/Ar mixtures

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2014年第3期57卷 461-470页

作者： YANG Zheng WANG Yue YANG Xin QIAN Yong lu xingcai HUANG Zhen Key Laboratory for Power machinery and Engineering of M. O. E. Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Ignition delay times of butanol isomers/n-heptane mixture were measured using a rapid compression machine at compressed pressures of 15,20 and 30 bar,in the compressed temperature range of 650–830 K and equivalence ratio of 1.0.Sensitivity analysis and reaction fluxes analysis were performed using a detailed mechanism of blend fuels so as to evaluate the impact of n-heptane addition and temperature variation on the ignition and combustion process.Over the experimental conditions in this study,the blend fuels displays apparent low and high temperature reactions and a negative-temperature-coefficient(NTC)behavior.With increasing butanol isomers mole fraction in the mixtures,the ignition delay times increase.It is worth noting that the suppression to n-heptane ignition from tert-butanol is very limited.The ignition delay time of 40/60 tert-butanol/n-heptane mixture is smaller than other three kinds of blends.With the increasing of tert-butanol mole fraction,the increasing range of its ignition delay time is very large.Moreover,compressed pressure has a limited effect on the ignition of blend mixture at low temperature but certain influence at medium temperature arrange.Tert-butanol/n-heptane mixture is not sensitive to the pressure.The chemical analysis indicates that butanol isomers also present the NTC behavior because of the low temperature reactivity radicals pool produced by n-heptane.Reaction fluxes analysis shows that the n-heptane addition has little impact on the reaction path.Sensitivity analysis shows that for the pure n-butanol,2-butanol and iso-butanol fuel,H-abstraction from the?-carbon plays the dominant role in the reactions having the inhibiting effect on the low-temperature branching,while the H-abstraction from the?-carbon can promote the ignition;for tert-butanol/n-heptane mixtures,reaction R16.H2O2(+M)OH+OH(+M)plays the leading role.For n-butanol/n-heptane,iso-butanol/n-heptane mixtures,the major promoting reactions include some H-abstraction from n-heptane and OH branching reactions,the infl

关键词：混合燃料混合物正庚烷叔丁醇异构体点火延迟时间高温反应敏感性分析

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Experimental study on impacts of fuel type on thermo-acoustic instability in a gas turbine model combustor

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第6期64卷 1345-1358页

作者： RUAN Can CHEN FeiEr YU Tao CAI WeiWei HE ZhuoYao MAO YeBing LI XinLing lu xingcai School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Effects of liquid fuel composition variations on characteristics of self-excited thermo-acoustic instabilities in a lean premixed,pre-vaporized gas turbine model combustor were experimentally studied.Test fuels included practical RP-3 jet fuel and its blending with iso-octane and n-dodecane,which were branched and linear alkanes respectively.Under the test conditions,dynamic pressure measurements indicated that the dominant instability frequency was highest for RP-3 flame,while RP-3/ndodecane flame exhibited the strongest instability strength.A further analysis showed that the instability frequency correlated well with the profiles of adiabatic flame temperature,and the strength of the instability highly depended on the ignition delay times of the fuels.Measurements of the flame structure and flow field with OH*chemiluminescence (CL) imaging and twodimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques indicated that changes in the fuel composition did not alter the unstable modes and general sequences of flame-flow structure oscillations.Further power spectra and proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) analysis suggested that axial oscillations along with precessing vortex core (PVC) induced helical motion predominated periodic flame structure and flow field oscillations.

关键词： combustion gas turbine engine fuel effects thermo-acoustic instability PIV

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A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection strategy

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Frontiers in Energy 2023年第5期17卷 678-691页

作者： Haoqing WU Yaoyuan ZHANG Shijie MI Wenbin ZHAO Zhuoyao HE Yong QIAN xingcai lu Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of the Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Gasoline compression ignition(GCI)combustion faces problems such as high maximum pressure rise rate(MPRR)and combustion deterioration at high loads.This paper aims to improve the engine performance of the GCI mode by regulating concentration stratification and promoting fuel-gas mixing by utilizing the double main-injection(DMI)strategy.Two direct injectors simultaneously injected gasoline with an octane number of 82.7 to investigate the energy ratio between the two main-injection and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)on combustion and emissions.High-load experiments were conducted using the DMI strategy and compared with the single main-injection(SMI)strategy and conventional diesel combustion.The results indicate that the DMI strategy have a great potential to reduce the MPRR and improve the fuel economy of the GCI mode.At a 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure,increasing the main-injection-2 ratio(Rm-2)shortens the injection duration and increases the mean mixing time.Optimized Rm-2 could moderate the trade-off between the MPRR and the indicated specific fuel consumption with both reductions.An appropriate EGR should be adopted considering combustion and emissions.The DMI strategy achieves a highly efficient and stable combustion at high loads,with an indicated thermal efficiency(ITE)greater than 48%,CO and THC emissions at low levels,and MPRR within a reasonable range.Compared with the SMI strategy,the maximum improvement of the ITE is 1.5%,and the maximum reduction of MPRR is 1.5 bar/°CA.

关键词： gasoline compression ignition injection strategy fuel stratification high efficiency high load

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Auto-ignition of biomass synthesis gas in shock tube at elevated temperature and pressure

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Science Bulletin 2015年第22期60卷 1935-1946页

作者： Linqi Ouyang Hua Li Shuzhou Sun Xiaole Wang xingcai lu Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Ignition delay times of multi-component biomass synthesis gas(bio-syngas) diluted in argon were measured in a shock tube at elevated pressure(5, 10 and 15 bar, 1 bar = 105Pa), wide temperature ranges(1,100–1,700 K) and various equivalence ratios(0.5, 1.0, 2.0). Additionally, the effects of the variations of main constituents(H2:CO = 0.125–8) on ignition delays were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the ignition delay decreases as the pressure increases above certain temperature(around 1,200 K) and vice versa. The ignition delays were also found to rise as CO concentration increases, which is in good agreement with the literature. In addition, the ignition delays of bio-syngas were found increasing as the equivalence ratio rises. This behavior was primarily discussed in present work. Experimental results were also compared with numerical predictions of multiple chemical kinetic mechanisms and Li's mechanism was found having the best accuracy. The logarithmic ignition delays were found nonlinearly decrease with the H2 concentration under various conditions, and the effects of temperature,equivalence ratio and H2 concentration on the ignition delays are all remarkable. However, the effect of pressure is relatively smaller under current conditions. Sensitivity analysis and reaction pathway analysis of methane showed that R1(H ? O2= O ? OH) is the most sensitive reaction promoting ignition and R13(H ? O2(?M) = HO2(?M)), R53(CH3? H(?M) = CH4(?M)), R54(CH4? H =CH3? H2) as well as R56(CH4? OH = CH3? H2O) are key reactions prohibiting ignition under current experimental conditions. Among them, R53(CH3? H(?M) = CH4(?M)), R54(CH4? H = CH3? H2) have the largest positive sensitivities and the high contribution rate in rich mixture.The rate of production(ROP) of OH of R1 showed that OH ROP of R1 decreases sharply as the mixture turns rich.Therefore, the ignition delays become longer as the equivalence ratio increases.

关键词：生物质合成气自动点火高温高压激波管点火延迟时间动力学机制温度范围实验条件

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Active fuel design A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines

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Frontiers in Energy 2016年第1期10卷 14-28页

作者： Zhen HUANG Zhongzhao LI Jianyong ZHANG xingcai lu Junhua FANG Dong HAN Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China

Homogenous charge compression ignition （HCCI） engines feature high thermal efficiency and ultralow emissions compared to gasoline engines. However, unlike SI engines, HCCI combustion does not have a direct way to trigger the in-cylinder combustion. Therefore, gasoline HCCI combustion is facing challenges in the control of ignition and, combustion, and operational range extension. In this paper, an active fuel design concept was proposed to explore a potential pathway to optimize the HCCI engine combustion and broaden its operational range. The active fuel design concept was realized by real time control of dual-fuel （gasoline and n-heptane） port injection, with exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） rate and intake temperature adjusted. It was found that the cylinder- to-cylinder variation in HCCI combustion could be effectively reduced by the optimization in fuel injection proportion, and that the rapid transition process from SI to HCCI could be realized. The active fuel design technology could significantly increase the adaptability of HCCI combustion to increased EGR rate and reduced intake temperature. Active fuel design was shown to broaden the operational HCCI load to 9.3 bar indicated mean effective pressure （IMEP）. HCCI operation was used by up to 70% of the SI mode load while reducing fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions. Therefore, the active fuel design technology could manage the right fuel for clean engine combustion, and provide a potential pathway for engine fuel diversification and future engine concept.

关键词： active fuel design HCCI gasoline n-heptane engine combustion

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Fuel design real-time to control HCCI combustion

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第21期51卷 2673-2680页

作者： HOU Yuchun HUANG Zhen lu xingcai FANG Junhuan ZU Linlin Institute of Internal Combustion Engine Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030 China

In order to achieve lower emissions and extensive load in the homogeneous charge com- pression ignition (HCCI) engine system, a novel fuel design concept that high-octane number fuel and high-cetane number fuel are mixed real-time to con- trol HCCI combustion is proposed in this study. HCCI combustion fueled with iso-octane/n-heptane mix- tures controlled real-time on a single-cylinder HCCI combustion engine is studied. The test results show that the equivalence ratio of n-heptane in mixtures decides ignition and controls the combustion phase of HCCI combustion. The addition of iso-octane ex- tends knocking limit in equivalence ratio somewhat, but knocking occurrence mainly depends on the total concentration of mixture. Although operating range in equivalence ratio becomes narrow with the increas- ing proportion of iso-octane, the maximum load of HCCI combustion fueled with iso-octane/n-heptane mixtures controlled real-time is increased about 80% more than that of pure n-heptane. When iso-octane/ n-heptane mixtures are controlled in optimized method, it is proved that the load of HCCI combustion can be fully extended and emissions can be de- creased remarkably, while at the same time the higher indicated thermal efficiencies are obtained over the extensive operation range.

关键词： HCCI 燃料设计实时控制正庚烷异辛烷

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