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Exploring water and ion transport process at silicone/copper interfaces using in-situ electrochemical and Kelvin probe approaches

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journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第5期64卷 203-213页

作者： B.Munirathinam j.P.B.van Dam A.Herrmann W.D.van Driel F.De Buyl S.j.F.Erich l.g.j.van der ven O.C.g.Adan j.M.C.Mol Delft University of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering DepartmentDelftThe Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Applied PhysicsEindhovenThe Netherlands Signify High Tech CampusEindhovenThe Netherlands Delft University of Technology Electronic ComponentsTechnology and MaterialsFaculty of Electrical EngineeringDelftThe Netherlands Dow Silicones Belgium s.p.r.l. Belgium

In general,packaging materials which encapsulate light emitting diodes(lEDs)and microelectronic devices offer barrier protection against several environmental hazards such as water and ionic ***,these encapsulants may provide pathways for water and ionic contaminants to reach the metal/polymer interfaces and provoke local corrosion of electronics,which is a major reliability concern for polymer encapsulated lEDs and *** the water and corrosive constituents play a crucial role in their reliability,water uptake kinetics,interfacial ion transport and delamination behaviour of silicone coated copper model system,mimicking a typical microelectronics packaging system,is explored in the present *** impedance spectroscopy(EIS)integrated with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy studies revealed that water diffusion inside the silicone network is Fickian in nature and the evolution of the observed time constants are related to the diffusion and interfacial reactions.A decrease of impedance magnitude with time was observed in EIS measurements concurrently with water absorption bands shifting towards lower wavenumber in ATR-FTIR measurements,implying the growth of strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the silicone *** estimated diffusion constant of water using the capacitance method was in the order of 7×10^(-12)m^(2)s^(-1)and the water absorption volume fraction was in the range of 0%to 0.30%.Scanning Kelvin probe studies elucidated the ion transport process occurring at the silicone/copper interface in a humid *** interfacial ion transport process is controlled by the interfacial electrochemical reactions at the cathodic delamination front and the estimated average delamination rate is 0.43 mm h^(-1/2).This work demonstrates that exploring ion and water transport in the silicone coating and along the silicone/copper interface is of pivotal importance as

关键词： Silicone Impedance Water transport Scanning Kelvin probe Delamination

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CD4^(+)T cells produce IFN-I to license cDC1s for induction of cytotoxic T-cell activity in human tumors

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第4期21卷 374-392页

作者： Xin lei Daniël C.de groot Marij j.P.Welters Tom de Wit Ellen Schrama Hans van Eenennaam Saskia j.Santegoets Timo Oosenbrug Annemarthe van der Veen joris l.Vos Charlotte l.Zuur Noel F.C.C.de Miranda Heinz jacobs Sjoerd H.van der Burg jannie Borst Yanling Xiao Department of Immunology Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Oncode Institute Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Department of Tumor Biology and Immunology The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Medical Oncology Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands IMMIOS B.V. OssThe Netherlands Division of Medical Oncology The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Otorhinolaryngology leiden University Medical Center LeidenThe Netherlands Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands

CD4^(+)T cells can"help"or"license" conventional type 1 dendritic cells(cDC1s)to induce CD8^(+)cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTl)anticancer responses,as proven in mouse *** recently identified cDC1s with a transcriptomic imprint of CD4^(+)T-cell help,specifically in T-cell-infiltrated human cancers,and these cells were associated with a good prognosis and response to PD-1-targeting ***,we delineate the mechanism of cDC1 licensing by CD4^(+)T cells in *** CD4^(+)T cells produce IFNβvia the STINg pathway,which promotes MHC-I antigen(cross-)presentation by cDC1s and thereby improves their ability to induce CTl anticancer *** cooperation with CD40 ligand(l),IFNβalso optimizes the costimulatory and other functions of cDC1s required for CTl response ***-I-producing CD4^(+)T cells are present in diverse T-cell-infiltrated cancers and likely deliver“help”signals to CTls locally,according to their transcriptomic profile and colocalization with“helped/licensed”cDCs and tumor-reactive CD8^(+)T *** agreement with this scenario,the presence of IFN-I-producing CD4^(+)T cells in the TME is associated with overall survival and the response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade in cancer patients.

关键词： CD4^(+)T-cell help cDC1 licensing IFN-I signaling CD40 costimulation (cross-)presentation CTl priming Tumor control

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Clinical-based phenotypes in children with pediatric post-COVID-19 condition

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World journal of Pediatrics 2024年第7期20卷 682-691页

作者： lieke C.E.Noij jelle M.Blankestijn Coen R.lap Marlies A.van Houten giske Biesbroek Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee Mahmoud I.Abdel-Aziz johannes B.van goudoever Mattijs W.Alsem Caroline l.H.Brackel Kim j.Oostrom Simone Hashimoto Suzanne W.j.Terheggen-lagro Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Amsterdam UMCLocation AMCEmma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterRoom G2-222Meibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Pulmonary Medicine Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Pediatrics Spaarne GasthuisHoofddorpThe Netherlands Department of Pediatrics Emma Children’s HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Amsterdam Movement SciencesMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Paediatric Pulmonology Department of PaediatricsTergooi MCHilversumThe Netherlands Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychosocial Care Amsterdam UMCAmsterdam Reproduction and DevelopmentAmsterdamThe Netherlands

Background Pediatric post coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)condition(PPCC)is a heterogeneous syndrome,which can significantly affect the daily lives of *** study aimed to identify clinically meaningful phenotypes in children with PPCC,to better characterize and treat this *** Participants were children with physician-diagnosed PPCC,referred to the academic hospital Amsterdam UMC in the Netherlands between November 2021 and March *** factors and information on post-COVID symptoms,comorbidities,and impact on daily life were *** clusters were identified using an unsupervised and unbiased approach for mixed data *** Analysis of 111 patients(aged 3–18 years)revealed three distinct clusters within *** 1(n=62,median age=15 years)predominantly consisted of girls(74.2%).These patients suffered relatively more from exercise intolerance,dyspnea,and smell *** 2(n=33,median age=13 years)contained patients with an even gender distribution(51.5%girls).They suffered from relatively more sleep problems,memory loss,gastrointestinal symptoms,and *** 3(n=16,median age=11 years)had a higher proportion of boys(75.0%),suffered relatively more from fever,had significantly fewer symptoms(median of 5 symptoms compared to 8 and 10 for clusters 1 and 2 respectively),and experienced a lower impact on daily *** This study identified three distinct clinical PPCC phenotypes,with variations in sex,age,symptom patterns,and impact on daily *** findings highlight the need for further research to understand the potentially diverse underlying mechanisms contributing to post-COVID symptoms in children.

关键词： Adolescents Clusters long COVID Pediatric Phenotypes Post-COVID syndrome

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Comparing crystal structures with symmetry and geometry

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npj Computational Materials 2021年第1期7卷 1491-1501页

作者： john C.Thomas Anirudh Raju Natarajan Anton van der ven Materials Department University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

Measuring the similarity between two arbitrary crystal structures is a common challenge in crystallography and materials *** there are an infinite number of ways to mathematically relate two crystal structures,only a few are physically *** we introduce both a geometry-based and a symmetry-adapted similarity metric to compare crystal *** crystal symmetry and combinatorial optimization we describe an algorithm to arrive at the structural relationship that minimizes these similarity metrics across all possible maps between any pair of crystal *** approach makes it possible to(i)identify pairs of crystal structures that are identical,(ii)quantitatively measure the similarity between crystal structures,and(iii)find and rank structural transformation pathways between any pair of crystal *** discuss the advantages of using the symmetryadapted cost metric over the geometric ***,we show that all known structural transformation pathways between common crystal structures are recovered with the mapping *** methodology presented in this study will be of value to efforts that seek to catalogue crystal structures,identify structural transformation pathways or prune large first-principles datasets used to parameterize on-lattice Hamiltonians.

关键词： crystal symmetry similarity

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Towards efficient strain engineering of 2D materials:A four-points bending approach for compressive strain

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Nano Research 2024年第6期17卷 5317-5325页

作者： Hao li Félix Carrascoso Ana Borrás gloria P.Moreno Francisco j.Aparicio Ángel Barranco Andrés Castellanos gómez Campus de Cantoblanco Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de MadridC.Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz328049 MadridSpain Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma lab Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla(CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla).C/Americo Vespucio 49E-41092 SevilleSpain Departamento de Física Aplicada I Escuela Politécnica SuperiorUniversidad de Sevillac/Virgen deÁfrica 7E-41011 SevilleSpain

Strain engineering,as a powerful strategy to tune the optical and electrical properties of two-dimensional(2D)materials by deforming their crystal lattice,has attracted significant interest in recent years.2D materials can sustain ultra-high strains,even up to 10%,due to the lack of dangling bonds on their surface,making them ideal brittle *** remarkable mechanical resilience,together with a strong strain-tunable band structure,endows 2D materials with a broad optical and electrical response upon ***,strain engineering based on 2D materials is restricted by their nanoscale and strain quantification *** this study,we have modified a homebuilt three-points bending apparatus to transform it into a four-points bending apparatus that allows for the application of both compressive and tensile strains on 2D *** approach allows for the efficient and reproducible construction of a strain system and minimizes the buckling effect caused by the van der Waals interaction by adamantane encapsulation *** results demonstrate the feasibility of introducing compressive strain on 2D materials and the potential for tuning their optical and physical properties through this approach.

关键词： uniaxial compressive strain polymer encapsulation differential reflectance spectroscopy exciton tunability

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The impact of prehospital blood sampling on the emergency department process of patients with chest pain:a pragmatic non-randomized controlled trial

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World journal of Emergency Medicine 2023年第4期14卷 257-264页

作者： johan l.van Nieuwkerk M.Christien van der linden Rolf j.Verheul Merel van loon-van gaalen Marije janmaat Naomi van der linden Emergency Department Haaglanden Medical Centre&Emergency Medical Services Haaglandenthe Hague 2501 CBthe Netherlands Research and Development Haaglanden Medical Centrethe Hague 2501 CKthe Netherlands laboratory Services Haaglanden Medical Centrethe Hague 2501 CKthe Netherlands Emergency Department Haaglanden Medical Centrethe Hague 2501 CKthe Netherlands Faculty of Health University of Applied Sciences LeidenLeiden 2300 AJthe Netherlands Faculty of Technology Policy and ManagementDelft University of TechnologyDelft 2628 BXthe Netherlands

BACKgROUND:In patients with chest pain who arrive at the emergency department(ED)by ambulance,venous access is frequently established prehospital,and could be utilized to sample *** blood sampling may save time in the diagnostic *** this study,the association of prehospital blood draw with blood sample arrival times,troponin turnaround times,and ED length of stay(lOS),number of blood sample mix-ups and blood sample quality were ***:The study was conducted from October 1,2019 to February 29,*** patients who were transported to the ED with acute chest pain with low suspicion for acute coronary syndrome(ACS),outcomes were compared between cases,in whom prehospital blood draw was performed,and controls,in whom blood was drawn at the *** analyses were used to assess the association of prehospital blood draw with the time ***:Prehospital blood draw was performed in 100 *** 406 patients,blood draw was performed at the *** blood draw was independently associated with shorter blood sample arrival times,shorter troponin turnaround times and decreased lOS(Plood sample mix-ups and quality were observed(P>0.05).CONClUSION:For patients with acute chest pain with low suspicion for ACS,prehospital blood sampling is associated with shorter time intervals,while there were no significant differences between the two groups in the validity of the blood samples.

关键词： Blood specimen collection Crowding Emergency medical services Troponin

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Amplitude analysis of the decays D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第8期48卷 6-33页

作者： M.Ablikim M.N.Achasov P.Adlarson O.Afedulidis X.C.Ai R.Aliberti A.Amoroso Q.An Y.Bai O.Bakina I.Balossino Y.Ban H.-R.Bao V.Batozskaya K.Begzsuren N.Berger M.Berlowski M.Bertani D.Bettoni F.Bianchi E.Bianco A.Bortone I.Boyko R.A.Briere A.Brueggemann H.Cai X.Cai A.Calcaterra g.F.Cao N.Cao S.A.Cetin j.F.Chang W.l.Chang g.R.Che g.Chelkov C.Chen C.H.Chen Chao Chen g.Chen H.S.Chen M.l.Chen S.j.Chen S.l.Chen S.M.Chen T.Chen X.R.Chen X.T.Chen Y.B.Chen Y.Q.Chen Z.j.Chen Z.Y.Chen S.K.Choi X.Chu g.Cibinetto F.Cossio j.j.Cui H.l.Dai j.P.Dai A.Dbeyssi R.E.de Boer D.Dedovich C.Q.Deng Z.Y.Deng A.Denig I.Denysenko M.Destefanis F.De Mori B.Fang S.S.Fang W.X.Fang Y.Fang Y.Q.Fang R.Farinelli l.Fava F.Feldbauer g.Felici C.Q.Feng j.H.Feng Y.T.Feng K.Fischer M.Fritsch C.D.Fu j.l.Fu Y.W.Fu H.gao Y.N.gao Yang gao S.garbolino I.garzia P.T.ge Z.W.ge C.geng E.M.gersabeck B.Ding X.X.Ding Y.Ding Y.Ding j.Dong l.Y.Dong M.Y.Dong X.Dong M.C.Du S.X.Du Z.H.Duan P.Egorov Y.H.Fan j.Fang jA.gilman K.goetzen l.gong W.X.gong W.gradl S.gramigna M.greco M.H.gu Y.T.gu C.Y.guan Z.l.guan A.Q.guo l.B.guo M.j.guo R.P.guo Y.P.guo A.guskov j.gutierrez K.l.Han T.T.Han X.Q.Hao F.A.Harris K.K.He K.l.He F.H.Heinsius C.H.Heinz Y.K.Heng C.Herold T.Holtmann P.C.Hong g.Y.Hou X.T.Hou Y.R.Hou Z.l.Hou B.Y.Hu H.M.Hu j.F.Hu T.Hu Y.Hu g.S.Huang K.X.Huang l.Q.Huang X.T.Huang Y.P.Huang T.Hussain F.H\"olzken N.H\"usken N.in der Wiesche M.Irshad j.jackson S.janchiv j.H.jeong Q.ji Q.P.ji W.ji X.B.ji X.l.ji Y.Y.ji X.Q.jia Z.K.jia D.jiang H.B.jiang P.C.jiang S.S.jiang T.j.jiang X.S.jiang Y.jiang j.B.jiao j.K.jiao Z.jiao S.jin Y.jin M.Q.jing X.M.jing T.johansson S.Kabana N.Kalantar-Nayestanaki X.l.Kang X.S.Kang M.Kavatsyuk B.C.Ke V.Khachatryan A.Khoukaz R.Kiuchi O.B.Kolcu B.Kopf M.Kuessner X.Kui A.Kupsc W.K\"uhn j.j.lane P.larin l.lavezzi T.T.lei Z.H.lei H.leithoff M.lellmann T.lenz C.li C.li C.H.li Cheng li D.M.li F.li g.li H.li H.B.li H.j.li H.N.li Hui li j.R.li j.S.li K.li l.j.li l.K.li lei li M.H.li P.R.li Q.M.li Q.X.li R.li S.X.li T.li W.D.li W.g.li X.li X.H.li X.l.li X.Y.li Y Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beihang University Beijing 100191China Bochum Ruhr-University D-44780 BochumGermany Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS(BINP) Novosibirsk 630090Russia Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPennsylvania 15213USA Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079China Central South University Changsha 410083China China Center of Advanced Science and Technology Beijing 100190China China University of geosciences Wuhan 430074China Chung-Ang University Seoul06974Republic of Korea COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore CampusDefence RoadOff Raiwind Road54000 LahorePakistan Fudan University Shanghai 200433China gSI Helmholtzcentre for Heavy Ion Research gmbH D-64291 DarmstadtGermany guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004China guangxi University Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Helmholtz Institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471003China Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001China Huangshan College Huangshan 245000China Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081China Hunan University Changsha 410082China Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036India Indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA INFN laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN Laboratori Nazionali di FrascatiI-00044FrascatiItaly INFN laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN Sezione di PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly INFN laboratori Nazionali di Frascati University of PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly INFN Sezione di Ferrara INFN Sezione di FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly INFN Sezione di Ferrara University of FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021China Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou 730000China Institute of Physics and Technology Peace Avenue 54BUlaanbaatar 13330Mongolia Instituto de A

Using e^(+)e^(−)annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb^(−1)taken at the center-of-mass energy√s=3.773 geV with the BESIII detector,a joint amplitude analysis is performed on the decays D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η).The fit fractions of individual components are obtained,and large interferences among the dominant components of the decays D^(0)→a_(1)(1260)π,D^(0)→π(1300)π,D^(0)→ρ(770)ρ(770),and D^(0)→2(ππ)_(S)are observed in both *** the obtained amplitude model,the CP-even fractions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are determined to be(75.2±1.1_(stat).±1.5_(syst.))%and(68.9±1.5_(stat).±2.4_(syst.))%,*** branching fractions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are measured to be(0.688±0.010_(stat.)±0.010_(syst.))%and(0.951±0.025_(stat.)±0.021_(syst.))%,*** amplitude analysis provides an important model for the binning strategy in measuring the strong phase parameters of D^(0)→4πwhen used to determine the CKM angleγ(ϕ_(3))via the B^(−)→DK^(−)decay.

关键词： BESIII D^(0)meson decays amplitude analysis CP-even fraction

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A Space-Time Interior Penalty Discontinuous galerkin Method for the Wave Equation

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Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation 2022年第3期4卷 904-944页

作者： Poorvi Shukla j.j.W.van der Vegt Department of Applied Mathematics University of TwenteP.O.Box 2177500 AE EnschedeThe Netherlands

A new higher-order accurate space-time discontinuous galerkin(Dg)method using the interior penalty flux and discontinuous basis functions,both in space and in time,is pre-sented and fully analyzed for the second-order scalar wave *** attention is given to the definition of the numerical fluxes since they are crucial for the stability and accuracy of the space-time Dg *** theoretical analysis shows that the Dg discre-tization is stable and converges in a Dg-norm on general unstructured and locally refined meshes,including local refinement in *** space-time interior penalty Dg discre-tization does not have a CFl-type restriction for *** order of accuracy is obtained in the Dg-norm if the mesh size h and the time stepΔt satisfy h≅CΔt,with C a positive *** optimal order of accuracy of the space-time Dg discretization in the Dg-norm is confirmed by calculations on several model *** calculations also show that for pth-order tensor product basis functions the convergence rate in the l∞and l2-norms is order p+1 for polynomial orders p=1 and p=3 and order p for polynomial order p=2.

关键词： Wave equation Space-time methods Discontinuous galerkin methods Interior penalty method A priori error analysis

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SNARE-RNAi Results in Higher Terpene Emission from Ectopically Expressed Caryophyllene Synthase in Nicotiana benthamiana

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Molecular Plant 2015年第3期8卷 454-466页

作者： Hieng-Ming Ting Thierry l. Delatte Pim Kolkman johana C. Misas-Villamil Renier A.l. van der Hoom Harro j. Bouwmeester Alexander R. van der Krol laboratory of Plant Physiology Wageningen University PO Box 658 6700 AR Wageningen The Netherlands plant Chemetics laboratory Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research Carl-von-Linne Weg 10 50829 Cologne Germany Plant Chemetics laboratory Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK

Plants produce numerous terpenes and much effort has been dedicated to the identification and charac- terization of the terpene biosynthetic genes. However, little is known about how terpenes are transported within the cell and from the cell into the apoplast. To investigate a putative role of vesicle fusion in this pro- cess, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient coexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana of an MtVAMP721e-RNAi construct （Vi） with either a caryophyllene synthase or a linalool synthase, respec- tively. Headspace analysis of the leaves showed that caryophyllene or linalool emission increased about five-fold when N. benthamiana VAMP72 function was blocked. RNA sequencing and protein ubiquitination analysis of the agroinflltrated N. benthamiana leaf extracts suggested that increased terpene emissions may be attributed to proteasome malfunction based on three observations： leaves with TPS＋Vi showed （1） a higher level of a DsRed marker protein, （2） a higher level of ubiquitinated proteins, and （3） coordinated induced expression of multiple proteasome genes, presumably caused by the lack of proteasome- mediated feedback regulation. However, caryophyllene or linalool did not inhibit proteasome-related pro- tease activity in the in vitro assays. While the results are not conclusive for a role of vesicle fusion in terpene transport, they do show a strong interaction between inhibition of vesicle fusion and ectopic expression of certain terpenes. The results have potential applications in metabolic engineering.

关键词： terpene transport vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP72) caryophyllene synthase linaloolsynthase proteasome Nicotiana benthamiana

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gas–solid interaction force from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of binary systems with extreme diameter ratios

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Particuology 2009年第4期7卷 233-237页

作者： S. Sarkar S.H.l. Kriebitzsch M.A. van der Hoef j.A.M. Kuipers Department of Science and Technology University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands

Fluid-particle systems as commonly encountered in chemical, metallurgical and petroleum industries are mostly polydisperse in nature. However, the relations used to describe fluid-particle interactions are originally derived from monodisperse systems, with ad hoc modifications to account for polydispersity. In previous work it was shown that for bidisperse systems with moderate diameter ratios of 1：2 to 1：4, this approach leads to discrepancies, and a correction factor is needed. In this work we demonstrate that this correction factor also holds for more extreme diameter ratios of 1：5, 1：7 and 1： 10, although the force on the large particles is slightly overestimated when using the correction factor. The main origin of the correction is that the void surrounding the large particles becomes less in case ofa bidisperse mixture, as compared to a monodisperse system with the same volume fraction. We further investigated this discrepancy by calculating the volume per particle by means of Voronoi tessellation.

关键词： Bidisperse Fluid-particle interaction force lattice Boltzmann simulation Direct numerical simulation

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