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Rangelands of Central Asia:challenges and opportunities

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第1期8卷 93-108页

作者： Alisher MIRZABAEV Mohamed AHMED Jutta WERNER John PENDER mounir louhaichi Center for Development Research University of Bonn Monitoring African Food and Agricultural Policies Agricultural Development Economics Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems Program International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Farm and Rural Household Well-being Branch Economic Research Service United States Department of Agriculture

Rangelands of Central Asia (referring to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in this study), the largest contiguous area of grazed land in the world, serve as an important source of livelihood for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in this region. They also play an important role in absorbing CO2 as a global carbon sink. However, unsustainable management of rangelands has led to their degradation hugely by downgrading their potential agro-ecological, environmental and socio-economical roles. This paper reviewed the rangeland degradation in Central Asia, a topic which so far has received only scant coverage in the international scientific literature. It also provided examples of successful experiences and outlined possible options that land managers can adopt to enhance the sustainable management of these vast degraded rangelands. The experiences and lessons described in this paper may also be relevant for other degraded rangeland areas, especially in the developing countries. The causes of rangeland degradation within the Central Asian region are numerous, complex and inter-related. Therefore, while addressing the factors associated with improper rangeland management may shed some light on the causes of rangeland degradation, the scope of this paper would not be all-encompassing for the major causes of degradation. There is a need to develop and widely apply the viable and locally accepted and adapted packages of technical, institutional and policy options for sustainable rangeland management. Incentivizing the collective action of small-scale pastoralists who group together to facilitate access to remote pastures can reduce the degree of overgrazing within community pastures, such as those near the settlements. We also found that migratory grazing through pooling of resources among small-scale pastoralists can increase household income. After their independence, most Central Asian countries adopted various rangeland tenure

关键词： rangeland degradation flock mobility overgrazing sustainable rangeland management drylands land tenure

Evaluation of rainwater harvesting and shrub establishment methods for sustainable watershed management in northern Afghanistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第8期19卷 2346-2359页

作者： louhaichi mounir HASSAN Sawsan GAMOUN Mouldi SAFI Navin ABDALLAH Mohamed A.B. ATES Serkan International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA) Tunis 1004Tunisia Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA) Amman 11185Jordan Consultant-Field Assistant Mazar Sharif 1703Afghanistan

Watershed rangelands in Northern Afghanistan provide various ecosystem services that support the local people's livelihoods,but they are now highly degraded essentially due to the continuous high grazing pressure and recurrent *** of shrub establishment method enhanced by water harvesting techniques to rehabilitate degraded rangelands have not been well *** main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of direct seeding and transplanting of seedlings in combination with semi-circular bunds on growth,yield,and survival rate of four shrub species(Atriplex halimus,Atriplex nummularia,Atriplex lentiformis,andMaireana brevifolia)under semi-arid conditions of Sayyad village,Khulm *** rate(%),plant height,width,and plant length(cm)and plant cover(%)were measured for each plant over five occasions.A non-destructive reference unit was used to estimate biomass *** results showed that growth attributes and biomass production of shrubs were consistently greater in the transplanting compared to direct *** average,the plant length,width,height,volume,cover,and biomass production of transplanted shrubs were greater than direct-seeded shrubs by 24.3%,8.6%,8.7%,121.5%,13.8% and 34.1%,*** production of transplanted seedlings was the highest for ***(1313.5 g DM/plant)and ***(800 g DM/plant).There was a strong correlation between plant biomass production and plant volume(R^(2)_(Plant volume)=0.88)for the shrub ***,indicating that plant volume is a key variable for assessing biomass production for this ***,the survival rate of *** was 100% in both planting methods,suggesting that based on better survival this halophytic plant has great potential when restoring degraded ***,on the basis of better growth rates,yield,and survival,transplanting *** *** may enhance shrub establishment and contribute to the rehabilitation of slop

关键词： Biomass production Land degradation Rangeland rehabilitation Seed germination Shrub survival Vegetation cover Water harvesting

Impact of rangeland enclosure and seasonal grazing on protected and unprotected rangelands in Chakwal region, Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第4期19卷 46-57页

作者： ISLAM Muhammad RAZZAQ Abdul ZUBAIR Muhammad HASSAN Sawsan AHMAD Sarfraz GUL Shamim RISCHKOWSKY Barbara louhaichi mounir International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) South AsiaIslamabad 44050Pakistan Animal Science Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan Department of Forestry and Range Management Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan 66000Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) Amman 11185Jordan Natural Resource Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan Botany Department University of Balochistan Quetta 87300Pakistan Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill UniversityQuebec H9X3V9Canada International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) SSAILRI campusAddis Ababa 5689Ethiopia International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) Tunis 1004Tunisia

Scrub rangelands support livestock grazing and provide ecosystem services to their inhabitants. The present study was conducted in Chakwal, an important tract of the Pothwar Plateau,which sustains herds of small domestic and nomadic ruminants. Urbanization and uncontrolled grazing practices have reduced rangeland productivity and increased soil erosion and resulted in poor land conditions. This study assessed the influence of two years of rangeland protection on aboveground vegetation biomass and the chemical composition of plants and aimed to determine the influence of seasonal grazing on the live-weight gain of small *** the line intercept method, vegetation data from protected and unprotected plots in 2015 and 2016 were collected at two sites, Dhulli and *** cover was assessed from images using VegMeasure. Results showed that protected study sites displayed higher vegetation biomass(834 and 690 kg ha^(-1)) compared to the unprotected study site(477 and 326 kg ha^(-1)) during April and August of both years. In the seasonal grazing trial, the experimental ewes that grazed on protected rangelands showed higher live-weight gain(33–63 g day^(-1)) compared to live weight of ewes(17–21 g day^(-1)) that grazed on unprotected rangelands during the experimental period of 127 days at both sites. The results suggest that the Chakwal rangeland has tremendous potential to improve vegetation productivity but modern livestock management and seasonal grazing practices are needed to improve carrying capacity and livestock productivity.

关键词： Seasonal grazing Climate change Productivity Rangeland Protected area

Influence of rangeland protection and seasonal grazing on aboveground vegetation,forage quality and weight gain of small ruminants–a study in Thar Desert,Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第2期20卷 403-414页

作者： ISLAM Muhammad RAZZAQ Abdul HASSAN Sawsan ZUBAIR Muhammad KALROO Muhammad Waseem KHAN Attaullah GUL Shamim AHMAD Sarfraz RISCHKOWSKY Barbara Ann louhaichi mounir International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) South AsiaIslamabad 44050Pakistan Animal Science Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) Amman 11185Jordan Department of Forestry and Range Management Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan 66000Pakistan PARC-Arid Zone Research Institute Umerkot 69100Pakistan Department of Botany University of BalochistanQuetta 87300Pakistan Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill UniversityQuebec H9X3V9Canada Natural Resource Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) SSAILRI campusAddis Ababa 5689Ethiopia International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA) Tunis 1004Tunisia

The Thar Desert,Sindh,Pakistan is characterized by low ***,economy is based on agriculture,livestock and mining,nevertheless,livestock graze freely on public and private *** aim of this research was to determine biomass production and to evaluate the effects of continuous and seasonal grazing on protected and unprotected plots.A 45 ha protected rangeland area of Hurrabad in the Umerkot Thar desert was selected and divided into three blocks of 15 ha *** of the same size were also established in unprotected *** data for vegetation biomass,canopy cover,forage nutrients and weight gain of animals in two seasons(spring and summer)was collected from both protected and unprotected *** results showed that biomass significantly increased in summer in both ***,the biomass values in protected sites were significantly ***,the vegetation cover also seemed to increase in summer in both protected(90.7%±0.29%)and unprotected sites(39.2%±0.09%).The foliar concentrations of all nutrients varied significantly with *** average final live-weight gain for does on the protected grazing sites during the 42-day period in spring and the 96 days after the monsoon was almost double that of does grazing on the unprotected site during 2016 and 2017(P<0.05).The study concludes that the protection of grazing lands during certain periods can lead to better production of vegetation and livestock and improve range conditions.

关键词： Rangeland productivity Seasonal grazing Stocking rate Thar Desert Vegetation quality

Impact of grazing on soil, vegetation and ewe production performances in a semi-arid rangeland

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第4期15卷 685-694页

作者： Muhammad ISLAM Abdul RAZZAQ Shamim GUL Sarfraz AHMAD Taj MUHAMMAD Sawsan HASSAN Barbara RISCHKOWSKY M.N.M.IBRAHIM mounir louhaichi International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) South Asia Islamabad Pakistan Animal Sciences Division Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad Pakistan Botany Department University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University QC Canada Natural Resources Division Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad Pakistan Forest & Wildlife Department Quetta Balochistan Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Amman Jordan International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) SSA ILRI campus Addis Ababa Ethiopia International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Pakistan

Controlled grazing is considered a good management strategy to maintain or increase the live weight of livestock and to reduce vegetation degradation of rangelands. The present study investigated soil characteristics, aboveground vegetation biomass dynamics and controlled grazinginduced changes in the live weight of local ewes in the semi-arid rangeland of Ahmadun, Ziarat, Balochistanprovince of Pakistan. An area of 115 ha was protected from livestock grazing in April 2014. In June 2015, soil characteristics within 0-30 cm depth i.e. soil organic matter(SOM), mineral nitrogen, p H and texture in controlled and uncontrolled grazing sites were assessed. Aboveground vegetation biomass measured in early(June) and late summer(August) in 2015 and 2016. The nutritional value i.e. crude protein, phosphorus(P), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and potassium(K) of dominantplant species were assessed at the beginning of experiment in 2015. Vegetation cover of controlled and uncontrolled grazing sites was also measured during the two years of the study period using the Veg Measure software. From June to November in2015 and 2016, controlled and uncontrolled livestock grazing sites were grazed on a daily basis by local ewes with a stocking rate of 2 and 1 head ha^(-1) respectively. Results reveal that the organic matter contents of coarse-textured, slightly alkaline soil of the study site were in the range of 9.4-17.6 g kg^(-1) soil and showed a strong positive correlation with aboveground vegetation biomass. The biomass of plants was 56.5% and 33% greater at controlled than uncontrolled grazing site in 2015 and 2016 respectively and plant cover was also higher at controlled than uncontrolled grazing site in both years The nutrient contents were significantly(P<0.05)lower in grasses than shrubs. In both years, the controlled grazing increased the weight gain of ewes about two folds compared to the uncontrolled *** results

关键词： Grazing exclosure Soil organic matter Vegetation cover VegMeasure