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Study on anisotropy of Longmaxi shale using hydraulic fracturing experiment

Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第2期64卷 260-277页

作者： Hongyu ZHAI Xu CHANG Wei ZHU xinglin lei Ziqiu XUE Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)Ibaraki 305-8567Japan Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth Kyoto 619-0292Japan

Hydraulic fracturing reservoir reconstruction technology is crucial in the development of shale gas exploitation *** quantities of high-pressure fluids injected into shale reservoirs significantly alter compressional(P)and shear(S)wave velocities,rock mechanical parameters,and anisotropic *** this study,differentiated hydraulic fracturing petrophysical experiments were carried out on Longmaxi Formation shale under pseudo-triaxial stress loading *** effects of stress loading methods,and water-rock physical and chemical reactions on P-and S-wave velocities and rock mechanical parameters were *** experimental results showed that isotropic stress loading may increase the P-and Swave velocities and Young’s modulus of dry shale ***,it may lead to a weakening of the corresponding *** contrast,differential stress loading was able to improve the anisotropy of Young’s modulus and accelerate the decrease in the compressive strength of shale in the vertical bedding *** water-rock physical and chemical reactions prompted by hydraulic fracturing was found to"soften"shale samples and reduce Young’s *** influence of this"soften"effect on the compressional and shear wave velocities of shale was negligible,whilst there was a significant decrease in the anisotropy characteristics of Thomsen parameters,Young’s modulus,and Poisson’s *** negative linear relationship between the Poisson’s ratios of the shale samples was also observed to lose sensitivity to stress loading,as a result of the"soften"effect of fracturing fluid on *** results of this study provide a reliable reference point and data support for future research on the mechanical properties of Longmaxi shale rocks.

关键词： Longmaxi shale Anisotropic parameters Hydraulic fracturing experiment

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Is clustered seismicity an indicator of regional stress?Insights from earthquake sequences in Yongning-Luguhu faulted basin,Southwest China

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Earthquake Research Advances 2022年第3期2卷 14-24页

作者： xinglin lei Guangming Wang Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)Higashi 1-1-1TsukubaIbaraki305-8567Japan Yunnan Earthquake Agency Kunming650224China

Using hypocenter relocation,moment tensor inversion,stress field inversion,and fault slip tendency analysis,this study systematically investigated three M5.5-5.8 earthquake sequences that occurred after 2000 in the Yongning-Luguhu faulted basin in the middle of the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone within the Sichuan-Yunnan block,Southwest *** results show that since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,the tectonic stress pattern in this area may have changed and that b-values estimated for the earthquake sequences show evidence of an increasing trend in stress in the study *** in the small-scale faulted basin adjacent to the large-scale fault zone is a possible indicator of regional *** also note that the aftershocks of the M5.7 earthquake sequence in 2012 and the M5.5 earthquake sequence in 2022 show relatively clear fluid diffusion-triggering *** of deep fluids is still the main factor driving seismic activity in the region,and we propose that the background tectonic stresses have not yet reached critical levels.

关键词： Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault Yongning-Luguhu basin Seismogenic fault Fault valve Deep fluid

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Influence of bedding structure on stress-induced elastic wave anisotropy in tight sandstones

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2021年第1期13卷 98-113页

作者： Xiaying Li xinglin lei Qi Li Dianguo Chen State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST) Tsukuba305-8567Japan Chongqing Dizhiyuan Geology and Engineering Testing Co. LtdChongqing401329China

To understand the evolution of stress-induced elastic wave anisotropy,three triaxial experiments were performed on sandstone specimens with bedding orientations parallel,perpendicular,and oblique to the maximum principal stress.P-wave velocities along 64 different directions on each specimen were monitored frequently to understand the anisotropy change at various stress levels by fitting Thomsen’s anisotropy *** results show that the elastic wave anisotropy is very sensitive to mechanical *** hydrostatic loading,the magnitude of anisotropy is reduced in all three ***,under deviatoric stress loading,the evolution of anisotropic characteristics(magnitude and orientation of the symmetry axis)is bedding orientation *** reversal occurs in specimens with bedding normal/oblique to the maximum principal stress.P-wave anisotropyε0 is linearly related to volumetric strain Sv and dilatancy,indicating that stress-induced redistribution of microcracks has a significant effect on P-wave velocity *** closure of initial cracks and pores aligned in the bedding direction contributes to the decrease of the ***,opening of new cracks,aligned in the maximum principal direction,accounts for the increase of the *** experimental results provide some insights into the microstructural behavior under loading and provide an experimental basis for seismic data interpretation and parameter selection in engineering applications.

关键词： Elastic wave anisotropy Stress-induced anisotropy Anisotropy reversal Bedding orientation Microstructure Tight sandstone

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An effective method for laboratory acoustic emission detection and location using template matching

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2022年第5期14卷 1642-1651页

作者： xinglin lei Tomohiro Ohuchi Manami Kitamura Xiaying Li Qi Li National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST) Tsukuba305-8567Japan Geodynamics Research Center Ehime UniversityMatsuyama790-8577Japan State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

In this paper, a template matching and location method, which has been rapidly adopted in microseismic research in recent years, is applied to laboratory acoustic emission(AE) monitoring. First, we used traditional methods to detect P-wave first motions and locate AE hypocenters in three dimensions. In addition, we selected events located with sufficient accuracy(normally corresponding AE events of relatively larger energy, showing clear P-wave first motion and a higher signal-to-noise ratio in most channels) as template events. Then, the template events were used to scan and match other poorly located events in triggered event records or weak events in continuous records. Through crosscorrelation of the multi-channel waveforms between the template and the event to be detected, the weak signal was detected and located using a grid-searching algorithm(with the grid centered at the template hypocenter). In order to examine the performance of the approach, we calibrated the proposed method using experimental data of different rocks and different types of experiments. The results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the detection capability and location accuracy, and can be applied to various laboratory and in situ experiments, which use multi-channel AE monitoring with waveforms recorded in either triggering or continuous mode.

关键词： Acoustic emission Template matching and location Waveform cross-correlation Grid search

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Laboratory acoustic emission study for earthquake generation process

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Earthquake Science 2014年第6期27卷 627-646页

作者： xinglin lei Shengli Ma Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration

Since the similarity in size distribution of earthquakes and acoustic emissions （AE） was found in the 1960s, many laboratory studies have been motivated by the need to provide tools for the prediction of mining failures and natural earthquakes. This paper aims, on the one hand, to draw an outline of laboratory AE studies in the last 50 years, which have addressed seismological problems. Topics include the power laws in which the similarity between AEs and earthquakes is involved and progress that has been made in AE technology and laboratory AE study. On the other hand, this study will highlight some key issues intensively discussed, especially in the last three decades, such as aspects related to the pre-failure damage evolution, fault nucleation and growth in brittle rocks and discuss factors governing these processes.

关键词： Acoustic emission (AE) Pre-failure damage Rock fracture Earthquake Fault nucleation Process zone

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Fluid-driven seismicity in relatively stable continental regions:Insights from the February 3^(rd),2020 M_(S)5.1 Qingbaijiang isolated earthquake

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Earthquake Research Advances 2021年第1期1卷 19-24页

作者： xinglin lei Jianbao Sun Jinrong Su Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)Higashi 1-1-1TsukubaIbaraki305-8567Japan State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing100029China Earthquake Monitoring Centre Sichuan Earthquake AgencyChengdu610041China

On February 3rd,2020,an isolated MS5.1 earthquake occurred in the northern section of the Longquanshan fault *** study aims at defining the geometry of seismogenic structures of this *** detail,centroid moment tensor inversion results show that the earthquake is characterized by a focal depth of 3.8 km with no corresponding surface *** strike/dip/rake angles for the two nodal planes are 205°/54°/96°and 15°/36°/82°,*** the analyses of coseismic deformation of the surface obtained from InSAR measurements,together with the information of relocated hypocenters for a small number of aftershocks,it is concluded that a northwest-dipping nodal plane corresponds well to the source *** fault is suggested to have a length of about 2.8 km and a depth range of 2-5 km,and the centroid of the earthquake is located at 104.48°E and 30.71°***,multiple pieces of evidence indicate that this earthquake is partly driven by the overpressure effect associated with the adjacent natural gas packets,which is similar to several other moderate natural earthquakes in Sichuan Basin.

关键词： Isolated earthquake InSAR Deep fluid Fault valve Sichuan Basin

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Possible link between long-term and short-term water injections and earthquakes in salt mine and shale gas site in Changning,south Sichuan Basin, China

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2019年第6期3卷 510-525页

作者： xinglin lei ZhiWei Wang JinRong Su Geological Survey of Japan AISTIbaraki 305-8567Japan State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China Earthquake Monitoring Centre Sichuan Earthquake AdministrationChengdu 610041China

Late at night on 17 June 2019,a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Shuanghe Town and its surrounding area in Changning County,Sichuan,China,becoming the largest earthquake recorded within the southern Sichuan Basin.A series of earthquakes with magnitudes up to 5.6 occurred during a short period after the mainshock,and we thus refer to these earthquakes as the Changning M6 earthquake sequence(or swarm).The mainshock was located very close to a salt mine,into which for^3 decades fresh water had been extensively injected through several wells at a depth of 2.7–3 *** was also near(within^15 km)the epicenter of the 18 December 2018 M5.7 Xingwen earthquake,which is thought to have been induced by shale gas hydraulic fracturing(HF),prompting questions about the possible involvement of industrial activities in the M6 *** previous studies,this paper focuses on the relationship between injection and seismicity in the Shuanghe salt field and its adjacent Shangluo shale gas *** for a period of serious water loss after the start of cross-well injection in 2005–2006,the frequency of earthquakes shows a slightly increasing ***,there is a good correlation between the event rate in the Shuanghe area and the loss of injected *** than 400 M≥3 earthquakes,including 40 M≥4 and 5 M≥5 events,had been observed by the end of August ***,in the Shangluo area,seismicity has increased during drilling and HF operations(mostly in vertical wells)since about 2009,and dramatically since the end of 2014,coincident with the start of systematic HF in the *** event rate shows a progressively increasing background with some fluctuations,paralleling the increase in HF *** than 700 M≥3 earthquakes,including 10 M≥4 and 3 M≥5 in spatially and temporally clustered seismic events,are correlated closely with active fracturing ***-resolved centroid moment tensor results for M≥4 earthquakes were shown to occur at very shallow depths

关键词： Changning earthquake injection-induced earthquake deep well injection hydraulic fracturing salt well mine shale gas

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Pattern of stress change and its effect on seismicity rate caused by M_s8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1260-1270页

作者： XIE ChaoDi ZHU YuanQing lei xinglin YU HaiYing HU XiongLin School of Ocean&Earth Science Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Geological Survey of Japan AISTTsukuba 305-8567Japan Seismological Bureau of Shanghai Shanghai 200062China Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Kunming 650224China

We use five published source models to calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes induced by the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, and analyze the association between stress changes and the subsequent earthquakes. Based on the analysis of uncertainties resulting from source models, we determine the stress changes on nearby faults caused by the Wenchuan earthquake. Moreover, we focus on the seismicity rate change as a function of time on every fault under the influence of stress changes. The results indicate that the spatial distributions of aftershocks correlate well with the regions where stress is calculated to increase using the related models. The largest lobes of dropped stress lie in the west and east sides of source fault. The largest lobes of increased failure stress close to southern and northern ends of the source fault extend into the whole source failure plane. In addition, another region of increased stress lies in the Wenchuan-Yingxiu zone close to the southern segment of source fault, where a large number of aftershocks have occurred. And subsequent earthquakes seem to extend to even more remote distances; therefore, this area also has a high risk of seismic hazard. We find that the positive stress changes on nearby faults imposed by the Wenchuan earthquake produce an encouraging effect on seismicity rate. The effect is most significant on the Pengxian-Guanxian fault and Qingchuan fault, the value of seismicity rate maintains two times greater than the value before the mainshock for the next hundred years on these faults, and the time needed for the aftershock rate to recover to the pre-mainshock seismicity rate can reach up to 800-900 yr. The influence is not significant on the western Qinling fault, the Longquanshan fault, the Xianshuihe fault, the Yulongxi fault, the Anninghe fault, the Minjiang fault, and the Aba fault. Compared with the seismicity rate on these faults before the mainshock, the aftershock rate is raised by less than two times, and the

关键词： Wenchuan earthquake optimally oriented fault Coulomb stress change seismicity rate

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Step-over of strike-slip faults and overpressure fluid favor occurrence of foreshocks:Insights from the 1975 Haicheng fore-main-aftershock sequence,China

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Earthquake Research Advances 2024年第1期4卷 36-46页

作者： xinglin lei Zhiwei Wang Shengli Ma Changrong He Geological Survey of Japan AISTTsukuba305-8567Japan State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyCEABeijing100029 China

This study analyzed and summarized in detail the spatial and temporal distributions of earthquakes,tidal responses,focal mechanisms,and stress field characteristics for the M 7.3 Haicheng earthquake sequence in February *** foreshocks are related to the main fault and the conjugate faults surrounding the extension step-over in the *** initiation timing of the foreshock clusters and the original time of the mainshock were clearly modulated by the Earth's tidal force and coincided with the peak of dilational volumetric tidal *** a plausible and testable hypothesis,we proposed a fluid-driven foreshock model,by which all observed seismicity features can be more reasonably interpreted with respect to the results of existing *** with some other known examples,the widely existing step-over along strike-slip faults and associated conjugate faults,especially for extensional ones in the presence of deep fluids,favor the occurrence of short-term *** clustered seismicity with characteristics similar to those of the studied case is not a sufficient and necessary condition for large earthquakes to occur under similar tectonic conditions,it undoubtedly has a warning significance for the criticality of the main *** testing would require quantification of true/false positives/negatives.

关键词： Haicheng earthquake Seismogenic fault ETAS Foreshock Deep fluid

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A laboratory acoustic emission experiment and numerical simulation of rock fracture driven by a high-pressure fluid source

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2016年第1期8卷 27-34页

作者： xinglin lei Takahiro Funatsu Shengli Ma Liqiang Liu Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Western Australian School of Mines Curtin University

In order to improve our understanding of rock fracture and fault instability driven by high-pressure fluid sources, the authors carried out rock fracture tests using granite under a confining pressure of 80 MPa with fluid injection in the laboratory. Furthermore, we tested a number of numerical models using the FLAC;modeling software to find the best model to represent the experimental results. The high-speed multichannel acoustic emission（AE） waveform recording system used in this study made it possible to examine the total fracture process through detailed monitoring of AE hypocenters and seismic *** experimental results show that injecting high-pressure oil into the rock sample can induce AE activity at very low stress levels and can dramatically reduce the strength of the rock. The results of the numerical simulations show that major experimental results, including the strength, the temporal and spatial patterns of the AE events, and the role of the fluid can be represented fairly well by a model involving（1） randomly distributed defect elements to model pre-existing cracks,（2） random modification of rock properties to represent inhomogeneity introduced by different mineral grains, and（3）macroscopic inhomogeneity. Our study, which incorporates laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, indicates that such an approach is helpful in finding a better model not only for simulating experimental results but also for upscaling purposes.

关键词： Laboratory experiment Acoustic emission(AE) Fracture Numerical simulation Fluid injection

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