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Fabrication of ZnO-nanowire-coated thin-foil targets for ultra-high intensity laser interaction experiments

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2021年第4期6卷 51-58页

作者： D.Calestani M.Villani G.Cristoforetti F.Brandi P.Koester l.labate l.a.gizzi IMEM-CNR Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A43124 ParmaItaly IlIl INO-CNRArea della Ricerca CNR di Pisavia G.Moruzzi 156124 PisaItaly

The coupling of ultra-intense,ultra-short laser pulses with solid targets is heavily dependent on the properties of the vacuum–solid interface and is usually quite low.However,laser absorption can be enhanced via micro or nanopatterning of the target surface.Depending on the laser features and target geometry,conditions can be optimized for the generation of hot dense matter,which can be used to produce high-brightness radiation sources or even to accelerate particles to relativistic energies.In this context,ZnO nanowires were grown on metallic,thin-foil targets.The use of a thin-foil substrate was dictated by the need to achieve proton acceleration via target normal sheath acceleration at the rear side.The chemical process parameters were studied in-depth to provide control over the nanowire size,shape,and distribution.Moreover,the manufacturing process was optimized to provide accurate reproducibility of key parameters in the widest possible range and good homogeneity across the entire foil area.

关键词： laser acceleration high

Characterization of hot electrons generated by laser-plasma interaction at shock ignition intensities

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2023年第6期8卷 74-89页

作者： E.D.Filippov M.Khan A.Tentori P.Gajdos A.S.Martynenko R.Dudzak P.Koester G.Zeraouli D.Mancelli F.Baffigi l.a.gizzi S.A.Pikuz Ph.D.Nicolaï N.C.Woolsey R.Fedosejevs M.Krus l.Juha D.Batani O.Renner G.Cristoforetti Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS Moscow 125412Russia York Plasma Institute School of PhysicsEngineering and TechnologyUniversity of YorkYork YO105DDUnited Kingdom Universitéde Bordeaux CNRSCEACELIATalence 33405France Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS PragueCzech Republic Plasma Physics Department GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung64291 DarmstadtGermany Institute of Physics of the CAS PragueCzech Republic Intense laser Irradiation laboratory INO-CNRPisa 56124Italy Centro de laseres Pulsados(ClPU) Edicio M5Parque Científico.C Adaja8Salamanca 37185Spain Institute of Plasma Physics and lasers-IPPl Centre of Research and InnovationHellenic Mediterranean UniversityRethymnonGreece Department of Electronic Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean UniversityChaniaGreece National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Moscow 115409Russia University of Alberta Edmonton T6G 2V4AlbertaCanada The Extreme light Infrastructure ERIC ELI Beamlines FacilityDolníBˇrezanyCzech Republic

In an experiment carried out at the Prague Asterix laser System at laser intensities relevant to shock ignition conditions(I>10^(16) W/cm^(2)),the heating and transport of hot electrons were studied by using several complementary diagnostics,i.e.,K_(α)time-resolved imaging,hard x-ray filtering(a bremsstrahlung cannon),and electron spectroscopy.Ablators with differing composition from low Z(parylene N)to high Z(nickel)were used in multilayer planar targets to produce plasmas with different coronal temperature and collisionality and modify the conditions of hot-electron generation.The variety of available diagnostics allowed full characterization of the population of hot electrons,retrieving their conversion efficiency,time generation and duration,temperature,and angular divergence.The obtained results are shown to be consistent with those from detailed simulations and similar inertial confinement fusion experiments.Based on the measured data,the advantages,reliability,and complementarity of the experimental diagnostics are discussed.

关键词： spectroscopy shock allowed

An evaluation of sustainability and societal impact of high-power laser and fusion technologies:a case for a new European research infrastructure

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High Power laser Science and Engineering 2021年第4期9卷 66-69页

作者： S.Atzeni D.Batani C.N.Danson l.a.gizzi M.Perlado M.Tatarakis V.Tikhonchuk l.Volpe Dipartimento SBAI Universitàdi Roma"La Sapienza"Roma 00161Italy CElIA Universitéde Bordeaux-CNRS-CEAUMR 510733405 TalenceFrance AWE AldermastonReading RG74PRUK Centre for Intertial Fusion Studies Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondon SW72AZUK Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche56125 PisaItaly Instituto Fusión Nuclear"Guillermo Velarde"Universidad Politecnica 28006 MadridSpain Institute of Plasma Physics and lasers Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre74100 RethymnoGreece Department of Electronic Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University73133 ChcmiaGreece ElI-Beamlines Center Institute of PhysicsCzech Academy of Sciences25241 Dolni BrezanyCzech Republic Centro de laseres Pulsados(ClPU) Parque CientificoE-37185 VillamayorSalamancaSpain laser-Plasma Chair at the University of Salamanca E-37185 VillamayorSalamancaSpain

Fusion energy research is delivering impressive new results emerging from different infrastructures and industrial devices evolving rapidly from ideas to proof-of-principle demonstration and aiming at the conceptual design of reactors for the production of electricity.A major milestone has recently been announced in laser fusion by the lawrence livermore National laboratory and is giving new thrust to laser-fusion energy research worldwide.Here we discuss how these circumstances strongly suggest the need for a European intermediate-energy facility dedicated to the physics and technology of laser-fusion ignition,the physics of fusion materials and advanced technologies for high-repetitionrate,high-average-power broadband lasers.We believe that the participation of the broader scientific community and the increased engagement of industry,in partnership with research and academic institutions,make most timely the construction of this infrastructure of extreme scientific attractiveness.

关键词： fusion energy high power lasers plasmas inertial fusion high energy density

Multibeam laser±plasma interaction at the Gekko Ⅻ laser facility in conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion

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High Power laser Science and Engineering 2023年第2期 75-85页

作者： G.Cristoforetti P.Koester S.Atzeni D.Batani S.Fujioka Y.Hironaka S.Hüller T.Idesaka K.Katagiri K.Kawasaki R.Kodama D.Mancelli Ph.Nicolai N.Ozaki A.Schiavi K.Shigemori R.Takizawa T.Tamagawa D.Tanaka A.Tentori Y.Umeda A.Yogo l.a.gizzi Intense laser Irradiation laboratory 2. Dipartimento SBAI Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza' 3. Université BordeauxCNRS CEA CELIA Institute of laser Engineering Osaka University Centre de Physique Théorique CPHT CNRS IP ParisEcole Polytechnique Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Institute of Plasma Physics and lasers Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto University

laser±plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately 3 × 1015W/cm2. Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons, with temperatures of 20-50 ke V and conversion efficiencies of η ly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay(TPD). Stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) is observed in a near-threshold growth regime, producing a reflectivity of approximately 0.01%, and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles. The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams, resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.

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Observation and modelling of stimulated Raman scattering driven by an optically smoothed laser beam in experimental conditions relevant for shock ignition

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High Power laser Science and Engineering 2021年第4期9卷 160-178页

作者： G.Cristoforetti S.Hüller P.Koester l.Antonelli S.Atzeni F.Baffigi D.Batani C.Baird N.Booth M.Galimberti K.Glize A.Héron M.Khan P.loiseau D.Mancelli M.Notley P.Oliveira O.Renner M.Smid A.Schiavi G.Tran N.C.Woolsey l.a.gizzi Intense laser Irradiation laboratory INO-CNRINO-CNR56124 PisaItaly Centre de Physique Théorique CPHT CNRSIP ParisEcole Polytechnique91128 PalaiseauFrance York Plasma Institute Department of PhysicsUniversity of YorkYork YO105DDUK Dipartimento SBAI Universitàdi Roma'La Sapienza'00161 RomaItaly Universitéde Bordeaux CNRSCEACELIA33405 TalenceFrance STFC Rutherford Appleton lab Central Laser FacilityDidcot SN21SZUK Key laboratory for laser Plasmas(MOE) Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China CEA DAMDIF91297 ArpajonFrance UniversitéParis-Saclay CEALMCE91680 Bruyeres-le-ChatelFrance Institute of Physics ELI BeamlinesInstitute of Plasma PhysicsCzech Academy of Sciences18221 PragueCzech Republic Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf 01328 DresdenGermany

We report results and modelling of an experiment performed at the Target Area West Vulcan laser facility,aimed at investigating laser±plasma interaction in conditions that are of interest for the shock ignition scheme in inertial confinement fusion(ICF),that is,laser intensity higher than 10^(16) W/cm^(2) impinging on a hot(T>1 keV),inhomogeneous and long scalelength pre-formed plasma.Measurements show a significant stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)backscattering(;%-20%of laser energy)driven at low plasma densities and no signatures of two-plasmon decay(TPD)/SRS driven at the quarter critical density region.Results are satisfactorily reproduced by an analytical model accounting for the convective SRS growth in independent laser speckles,in conditions where the reflectivity is dominated by the contribution from the most intense speckles,where SRS becomes saturated.Analytical and kinetic simulations well reproduce the onset of SRS at low plasma densities in a regime strongly affected by non-linear landau damping and by filamentation of the most intense laser speckles.The absence of TPD/SRS at higher densities is explained by pump depletion and plasma smoothing driven by filamentation.The prevalence of laser coupling in the low-density profile justifies the low temperature measured for hot electrons(7-12 keV),which is well reproduced by numerical simulations.

关键词： plasma simulations shock ignition stimulated Raman scattering inertial confinement fusion laser-plasma interaction

Multibeam laser-plasma interaction at the Gekko XII laser facility in conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion

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High Power laser Science and Engineering 2023年第2期11卷 70-80页

作者： G.Cristoforetti P.Koester S.Atzeni D.Batani S.Fujioka Y.Hironaka S.Hüller T.Idesaka K.Katagiri K.Kawasaki R.Kodama D.Mancelli Ph.Nicolai N.Ozaki A.Schiavi K.Shigemori R.Takizawa T.Tamagawa D.Tanaka A.Tentori Y.Umeda A.Yogo l.a.gizzi Intense laser Irradiation laboratory INO-CNRPisaItaly Dipartimento SBAI Universitàdi Roma‘La Sapienza’RomaItaly UniversitéBordeaux CNRSCEACELIATalenceFrance Institute of laser Engineering Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan Centre de Physique Théorique CPHT CNRSIP ParisEcole PolytechniquePalaiseauFrance Graduate School of Engineering Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan Institute of Plasma Physics and lasers Hellenic Mediterranean University Research CentreRethymnonGreece Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science Kyoto UniversitySennanOsakaJapan

laser–plasma interaction and hot electrons have been characterized in detail in laser irradiation conditions relevant for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.The experiment was carried out at the Gekko XII laser facility in multibeam planar target geometry at an intensity of approximately 3×10^(15)W/cm^(2).Experimental data suggest that high-energy electrons,with temperatures of 20–50 keV and conversion efficiencies ofηly produced by the damping of electron plasma waves driven by two-plasmon decay(TPD).Stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)is observed in a near-threshold growth regime,producing a reflectivity of approximately 0.01%,and is well described by an analytical model accounting for the convective growth in independent speckles.The experiment reveals that both TPD and SRS are collectively driven by multiple beams,resulting in a more vigorous growth than that driven by single-beam laser intensity.

关键词： inertial confinement fusion laser plasma interaction parametric instabilities

Time evolution of stimulated Raman scattering and two-plasmon decay at laser intensities relevant for shock ignition in a hot plasma

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High Power laser Science and Engineering 2019年第3期7卷 142-155页

作者： G.Cristoforetti l.Antonelli D.Mancelli S.Atzeni F.Baffigi F.Barbato D.Batani G.Boutoux F.D'Amato J.Dostal R.Dudzak E.Filippov Y.J.Gu l.Juha O.Klimo M.Krus S.Malko A.S.Martynenko Ph.Nicolai V.Ospina S.Pikuz O.Renner J.Santos V.T.Tikhonchuk J.Trela S.Viciani l.Volpe S.Weber l.a.gizzi National Institute of Optics CNRPisa and FlorenceItaly York Plasma Physics Institute University of YorkHe slingtonYorkUK Universite de Bordeaux CNRSCEACELIATalenceFrance Donostia International Physics Center(DiPC) Donostia/San SebastianBasque CountrySpain Dipartimento SBAI Universita di Roma La SapienzaRomaItaly National Research Nuclear University MEPhl MoscowRussia CEA DAMDIFArpajonFrance Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics Institute of Physics of the CASPragueCzech Republic laser Plasma Department Institute of Plasma Physics of the CASPragueCzech Republic Joint Institute for High Temperature RAS MoscowRussia ElI-Beamlines Institute of Physics of the CASPragueCzech Republic FNSPE Czech Technical University in PraguePragueCzech Republic Universidad de Salamanca Ctr Laseres PulsadosSalamancaSpain Centro de laseres Pulsados(ClPU) VillamayorSalamancaSpain

laser–plasma interaction(lPI)at intensities 1015–1016 W·cm^-2 is dominated by parametric instabilities which can be responsible for a significant amount of non-collisional absorption and generate large fluxes of high-energy nonthermal electrons.Such a regime is of paramount importance for inertial confinement fusion(ICF)and in particular for the shock ignition scheme.In this paper we report on an experiment carried out at the Prague Asterix laser System(PAlS)facility to investigate the extent and time history of stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)and two-plasmon decay(TPD)instabilities,driven by the interaction of an infrared laser pulse at an intensity^1.2×1016 W·cm^-2 with a^100μm scalelength plasma produced from irradiation of a flat plastic target.The laser pulse duration(300 ps)and the high value of plasma temperature(~4 ke V)expected from hydrodynamic simulations make these results interesting for a deeper understanding of lPI in shock ignition conditions.Experimental results show that absolute TPD/SRS,driven at a quarter of the critical density,and convective SRS,driven at lower plasma densities,are well separated in time,with absolute instabilities driven at early times of interaction and convective backward SRS emerging at the laser peak and persisting all over the tail of the pulse.Side-scattering SRS,driven at low plasma densities,is also clearly observed.Experimental results are compared to fully kinetic large-scale,two-dimensional simulations.Particle-in-cell results,beyond reproducing the framework delineated by the experimental measurements,reveal the importance of filamentation instability in ruling the onset of SRS and stimulated Brillouin scattering instabilities and confirm the crucial role of collisionless absorption in the lPI energy balance.

关键词： plasma simulations shock ignition stimulated Raman scattering two-plasmon decay

On the functions of astrocyte-mediated neuronal slow inward currents

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第12期19卷 2602-2612页

作者： Balázs Pál Department of Physiology Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary

Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of astrocytes.These events are significantly slower than the excitatory postsynaptic currents.Parameters of slow inward currents are determined by seve ral factors including the mechanisms of astrocytic activation and glutamate release,as well as the diffusion pathways from the release site towards the extra synaptic recepto rs.Astrocytes are stimulated by neuronal network activity,which in turn excite neurons,forming an astrocyte-neuron feedback loop.Mostly as a consequence of brain edema,astrocytic swelling can also induce slow inward currents under pathological conditions.There is a growing body of evidence on the roles of slow inward currents on a single neuron or local network level.These events often occur in synchro ny on neurons located in the same astrocytic domain.Besides synchronization of neuronal excitability,slow inward currents also set synaptic strength via eliciting timing-dependent synaptic plasticity.In addition,slow inward currents are also subject to non-synaptic plasticity triggered by long-la sting stimulation of the excitatory inputs.Of note,there might be important regionspecific differences in the roles and actions triggering slow inward currents.In greater networks,the pathophysiological roles of slow inward currents can be better understood than physiological ones.Slow inward currents are identified in the pathophysiological background of autism,as slow inward currents drive early hypersynchrony of the neural networks.Slow inward currents are significant contributors to paroxysmal depolarizational shifts/interictal spikes.These events are related to epilepsy,but also found in Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and stroke,leading to the decline of cognitive functions.Events with features overlapping with slow inward currents(excitatory,N-methyl-Daspartate-receptor mediated currents with astrocyti

关键词： astrocyte cortical spreading depolarization gliotransmission glutamate neural synchronization NMDA receptor paroxysmal depolarizational shift slow inward current

Complex-frequency waves:beat loss and win sensitivity

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light(Science & Applications) 2024年第2期13卷 181-183页

作者： Qingqing Cheng Tao l School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai200093China Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critical Medicine Quzhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical UniversityQuzhou324000China National laboratory of Solid State Microstructures College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing210093China

Recent experiments have demonstrated that synthesized complex-frequency waves can impart a virtual gain to molecule sensing systems,which can effectively restore information lost due to intrinsic molecular damping.The enhancement notably amplifies the signal of trace molecular vibrational fingerprints,thereby substantially improving the upper limit of sensitivity.

关键词： thereby Complex limit