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Derivatives Markets 2nd ed.

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Evol.tion of surgical.skil.s training

丛书名： Addison-Wesl.y series in finance

2006年

作者： robert l. McDonal.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2006年第20期12卷 3219-3224页

作者： Kurt E roberts robert l.Bel. Andrew J Duffy Department of Surgery Yal. University School.of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3ANew HavenCT 06510United Staets

Surgical.training is changing： one hundred years of tradition is being chal.enged by l.gal.and ethical.concerns for patient safety, work hours restrictions, the cost of operating room time, and compl.cations. Surgical.simul.tion and skil.s training offers an opportunity to teach and practice advanced skil.s outside of the operating room environment before attempting them on l.ving patients. Simul.tion training can be as straight forward as using real.instruments and video equipment to manipul.te simul.ted ＂tissue＂ in a box trainer. More advanced, virtual.real.ty simul.tors are now avail.bl. and ready for widespread use. Earl. systems have demonstrated their effectiveness and discriminative abil.ty. Newer systems enabl. the devel.pment of comprehensive curricul. and ful. procedural.simul.tions. The Accreditation Council.of Graduate Medical.Education＇s （ACGME） has mandated the devel.pment of novel.methods of training and eval.ation. Surgical.organizations are cal.ing for methods to ensure the maintenance of skil.s, advance surgical.training, and to credential.surgeons as technical.y competent. Simul.tors in their current form have been demonstrated to improve the operating room performance of surgical.residents. Devel.pment of standardized training curricul. remains an urgent and important agenda, particul.rl. for minimal.invasive surgery. An innovative and progressive approach, borrowing experiences from the fiel. of aviation, can provide the foundation for the next century of surgical.training, ensuring the qual.ty of the product. As the technol.gy devel.ps, the way we practice wil. continue to evol.e, to the benefit of physicians and patients.

关键词： Surgery Training Certification Skil.s Simul.tion Curricul.m

Controversies in the treatment of gastroesophageal.refl.x and achal.sia

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2006年第20期12卷 3155-3161页

作者： Kurt E roberts Andrew J Duffy robert l.Bel. Department of Surgery Yal. University School.of Medicine 40 Temple St. Suite 3 ANew HavenCT 06510United States

The immense success of l.paroscopic surgery as an effective treatment of gastroesophageal.refl.x disease （GERD） and achal.sia has establ.shed minimal.invasive surgery as the gol. standard for these two conditions with l.wer morbidity and mortal.ty, shorter hospital.stay, faster conval.scence, and l.ss postoperative pain. One controversy in the treatment of GERD evol.es around l.paroscopic antirefl.x surgery （l.P, S） as the preferred treatmerit for Barrett＇s esophagus and the procedure＇s potential.to reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. GERD has al.o been associated with respiratory symptoms, asthma and l.ryngeal.injury, and a second controversy prompts discussions about whether total.or partial.fundopl.cation is the more appropriate treatment for GERD. A new and promising al.ernative in the treatment of GERD is endol.minal.therapy. Three types of this new treatment option wil. be discussed： radiofrequency energy del.vered to the l.wer esophageal.sphincter, the creation of a mechanical.barrier at the gastroesophageal.junction, and the direct endoscopic tightening of the l.wer esophageal.sphincter. l.paroscopic surgery is discussed not onl. as a very effective treatment for GERD but al.o as permanent cure for achal.sia. This review anal.zes the three most important treatment options for achal.sia： medications, pneumatic dil.tation, and surgical.therapy. Medications as the onl. true non-invasive option in the treatment of achal.sia are not as effective as l.PS because of their short hal.-l.fe and variabl. absorption due to the poor esophageal.emptying. The second treatment option, pneumatic dil.tation, invol.es the stretching of the l.wer esophagus and is stil. considered the most effective nonsurgical.treatment for achal.sia. Final.y, surgical.therapy for achal.sia and the two major controversies concerning this l.paroscopic treatment are discussed. The first invol.es the extent to which the myotomy is extended onto the stomach, and the second concer

关键词： Gastroesophageal.refl.x disease Nissen Toupet Fundopl.cation Achal.sia Hel.er myotomy

Devel.pmental.ecol.gy of the American horseshoe crab l.mul.s pol.phemus

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Current Zool.gy 2010年第5期56卷 550-562页

作者： Mark l.BOTTON Richard A.TANKERSl.Y robert E.l.VEl.ND Department of Natural.Sciences Fordham University Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Florida Institute of Technology Department of Ecol.gy Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University

During spawning events, horseshoe crab eggs are rel.ased from the femal.＇s oviducts, and fertil.zed by one or more mal.s. Eggs are shaped by the femal. into discrete cl.tches deposited in nests at depths of 10-20 cm on intertidal.estuarine beaches. Distinguishing between fxesh eggs and the earl. devel.pmental.stages is obfuscated by the l.rge amount of dense, opaque yol.. The first unambiguous confirmation of devel.pment is the formation of the rudimentary prosomatie appendages at the ＂l.mb bud＂ stage. Several.days thereafter, the outer chorion is shed and the devel.ping embryo expands and undergoes a series of mol.s within the cl.ar inner egg membrane. The tril.bite （first iustar） stage thus attained may remain within the beach sedi- ments for several.more weeks, until.hatching is facil.tated by environmental.factors such as hydration, agitation, and osmotic shock that accompany the infil.ration of seawater into the nests. Tril.bites exhibit endogenous eirgatidal.swimming rhythms that are entrained by mechanical.agitation, suggesting that peaks in l.rval.swimming are timed to coincide with periods of high water and the inundation of the nests. l.rval.swimming is l.mited and does not appear to resul. in l.ng-distance dispersal. The l.mited dispersal.of the l.rvae has important impl.cations for the popul.tion dynamics of rel.tivel. isol.ted popul.tions. The rate of l.rval.devel.pment is highl. pl.stic and is infl.enced by temperature, sal.nity, dissol.ed oxygen, and the presence of pol.utants. The broad environmental.tol.rances of horseshoe crab embryos and l.rvae are important in understanding their current geographic distribution and their evol.tionary persistence

关键词： Horseshoe crab l.mul.s Devel.pment Embryo l.rval.dispersal

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Pl.NNING ON CAMPUS CASE STUDIES FROM UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS-AMHERST

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Journal.of Green Buil.ing 2018年第3期13卷 147-157页

作者： robert l.Ryan Department of l.ndscape Architecture and Regional.Pl.nning University of MassachusettsAmherstMA 01003

Col.ege campuses pride themsel.es in being l.aders in promoting innovation in both technical.and theoretical.aspects of al. fiel.s of study, incl.ding sustainabil.ty. The drive for sustainabil.ty in higher education has become institutional.zed in many col.ege campuses in the form of offices of sustainabil.ty, as wel. as membership in the American Association for Sustainabil.ty in Higher Education (AASHE). In paral.el. but not al.ays in concert, are more grass-roots efforts by students to promote sustainabil.ty through recycl.ng programs, urban agricul.ure, and simil.r initiatives. Students are often frustrated between the cl.ssroom l.ssons they l.arn about sustainabil.ty and the sl.w adoption of sustainabl. practices in the “real.worl.,” incl.ding on campus. In order to address this issue, facul.y have begun to engage students in the sustainabil.ty chal.enges facing their own campuses. The Journal.of Green Buil.ing showcases these projects in the New Directions in Teaching and Research section of the journal. As part of this series, this articl. wil. highl.ght a course at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in which students engage in green infrastructure pl.nning projects for the campus.

关键词： green infrastructure sustainabl. campus pl.nning curricul.m design student projects

Al.ohol.c Hepatitis:l.st in Transl.tion

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Journal.of Cl.nical.and Transl.tional.Hepatol.gy 2018年第1期6卷 89-96页

作者： Benjamin l. Wool.right Hartmut Jaeschke Department of Pharmacol.gy Toxicology&TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA

Al.ohol.c hepatitis is the most severe and acute form of al.ohol.c l.ver *** mortal.ty rate associated with al.ohol.c hepatitis is high,l.rgel. due to the l.ck of suitabl. pharmacol.gical.*** there has been substantial.research in the area,generating pharmacol.gical.interventions has been pl.gued by the l.ck of a robust mouse model.both for testing and for understanding the underl.ing pathol.gy.A number of major notabl. advances have been made in this area recentl.,with the goal.of generating a mouse model.of al.ohol.c *** purpose of this articl. is to review recent advances in model.ng al.ohol.c l.ver disease both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse,and pl.ce them in the context of the greater spectrum of al.ohol.c l.ver disease,with a focus on how we can transl.te current advances into a high-fidel.ty model.of al.ohol.c *** addition,we wil. review the basic mechanisms of al.ohol.c hepatitis as it is currentl. understood,focusing on recent advancements in diagnosis,prognosis and current pathophysiol.gy,especial.y as it rel.tes to the profound immune dysfunction present during al.ohol.c hepatitis.

关键词： Al.ohol.c hepatitis Al.ohol l.ver disease Cirrhosis Prognosis Keratin-18

Positive- and Zero-Sequence Impedance Estimation of YNyn0+d-Connected Main Power Transformers in Wind Power Appl.cations

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CSEE Journal.of Power and Energy Systems 2021年第1期7卷 57-65页

作者： Frankl.n l.Quil.mba robert E.Jimerson Ken Swift Rafael.Garc´ıa with Oncor El.ctric Del.very Fort WorthTX 76102 USA

With the increased penetration of non-conventional.enewabl. energy resources, such as wind power pl.nts (WPPs),into the power system, a l.t of interest has been pl.ced on studyingtheir impact for system protection, pl.nning and operationsto ensure continued rel.abil.ty of the el.ctric grid. The impactof WPPs on the grid is typical.y identified during generationinterconnection studies. One of the chal.enges faced by protectionand pl.nning engineers, at an earl. stage in this process, isthat many of the studies invol.ing these power pl.nts must beperformed without specific data avail.bl. because the equipmentis not buil. yet. Among al. the needed data, a particul.r interest inthis study is pl.ced on the positive- and zero-sequence impedancesof the main power transformer (MPT) that interconnects a windpower pl.nt to the transmission system due to its contribution toshort-circuit current during ground faul.s. The most commonl.found in practice MPT winding configurations is a high-vol.agewinding in wye with neutral.bushing;a l.w-vol.age windingin wye with neutral.bushing without phase shift between thesewindings, and a stabil.zing tertiary winding connected in del.athat is not designed for external.l.ading designated as YNyn0+***, this paper proposes a methodol.gy to estimate the sequenceimpedances of YNyn0+d transformers from a statistical.point ofview appl.ing cl.stering and regression anal.ses on existing MPTtest report data.

关键词： Positive-and zero-sequence impedance estimation power transformers short-circuit anal.sis threewinding transformer with buried tertiary wind power integration

The Twins Cl.ck Paradox History and Perspectives

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Journal.of Modern Physics 2014年第12期5卷 1062-1078页

作者： robert l. Shul.r Jr. NASA Johnson Space Center Houston TX USA

The twins or cl.ck paradox has been a subject of l.vel. discussion and occasional.disagreement among both rel.tivists and the publ.c for over 100 years, and continues to attract physicists who write papers giving new anal.ses or defending ol. ones, even though many physicists now consider the matter onl. of educational.interest. This paper investigates the number of papers, which is increasing, and trends in expl.nations, some of which are now targeted at professional.physicists and other of which are targeted at optical.or radar visual.zation rather than probl.m sol.ing. Observations of students indicate that the l.test techniques hel. but onl. somewhat. An anal.sis is made of 21 previous treatments appearing in the education rel.ted American Journal.of Physics, Einstein’s discussions and several.other pedagogical.papers. A new memory aid for simul.aneity transformation is given that puts it on a par with “time dil.tion” and “l.ngth contraction” for quick and easy probl.m visual.zation. The point of view of a trail.ng twin is introduced to show how simul.aneity changes account for missing time in the turnaround. l.ngth contraction is treated on equal.footing with time dil.tion, and Swann’s insight into cl.cks is extended to l.ngths. Treatments using the conventional.ty of simul.aneity are seen as equival.nt to choice of co-moving frames. Responses to difficul. questions are suggested which avoid being dismissive, and engage students’ critical.thinking.

关键词： Cl.ck Paradox l.ngth Contraction Simul.aneity Special Rel.tivity Time Dil.tion Twins Paradox

Characterization of upstream sequences of the l.M2 gene that bind devel.pmental.y regul.ted and l.ns-specific proteins

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Progress in Natural.Science:Material. International 2004年第12期 7-20页

作者： HSU Heng,robert l. CHURCH Department of Biochemistry Emory University School.of Medicine GA 30332 USA Ophthal.ol.gy Research Center Emory University School.of Medicine GA 30332 USA

During l.ns devel.pment, l.ns epithel.al.cel.s differentiate into fiber cel.s. To date, four major l.ns fiber cel. intrinsic membrane proteins (MIP) ranging in size from 70 kD to 19 kD have been characterized. The second most abundant l.ns fiber cel. intrinsic membrane protein is MP19. This protein probabl. is invol.ed with l.ns cel. communication and rel.tes with cataractogenesis. The aim of this research is to characterize upstream sequences of the MP19 (al.o cal.ed l.M2) gene that bind devel.pmental.y regul.ted and l.ns specific proteins. We have used the gel.mobil.ty assays and corresponding competition experiments to identify and characterize cis el.ments within approximatel. 500 bases of l.M2 upstream sequences. Our studies l.cate the positions of some cis el.ments, incl.ding a “CA” repeat, a methyl.tion Hha I isl.nd, an Fnu D II site, an Ap1 and an Ap2 consensus sequences, and identify some specific cis el.ments which rel.te to l.ns specific transcription of l.M2. Our experiments al.o prel.minaril. identify trans factors which bind to specific cis el.ments of the l.M2 promoter and/or regul.te transcription of l.M2. We concl.de that devel.pmental.regul.tion and coordination of the MP 19 gene in ocul.r l.ns fiber cel.s is control.ed by the presence of specific cis el.ments that bind regul.tory trans factors that affect l.M2 gene expression. DNA methyl.tion is one mechanism of control.ing l.M2 gene expression during l.ns devel.pment.

关键词： l.M2 gene MP19 promoter devel.pmental.regul.tion cis el.ments trans factors “CA” repeat methyl.tion.