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Experimental Study on the Molten Salt at Micron Scale during the Melting Process

Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第1期33卷 70-85页

作者： TIAN Ziqian liao zhirong XU Chao FANG Yongzhe JIANG Kaijun YUAN Mengdi Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System Ministry of Education of ChinaSchool of Energy Power and Mechanical EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China

The investigation of the melting behaviors of the molten salt at micron scale during the melting process is critical for explaining the solid-liquid phase transition mechanism.In this paper,a novel experimental system and analysis method were proposed to study the melting process with three heating rates in the range of1-10℃/min of the solar salt at micron scale.The solid-liquid boundary morphology and phase transition kinetics of molten salt particles were focused on.Meanwhile,the correlations between liquid fraction,temperature and time under different heating rates were studied.The solid-liquid boundary morphology was depicted by the visualized experimental set-up,and the instantaneous liquid volume fraction during the non-isothermal phase transition was obtained.Then,the correlation between temperature and liquid volume fraction was proposed to reveal the evolution of the solid-liquid boundary with temperature at different heating rates.Furthermore,the non-isothermal phase transition kinetic equation was established by introducing a constant parameter(V_(a,b)),and more kinetic parameters such as 1g V_(a,b) and-lg V_(a,b)/b were studied.The results showed that the exponent b is not sensitive to the heating rate with a range of 3-5 for solar salt particles.However,the heating rate influences the value of V_(a,b) and presents a positive relationship.Besides,the non-isothermal phase transition kinetic equations at different heating rates in the range of 1-10℃/min can be quickly predicted by the proposed improved experimental test method.This study could fill the research insufficiency and provide significant guidance for future research on the solid-liquid transition mechanism of molten salts at micron scale.

关键词： molten salt non-isothermal phase transition solid-liquid boundary morphology liquid volume fraction micron scale melting process

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Comparative evaluation of commercial Douchi by different molds:biogenic amines,non-volatile and volatile compounds

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第1期13卷 434-443页

作者： Aijun Li Gang Yang zhirong Wang Shenglan liao Muying Du Jun Song Jianquan Kan College of Food Science Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science Chongqing 400715China Laboratory of Quality&Safety Risk Assessment for Agri-products on Storage and Preservation(Chongqing) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of ChinaChongqing 400715China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing Chongqing 400715China Shu Xiang Douchi Food Research Institute Limited Company Chongqing 402160China

To provide new insights into the development and utilization of Douchi artificial starters,three common strains(Aspergillus oryzae,Mucor racemosus,and Rhizopus oligosporus)were used to study their influence on the fermentation of Douchi.The results showed that the biogenic amine contents of the three types of Douchi were all within the safe range and far lower than those of traditional fermented Douchi.Aspergillus-type Douchi produced more free amino acids than the other two types of Douchi,and its umami taste was more prominent in sensory evaluation(P<0.01),while Mucor-type and Rhizopus-type Douchi produced more esters and pyrazines,making the aroma,sauce,and Douchi flavor more abundant.According to the Pearson and PLS analyses results,sweetness was significantly negatively correlated with phenylalanine,cysteine,and acetic acid(P<0.05),bitterness was significantly negatively correlated with malic acid(P<0.05),the sour taste was significantly positively correlated with citric acid and most free amino acids(P<0.05),while astringency was significantly negatively correlated with glucose(P<0.001).Thirteen volatile compounds such as furfuryl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol,and benzaldehyde caused the flavor difference of three types of Douchi.This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of starting strains for commercial Douchi production.

关键词： Douchi Starting strains Non-volatile compounds Volatile compounds Sensory evaluation

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A novel preheating method for the Li-ion battery using supercooled phase change materials

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2023年第1期66卷 193-203页

作者： FANG XuanYi NONG XinLu liao zhirong XU Chao Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education School of EnergyPower and Mechanical EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China

The Li-ion battery is widely used in power tools, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. In reality, battery thermal management is essential to control the battery temperature within a specific temperature range. Although research has shown that preheating the battery at low temperatures on cold days can improve output performance significantly, few efforts have been made to study the preheating method in-depth. As a result, this research proposes two preheating designs for cylindrical batteries with supercooled phase change materials: Single-and dual-phase change material(PCM) designs. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the effect of the PCM layer’s height, thickness, and mass on the preheating effect for seven candidate PCMs with high supercooling degrees. Furthermore, the economic efficiency of the single-PCM design with different PCMs is compared. In addition, the optimal ratio of the PCMs’ height for the dual-PCM design is investigated. Eventually, the improvement of the battery’s output performance is discussed. The results reveal that the proposed designs can effectively preheat the battery with a temperature rise higher than 10°C. The single-PCM design using Li NO3·3H2O shows the best preheating ability, while CH3COONa·3H2O is the most economical. Although the dual-PCM design cannot outperform the single-PCM design, it can preheat the battery twice and show better flexibility. Compared with the battery without preheating, a 26650-format battery with the single-PCM design can prolong the operating time by 38.8 min and save the electric quantity by 2.1 A h;while they are by 42.8 min and 2.3 A h with the dual-PCM design.

关键词： preheating method Li-ion battery phase change material supercooling

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Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Design Parameters and Operating Conditions on the Electrochemical Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

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Journal of Thermal Science 2023年第6期32卷 1989-2007页

作者： HASSAN Alamir H. WANG Xueye liao zhirong Xu Chao Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of MOE School of EnergyPower and Mechanical EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China Mechanical Power Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering-MattariaHelwan UniversityCairo11718Egypt

Proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell(PEMEC)is one of the most promising methods to produce hydrogen at high purity and low power consumption.In this study,a three-dimensional non-isothermal model is used to simulate the cell performance of a typical PEMEC based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)with the finite element method.Then,the model is used to investigate the distributions of current density,species concentration,and temperature at the membrane/catalyst(MEM/CL)interface.Also,the effects of operating conditions and design parameters on the polarization curve,specific electrical energy demand,and electrical cell efficiency are studied.The results show that the maximum distribution of current density,hydrogen concentration,oxygen concentration,and temperature occur beneath the core ribs and increase towards the channel outlet,while the maximum water concentration distribution happens under the channel and decreases towards the channel exit direction.The increase in gas diffusion layer(GDL)thickness reduces the uneven distribution of the contour at the MEM/CL interface.It is also found that increasing the operating temperature from 323 K to 363 K reduces the cell voltage and specific energy demand.The hydrogen ion diffusion degrades with increasing the cathode pressure,which increases the specific energy demand and reduces the electrical cell efficiency.Furthermore,increasing the thickness of the GDL and membrane rises the specific energy demand and lowers the electrical efficiency,but increasing GDL porosity reduces the specific electrical energy demand and improves the electrical cell efficiency;thus using a thin membrane and GDL is recommended.

关键词： hydrogen production proton exchange membrane water electrolysis gas diffusion layer cell efficiency

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Three-dimensional multiphase modeling of a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell with a new interdigitated-jet hole flow field

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2022年第5期65卷 1179-1192页

作者： WANG XueYe WANG ZhiMing FENG YuanCheng XU Chao CHEN ZhiChao liao zhirong JU Xing Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of MOE School of Energy Power and Mechanical EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology Tianjin University of CommerceTianjin300134China Institute of Science and Technology China Three Gorges CorporationBeijing100038China

The flow field structure on the bipolar plate significantly affects the performance of the proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell(PEMEC).This paper proposes a new interdigitated-jet hole flow field(JHFF)design to improve the uniformities of liquid saturation,temperature,and current density distributions.The common single-path serpentine flow field(SSFF)and interdigitated flow field(IFF)are used as comparative references to constitute three PEMEC cases.An advanced numerical model has been established to simulate the performance of the PEMEC using CFD software.The results show that,due to the perpendicular mainstream and the pressure difference,the JHFF enhances the mass and heat transfer inside the porous electrode by introducing strong forced convection,which promotes gas removal underneath the ribs and cooling.Compared with the comparative flow fields,the uniformities of liquid saturation,temperature,and current density distributions by using the JHFF at the anode side are increased by 19.1%,53.2%,and 40.4%,respectively.Further,mainly owing to the largest conductive area,the PEMEC with the JHFF has superior polarization performance,which is 8.05%higher than the PEMEC with the SSFF.

关键词： proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell interdigitated-jet hole flow field mass transfer uniform distributions polarization performance

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Numerical investigation of water and temperature distributions in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2021年第7期64卷 1555-1566页

作者： WANG ZhiMing XU Chao WANG XueYe liao zhirong DU XiaoZe Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of MOE School of Energy Power and Mechanical EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China

A three-dimensional, non-isothermal, two-phase model for a PEM water electrolysis cell(PEMEC) is established in this study.An effective connection between two-phase transport and performance in the PEMECs is built through coupling the liquid water saturation and temperature in the charge conservation equation. The distributions of liquid water and temperature with different operating(voltage, temperature, inlet velocity) and physical(contact angle, and porosity of anode gas diffusion layer) parameters are examined and discussed in detail. The results show that the water and temperature distributions, which are affected by the operating and physical parameters, have a combined effect on the cell performance. The effects of various parameters on the PEMEC are of interaction and restricted mutually. As the voltage increases, the priority factor caused by the change of inlet water velocity changes from the liquid water saturation increase to the temperature drop in the anode catalyst layer. While the priority influence factor caused by the contact angle and porosity of anode gas diffusion layer is the liquid water saturation. Decreasing the contact angle or/and increasing the porosity can improve the PEMEC performance especially at the high voltage. The results can provide a better understanding of the effect of heat and mass transfer and the foundation for optimization design.

关键词： proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell two-phase model liquid water saturation flow rate temperature distribution

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The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2022年第3期35卷 106-122页

作者： Jose A.Robles‑Linares Kieran Winter zhirong liao Faculty of Engineering University of NottinghamNottingham NG72RDUK

Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining.Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e.,smearing,which occur in mechanical methods.However,comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet.This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining.Three lasers of different pulse widths,i.e.,picosecond,nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency.The cutting temperature,and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser.Furthermore,an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth,owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat.It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser,indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions.Therefore,the choice of laser type(i.e.,in terms of its pulse width and frequency)needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.

关键词： Bone cutting Necrosis Surface damage Laser machining Histology

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Recent Advances in Processing of Biological Tissues

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2022年第3期35卷 1-2页

作者： Chengyong Wang zhirong liao Dong Wang Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006China Faculty of Engineering University of NottinghamNottinghamUK Faculty of Engineering University of ExeterExeterUK

The advancement of surgical technology has greatly improved the capability of clinical treatments in recent decades.Advanced surgical technologies,such as minimally invasive,implantation interventional,and robotassisted surgeries,have been emerging,and bring enormous benefits to patients.While these technologies have been widely employed in clinical applications,the fundamentals of the clinical surgeries can also be interpreted in an engineering term as the processing and manipulation of biological tissues and has been merging with biomechanics,materials science and manufacturing science,although surgical technology may stand and often treated as an individual discipline.

关键词： clinical manipulation implantation

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专科护理小组用于无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗AECOPD并呼吸衰竭中对遵医行为、并发症的影响

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中外医疗 2024年第1期43卷 186-189页

作者：廖颖娴杜志容谭艺娴广东省罗定市中医院内一科广东罗定527200

目的研究专科护理小组用于无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,AECOPD)并呼吸衰竭的效果,及对遵医行为、并发症的影响。方法随机选取2023年4—8月广东省... 详细信息

目的研究专科护理小组用于无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,AECOPD)并呼吸衰竭的效果,及对遵医行为、并发症的影响。方法随机选取2023年4—8月广东省罗定市中医院收治的50例AECOPD并呼吸衰竭患者为研究对象,按照护理方法的不同分为对照组(n=25,常规护理)和研究组(n=25,专科护理小组)。统计并比较两组的并发症发生情况及护理前后的遵医行为、生活质量、护理满意度。结果与对照组相比,研究组的并发症发生率(0)更低,护理满意度(100%)更高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.735、5.980,P=0.030、0.015)。且经过护理后,两组遵医行为、慢性呼吸系统疾病问卷评分均升高,且研究组各评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论专科护理小组可提高患者的遵医行为,降低并发症发生率,利于生活质量及护理满意度的提升。

关键词：专科护理小组无创呼吸机慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期呼吸衰竭遵医行为并发症

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六堡茶真菌固态发酵优势单菌的筛选

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食品科学 2024年第6期45卷 64-71页

作者：吴新惠杜金杰刘晓纯廖楷滨覃玉娜梁炜杰张灵枝龙志荣邱瑞瑾梧州市农业科学研究所/广西壮族自治区农业科学院梧州分院广西梧州543003 广西六堡茶生物学与资源利用重点实验室广西梧州543003 韶关学院生物与农业学院广东韶关512000 华南农业大学园艺学院广东广州510642 梧州市茶产业发展服务中心广西梧州543000

以苍梧群体种六堡毛茶为原料,利用从六堡茶中分离到的20株真菌接种至灭菌六堡毛茶进行固态发酵,通过感官审评、生化成分检测结合主成分分析,探索不同真菌的发酵效果,筛选出可显著提升六堡茶品质或赋予六堡茶新风味的固态发酵优势真菌。... 详细信息

以苍梧群体种六堡毛茶为原料,利用从六堡茶中分离到的20株真菌接种至灭菌六堡毛茶进行固态发酵,通过感官审评、生化成分检测结合主成分分析,探索不同真菌的发酵效果,筛选出可显著提升六堡茶品质或赋予六堡茶新风味的固态发酵优势真菌。结果显示,9株真菌发酵性能优异,分别为塔宾曲霉、黑曲霉、芒果青霉、角膜曲霉、赤曲霉、间型曲霉、团青霉、阿姆斯特丹曲霉、赤酵母。对9株真菌发酵茶样进行理化成分分析,结果显示:接种塔宾曲霉、黑曲霉、团青霉和阿姆斯特丹曲霉发酵能显著改变茶叶中18种化学成分的含量。综合考量确定团青霉和阿姆斯特丹曲霉为发酵优良真菌。本研究可为后期人工控菌发酵六堡茶提供优良菌种资源,并为六堡茶发酵工艺改良、产品研发创新及品质提升提供科学的理论依据。

关键词：六堡茶优势真菌固态发酵主成分分析

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