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停止接种卡介苗六年的经验——3.在未接种人群中结核菌的传播

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国际结核病与肺部疾病杂志 1996年第1期 29-32页

作者： D.Daková. l.trnka E.vandová 屠德华 Institute of Chest Diseases Prague National Institute of Public health Praguethe Czech Republic

背景:自1986年起在三分之一的捷克共和国内(每年3万新生儿)除结核病高危险的婴儿外,停止新生儿卡介苗普种。目的:在代表生活于良好社会经济条件下的未接种卡介苗儿童中评价了结核菌传播和感染的危险性。设计:1986-1992年每间隔两年进行... 详细信息

背景:自1986年起在三分之一的捷克共和国内(每年3万新生儿)除结核病高危险的婴儿外,停止新生儿卡介苗普种。目的:在代表生活于良好社会经济条件下的未接种卡介苗儿童中评价了结核菌传播和感染的危险性。设计:1986-1992年每间隔两年进行结核菌素试验,在184648名儿童中283名被感染。结果:新感染率是低的(0.04％)。1岁以下儿童很少发生感染,2-3岁儿童感染率最高。仅仅一半的最小儿童和10％较大儿童家庭内发现传染源。其余儿童必须考虑偶然接触到的家庭外的传染源,但接触和传播的方式未能查明。使结核病传播的唯一因素是高密度人群。结论:在稳定人群没有明显危险因素的儿童中新感染率是低的,已查明的结核病传染源是罕见的。儿童通过偶然接触他们家庭外结核病例而被感染。生活在太拥挤的工业住宅区是造成未接种卡介苗儿童新感染的不利因素。

关键词：接种卡介苗儿童感染结核菌素试验未接种传染源结核病例新感染率人口密度结核感染波希米亚

停止接种卡介苗六年的经验——2.卡介苗普种的费用与受益

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国际结核病与肺部疾病杂志 1996年第1期 24-28页

作者： l.trnka D.Daková. E.vandová 王撷秀 Institute of Chest Disease.Prague National Institute of Public Health.Prague.the Czech Republic

1986年捷克共和国在选定的区域内取消了强制性卡介苗普种。观察到的0-6岁儿童结核年感染率低于0.1％,而结核年发病率为7/10万。未接种儿童中增加的结核病例表明,接种卡介苗的保护作用为80％。受益分析证实,接种卡介苗的优点和缺点持平... 详细信息

1986年捷克共和国在选定的区域内取消了强制性卡介苗普种。观察到的0-6岁儿童结核年感染率低于0.1％,而结核年发病率为7/10万。未接种儿童中增加的结核病例表明,接种卡介苗的保护作用为80％。受益分析证实,接种卡介苗的优点和缺点持平。未接种儿童发生结核病的数目是如此之少,没有必要大量应用卡介苗。不接种的重要优点是保留了结核菌素试验的流行病学和诊断价值。结素试验与预防性化疗结合仍然是使我们能够控制受感染者的重要工具。

关键词：卡介苗接种接种卡介苗儿童结核病例未接种结核分支杆菌结核菌素试验受益分析非结核分支杆菌病

停止接种卡介苗六年的经验——1.年结核感染率和结核病发病率

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国际结核病与肺部疾病杂志 1996年第1期 19-23页

作者： l.trnka D.Daková. E.vandová 张立兴 Institute of Chest Disease National Institust of Public Health PragueThe Czech Republic

捷克斯洛伐克于40年前开始应用卡介苗接种规程,当时结核病流行情况与现在有明显差别。于1986年在一个选择的地区内,除高发结核病人群和家长要求接种外,停止新生儿强制性普种卡介苗。本研究的目的是确定在165 854名新生儿中,经六年随访... 详细信息

捷克斯洛伐克于40年前开始应用卡介苗接种规程,当时结核病流行情况与现在有明显差别。于1986年在一个选择的地区内,除高发结核病人群和家长要求接种外,停止新生儿强制性普种卡介苗。本研究的目的是确定在165 854名新生儿中,经六年随访观察,年结核感染率和感染儿童中发病率。0-6岁儿童中平均年结核感染率是低的(0.046％)。未发现增加年感染率的因素。31名儿童诊断为原发性结核(7/10万人年),相当于15.5％感染儿童从感染到疾病的发病率。大部分病人无病状和病情轻微,均为定期检查发现。该研究结果推荐可把普种卡介苗改为选择性高危险新生儿接种。同时应考虑涉及到移民,生活条件的社会和经济方面,和群众以及医务人员对接种的态度。

关键词：结核菌素试验接种卡介苗结核感染率卡介苗接种儿童结核病发病率分支杆菌感染年感染率捷克共和国分支杆菌病

Global wood anatomical perspective on the onset of the late Antique little Ice Age (lAlIA) in the mid-6th century CE

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Science Bulletin 2022年第22期67卷 2336-2344页

作者： Ulf Büntgen Alan Crivellaro Dominique Arseneault Mike Baillie David Barclay Mauro Bernabei Jarno Bontadi Gretel Boswijk David Brown Duncan A.Christie Olga V.Churakova Edward R.Cook Rosanne D’Arrigo Nicole Davi Jan Esper Patrick Fonti Ciara Greaves Rashit M.Hantemirov Malcolm K.Hughes Alexander V.Kirdyanov Paul J.Krusic Carlos le Quesne Fredrik C.ljungqvist Michael Mc.Cormick Vladimir S.Myglan Kurt Nicolussi Clive Oppenheimer Jonathan Palmer Chun Qin Frederick Reinig Matthew Salzer Markus Stoffel Max Torbenson Mirek trnka Ricardo Villalba Nick Wiesenberg Greg Wiles Bao Yang Alma Piermattei Department of Geography University of CambridgeCambridge CB23ENUK Swiss Federal Research Institute(WSl) Birmensdorf 8903Switzerland Global Change Research Centre(CzechGlobe) Brno 60300Czech Republic Department of Geography Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrno 61300Czech Republic Forest Biometrics laboratory Faculty of Forestry“Stefan cel Mare”University of SuceavaSuceava 720229Romania Department of Biology Chemistry and GeographyUniversity of Quebec in RimouskiRimouski Qc.G5L 3A1Canada Archaeology&Palaeoecology School of Natural and Built EnvironmentQueen’s University BelfastBelfast BT71NNUK Department of Geology State University of New York at CortlandCortland NY 13045USA CNR-IBE Institute of BioEconomyNational Research CouncilTrento 38121Italy School of Environment The University of AucklandAuckland 1010New Zealand laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia 509000Chile Center for Climate and Resilience Research(CR) Santiago 8370449Chile Cape Horn International Center(CHIC) Punta Arenas 6200000Chile Institute of Ecology and Geography Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarsk 660041Russia Tree-Ring laboratory Lamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades NY 10964USA Department of Environmental Science William Paterson UniversityWayne NJ 07470USA Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainz 55099Germany Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural BranchRussian Academy of SciencesYekaterinburg 620144Russia Ural Institute of Humanities Ural Federal UniversityYekaterinburg 620002Russia laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of ArizonaTucson AZ 85721USA Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS Krasnoyarsk 660036Russia Department of Physical Geography Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholm 10691Sweden Department of History Stockholm UniversityStockholm 10691Sweden Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm UniversityStockholm 10691Sweden Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study

linked to major volcanic eruptions around 536 and 540 CE, the onset of the late Antique little Ice Age has been described as the coldest period of the past two millennia. The exact timing and spatial extent of this exceptional cold phase are, however, still under debate because of the limited resolution and geographical distribution of the available proxy archives. Here, we use 106 wood anatomical thin sections from 23forest sites and 20 tree species in both hemispheres to search for cell-level fingerprints of ephemeral summer cooling between 530 and 550 CE. After cross-dating and double-staining, we identified 89Blue Rings(lack of cell wall lignification), nine Frost Rings(cell deformation and collapse), and 93light Rings(reduced cell wall thickening) in the Northern Hemisphere. Our network reveals evidence for the strongest temperature depression between mid-July and early-August 536 CE across North America and Eurasia, whereas more localised cold spells occurred in the summers of 532, 540–43, and548 CE. The lack of anatomical signatures in the austral trees suggests limited incursion of stratospheric volcanic aerosol into the Southern Hemisphere extra-tropics, that any forcing was mitigated by atmosphere-ocean dynamical responses and/or concentrated outside the growing season, or a combination of factors. Our findings demonstrate the advantage of wood anatomical investigations over traditional dendrochronological measurements, provide a benchmark for Earth system models, support cross-disciplinary studies into the entanglements of climate and history, and question the relevance of global climate averages.

关键词： Blue Rings Climate extremes Dendrochronology late Antiquity Tree rings Volcanic eruptions