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Multi-Step Clustering of Smart Meters Time Series:Application to Demand Flexibility Characterization of SME Customers

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 869-907页

作者： santiago Bañales Raquel Dormido Natividad Duro Department of Computer Sciences and Automatic Control Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia(UNED)Madrid28040Spain Iberdrola Innovation Middle East Doha210177Qatar

Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the energy *** study proposes an innovative multi-step clustering procedure to segment customers based on load-shape patterns at the daily and intra-daily time *** meter data is split between daily and hourly normalized time series to assess monthly,weekly,daily,and hourly seasonality patterns *** dimensionality reduction implicit in the splitting allows a direct approach to clustering raw daily energy time series *** intraday clustering procedure sequentially identifies representative hourly day-unit profiles for each customer and the entire *** the first time,a step function approach is applied to reduce time series *** attributes embedded in surveys are employed to build external clustering validation metrics using Cramer’s V correlation factors and to identify statistically significant determinants of load-shape in energy *** addition,a time series features engineering approach is used to extract 16 relevant demand flexibility indicators that characterize customers and corresponding clusters along four different axes:available Energy(E),Temporal patterns(T),Consistency(C),and Variability(V).The methodology is implemented on a real-world electricity consumption dataset of 325 Small and Medium-sized Enterprise(SME)customers,identifying 4 daily and 6 hourly easy-to-interpret,well-defined *** application of the methodology includes selecting key parameters via grid search and a thorough comparison of clustering distances and methods to ensure the robustness of the *** research can test the scalability of the methodology to larger datasets from various customer segments(households and large commercial)and locations with different weather and socioeconomic conditio

关键词： Electric load clustering load profiling smart meters machine learning data mining demand flexibility demand response

A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第37期15卷 4638-4643页

作者： Fernando Bermejo santiago García-lópez Digestive Service University Hospital of Fuenlabrada Fuenlabrada Madrid 28942 Spain Digestive Service University Hospital Miguel Servet Zaragoza 50009 Spain

Iron deficiency （ID）, with or without anemia, is often caused by digestive diseases and should always be investigated, except in very specific situations, as its causes could be serious diseases, such as cancer. Diagnosis of ID is not always easy. low serum levels of ferritin or transferrin saturation, imply a situation of absolute or functional ID. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate ID anemia from anemia of chronic diseases, which can coexist. In this case, other parameters, such as soluble transferrin receptor activity can be very useful. After an initial evaluation by clinical history, urine analysis, and serological tests for celiac disease, gastroscopy and colonoscopy are the key diagnostic tools for investigating the origin of ID, and will detect the most important and prevalent diseases. If both tests are normal and anemia is not severe, treatment with oral iron can be indicated, along with stopping any treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the absence of response to oral iron, or if the anemia is severe or clinical suspicion of important disease persists, we must insist on diagnostic evaluation. Repeat endoscopic studies should be considered in many cases and if both still show normal results, investigating the small bowel must be considered. The main techniques in this case are capsule endoscopy, followed by

关键词： Anemia Iron-deficiency Iron deficiency anemia

Are we giving azathioprine too much time?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第36期14卷 5519-5522页

作者： Fernando Gomollón santiago García lópez Department of Digestive Diseases Clinic University Hospital "Lozano Blesa" CIBEREHD IACS Zaragoza Spain Department of Digestive Diseases University Hospital "Miguel Servet" Zaragoza Spain

Azathioprine is currently the key drug in the maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, there are still some practical issues to be resolved: one is how long we must maintain the drug. Given that inflammatory bowel diseases are to date chronic, non-curable conditions, treatment should be indefinite and only the loss of efficacy or the appearance of serious side effects may cause withdrawal. As regards to efficacy and their maintenance over time, evidence supports the continuous usefulness of the drug in the long term: in fact its withdrawal very substantially increases the risk of relapse. About side effects, azathioprine is a relatively well tolerated drug and even indefinite use seems safe. The main theoretical risks of prolonged use would be the myelotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the development of cancer. In fact, serious bone marrow suppression or serious liver damage are uncommon, and can be minimized with proper use of the drug. Recent metanalysis suggests that the risk of lymphoma is real, but the individual risk is rather low, and decision analysis suggests a favorable benefit/risk ratio in the long term. Therefore, in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in whom azathioprine is effective and well tolerated, the drug should not be stopped. This recommendation concerns the use of azathioprine as a single maintenance drug, and is not necessarily applicable to patients receiving concomitant biological therapy.

关键词： Azathioprine Inflammatory bowel diseases Maintenance treatment

Study of reverse osmosis membranes fouling by inorganic salts and colloidal particles during seawater desalination

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020年第3期28卷 733-742页

作者： santiago Gutiérrez Ruiz Juan Antonio lópez-Ramírez Mohammed Hassani Zerrouk Agata Egea-Corbacho lopera JoséMaría Quiroga Alonso Department of Environmental Technologies Faculty of Marine and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Cadiz11510Puerto RealCadizSpain

Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)*** phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal *** solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid *** experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously ***,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this *** in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of *** this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated *** in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses *** presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease.

关键词： Reverse osmosis Desalination Fouling Seawater Scaling

Nightlife in the city: drivers of the occurrence and vocal activity of a tropical owl

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Avian Research 2020年第2期11卷 92-105页

作者： Oscar Humberto Marín‑Gómez Michelle García‑Arroyo Camilo ESánchez‑Sarria JRoberto Sosa‑lópez Diego santiago‑Alarcon Ian MacGregor‑Fors Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad Instituto de Ecología A.C.Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351El Haya91073 XalapaVeracruzMexico Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali760044 CaliColombia Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca(CIIDIR) Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMexico Dirección de Cátedras Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACYT)Mexico CityMexico Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados Instituto de Ecología A.C91073 XalapaVeracruzMexico

Background:Cities differ from non-urban environments by the intensity,scale,and extent of anthropogenic pres-sures,which can drive the occurrence,physiology,and behavior of the organisms thriving in these *** as green cover often predict the occurrence patterns of bird species in urban ***,anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night(AlAN)could also limit the presence and disrupt the behavior of ***,there is still a dearth of knowledge about the influence of urbanization through noise and light pollution on nocturnal bird species *** this study,we assessed the role of green cover,noise,and light pollution on the occurrence and vocal activity of the Mottled Owl(Ciccaba virgata)in the city of Xalapa(Mexico).Methods:We obtained soundscape recordings in 61 independent sites scattered across the city of Xalapa using autonomous recording *** performed a semi-automated acoustic analysis of the recordings,corroborating all Mottled Owl *** calculated two measures of anthropogenic noise at each study site:daily noise(during 24 h)and masking noise(mean noise amplitude at night per site that could mask the owl’s vocalizations).We further performed generalized linear models to relate green cover,AlAN,daily noise,and masking noise in relation to the owl’s occurrence(i.e.,detected,undetected).We also ran linear models to assess relationships among the beginning and ending of vocal activity with AlAN,and with the anthropogenic and masking noise levels at the moment of which vocalizations were ***,we explored variations of the vocal activity of the Mottled Owl measured as vocalization rate across ***:The presence of Mottled Owls increased with the size of green cover and decreased with increases in both artificial light at night and noise *** the temporal scale,green cover was positively related with the ending of the owl’s vocal activity,while daily noise and AlAN levels were not related to the tim

关键词： Anthropogenic noise Acoustic monitoring Nighttime ecology Urban ecology Urbanization Vocal activity

Transfer and Reactivity of Hydrogen Sulfide with Immobilized Hemeproteins in Polymeric Matrix

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Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences 2019年第2期9卷 109-126页

作者： Jennifer Vargas-santiago Juan lópez-Garriga Department of Chemistry University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Puerto Rico

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been related to be toxic and to have a role in human physiological functions. Therefore, there is a necessity to comprehend ways to scavenger hydrogen sulfide from different media. Here, we used recombinant metaquo-Hemoglobin I (metHbI) from lucina pectinata and metaquo-myoglobin (metMb) encapsulated in the tetramethyl orthosilicate gel (TMOS), to facilitate the understanding of H2S transfer toward these metaquo-hemeproteins. In this sol-gel environment, metHbI binds and releases H2S with rate constants of 0.0597 M-1·s-1 and 6.67 × 10-5 s-1, respectively. The process generates an H2S affinity constant (kon/koff) of 8.9 × 102 M-1, which is 107 lowers than the analogous constant in solution (6.3 × 109 M-1). Although the H2S koff for the rHbI-H2S complex is almost similar with both sol-gel and solution. To further understand how the H2S koff from rHbI-H2S in solution (5 μM) is influenced by the protein concentration gradient, metHbI and metMb (25 μM) encapsulated in TMOS sol-gel. Under these circumstances, the H2S transfer from a solution of the rHbI-H2S complex to encapsulated hemeprotein resulted in koff values of 1.90 × 10-4 s-1, and 2.09 × 10-4 s-1 leading to the formation of rHbI-H2S and Mb-H2S species, respectively. The results suggest that the: 1) extreme ionic TMOS construct limits the H2S pathways to reach the hemeprotein active center, 2) possible interaction with metHbI hydrophilic forces increases the hydrogen bonding networking and decreases the H2S association constant, 3) hemeproteins concentration gradients between solution and sol-gels also influence its hydrogen sulfide transfer. In the presence of oxygen or hydrogen peroxide metMb generated a mixture of Mb-H2S and sulfmyoglobin derivative, while encapsulated metHbI reaction did not produce the sulfheme species. Consequently, the results show that metHbI encapsulated in TMOS is an excellent trap for H2S from solution or gas media.

关键词： Hydrogen sulfide lucina pectinata Inorganic Polymer Biomedical Applications Protein Immobilization

The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3317-3329页

作者： Jennifer M.Colón-Mercado Aranza I.Torrado-Tapias Iris K.Salgado Jose M.santiago Samuel E.Ocasio Rivera Dina P.Bracho-Rincon luis H.Pagan Rivera Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology University of Puerto RicoMedical Sciences CampusSan JuanPRUSA National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMDUSA Universidad Central del Caribe School of MedicineBayamónPRUSA University of Puerto Rico Carolina CampusCarolinaPRUSA Institute of Neurobiology San JuanPRUSA

In addition to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord *** cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal penumbra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic *** can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory *** excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and *** previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator *** this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord *** hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant *** and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down method”to evaluate mechanical *** treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent *** expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on *** rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased

关键词： allodynia central neuropathic pain EAAT-1/GlAST EAAT-2/GlT-1 glutamate transporters selective estrogen receptor modulator sexual dimorphism spinal cord injury trauma

Existence and Uniqueness of Fixed Point in Partially Ordered Sets and Applications to Ordinary Differential Equations

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2007年第12期23卷 2205-2212页

作者： Juan J.NIETO RosanaRODRGUEZ-lpez Departamento de Análisis Matemático Facultad de MatemáticasUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela

We prove some fixed point theorems in partially ordered sets, providing an extension of the Banach contractive mapping theorem. Having studied previously the nondecreasing case, we consider in this paper nonincreasing mappings as well as non monotone mappings. We also present some applications to first-order ordinary differential equations with periodic boundary conditions, proving the existence of a unique solution admitting the existence of a lower solution.

关键词： fixed point partially ordered set first-order differential equation lower and upper solutions

Hummingbird-plant interactions in Chile:An ecological review of the available evidence

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Avian Research 2022年第3期13卷 332-340页

作者： Rodrigo Medel Manuel lópez-Aliste Francisco E.Fontúrbel Departamento de Ciencias Ecol ogicas Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile Instituto de Biología Facultad de CienciasPontificia Universidad Cat olica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian limit of life(lili) ValdiviaChile

Hummingbird species have closely evolved with the plants they feed on,which is confirmed by their often tight ecological relationships in natural ***-plant interactions are of interest for research areas such as ecology,evolution,and even agriculture,as they usually inform on the conservation status of interacting species assemblages,and its disappearance may precede the population extinction of the species involved in the *** Chile,there are nine hummingbird species,which interact with a large and diverse number of angiosperm species in forest,desert,and mountain range *** motivation to perform this review is to systematize the available information regarding the flowering plants visited by hummingbird species in Chile,to present some basic plant-hummingbird pollination network metrics,and on this basis to identify the components of the plant-hummingbird relationships in need of further research.A plant-hummingbird metanetwork revealed a low connectance value,low niche overlap,and strong modularity among ***,the fact that most species present a strong allopatric distribution across Chile,suggests that network structure results mostly from the history of colonization rather than from ecological ***,the main threats to Chilean hummingbirds are anthropogenic disturbance and climate change,which disrupt hummingbird-plant interactions,leading to unpredictable ecological consequences at the community *** periods of drought may reduce the resource base for hummingbirds,with dramatic consequences for the maintenance of bird and plant populations.

关键词： Conservation Endemic species Habitat disturbance Pollination Trochilidae