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Comparison of microscopy and PCR for the detection of human Plasmodium species and Plasmodium knowlesi in southern Myanmar

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017年第8期7卷 680-685页

作者： Thu Zar Han Kay Thwe Han kyin hla aye Thaung hlaing Kyaw Zin Thant Indra Vythilingam MD Programme Faculty of Medicine&Health SciencesUCSI University Department of Medical Research Lower Myanmar Vector Borne Diseases Control Unit Department of Health Department of Parasitology University Malaya

To determine the distribution of Plasmodium (P) species including Plasmodium knowlesi and to compare the specificity and sensitivity of microscopy with nested PCR in malaria *** study was conducted in Kawthaung, southern Myanmar. Ninety clinically suspected malaria patients were screened for malaria by Giemsa stained microscopy and confirmed by nested *** the participants, 57 (63.3%) were positive and 33 (36.7%) were negative by microscopy. Of positive samples, 39 (68.4%) were Plasmodium falciparum, 17 (29.8%) Plasmodium vivax and 1 (1.8%) Plasmodium malariae, whereas 59-amplified by PCR were 40 (67.8%), 18 (30.5%) and 1 (1.7%) respectively. PCR amplified 2 microscopy negative samples. Two samples of P. falciparum detected by microscopy were amplified as P. vivax and vice versa. All samples were negative for Plasmodium ovale, P. knowlesi and mixed infections. Microscopy had a very good measure of agreement (κ = 0.95) compared to nested PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of microscopy for diagnosis of P. falciparum were 92.5% (95% CI: 79.6-98.4) and 96.0% (95% CI: 86.3-99.5) respectively, whereas for P. vivax were 83.3% (95% CI: 58.6-96.4) and 97.2% (95% CI: 90.3-99.7).ConclusionsP. knowlesi was not detected by both microscopy and PCR. Giemsa stained microscopy can still be applied as primary method for malaria diagnosis and is considered as gold standard. As to the lower sensitivity of microscopy for vivax malaria, those with previous history of malaria and relapse cases should be diagnosed by RDT or PCR combined with microscopy. Inaccuracy of species diagnosis highlighted the requirement of training and refresher courses for microscopists.

关键词： Malaria Plasmodium Plasmodium knowlesi Microscopy

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Future prospectives for the management of chronic hepatitis B

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第18期13卷 2554-2567页

作者： WF Leemans hla Janssen RA de Man Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection affects about 400 million people around the globe and causes approximately a million deaths a year. Since the discovery of interferon-α as a therapeutic option the treatment of hepatitis B has evolved fast and management has become increasingly complicated. The amount of viral replication reflected in the viral load （HBV-DNA） plays an important role in the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current treatment modalities for chronic hepatitis B are immunomodulatory （interferons） and antiviral suppressants （nucleoside and nucleotide analogues） all with their own advantages and limitations. An overview of the treatment efficacy for both immunomodulatory as antiviral compounds is provided in order to provide the clinician insight into the factors influencing treatment outcome. With nucleoside or nucleotide analogues suppression of viral replication by 5-7 log10 is feasible, but not all patients respond to therapy. Known factors influencing treatment outcome are viral load, ALT levels and compliance. Many other factors which might influence treatment are scarcely investigated. Identifying the factors associated with response might result in stopping rules, so treatment could be adapted in an early stage to provide adequate treatment and avoid the development of resistance. The efficacy of compounds for the treatment of mutant virus and the cross-resistance is largely unknown. However, genotypic and phenotypic testing as well as small clinical trials provided some data on efficacy in this population. Discontinuation of nucleoside or nucleotide analogues frequently results in viral relapse; however, some patients have a sustained response. Data on the risk factors for relapse are necessary in order to determine when treatment can be discontinued safely. In conclusion： chronic hepatitis B has become a treatable disease; however, much research is needed to tailor therapy to an individual patient, to predict the susta

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Cirrhosis Treatment Interferon Nucleoside analogues Nucleotide analogues Lamivudine Adefovir Entecavir Telbivudine Tenofovir Resistance Genotype

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Adaptive progressive download based on the MPEG-4 file format

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2006年第Z1期7卷 106-111页

作者： FRBER Nikolaus Dhla Stefan ISSING Jochen Multimedia Transport Dept.Audio Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IISErlangen 91058Germany

In this paper we describe how progressive download and adaptive streaming can be combined into a simple and efficient streaming framework. Based on the MPEG-4 file format (MP4) we use HTTP for transport and argue that these two components are sufficient for specifying an open streaming architecture. The client selects appropriate chunks from the MP4 file to be transferred based on (1) the header information (i.e. the 'moov' box) in the first part of the file and (2) his observation of network throughput. The framework is completely client driven which allows for better server scalability and reduces signalling overhead. We discuss architecture and implementation issues such as complexity, interoperability and scalability and compare to 3GPP PSS Re1-6 adaptive streaming when appropriate. Measurements from a simple MP4/HTTP streaming client are presented showing that appropriate chunks are selected such that increased reliability is achieved.

关键词： HTTP-streaming Adaptive progressive download MPEG-4 file format (MP4) Moov box

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Bleb needling outcomes for failed trabeculectomy blebs in Asian eyes: a 2-year follow up

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2015年第4期8卷 748-753页

作者： Andrew S.H.Tsai Pui Yi Boey hla M Htoon Tina T Wong Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre 11 Third Hospital Avenue

·AIM: To describe the outcomes of bleb needling in primary glaucoma in an Asian tertiary eye centre over a2 y period. To compare the success rates between primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG) and primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). Lastly, to identify factors associated with success of bleb needling.·METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 227 patients who underwent bleb needling between June2009 and June 2011 in Singapore National Eye *** 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) augmented bleb needling was performed either at the slit lamp or in the operating theatre. Repeat bleb needlings were performed as necessary. Complete success was defined as maintenance of intraocular pressure(IOP) ≥6 mm Hg and ≤21 mm Hg, in the absence of further surgery or use of antiglaucoma medication. Qualified success met the above criteria with or without use of antiglaucoma medications.· RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-five eyes completed the two-year follow up. Sixty-nine percent of participants had POAG and 31% had PACG. The mean interval between filtering surgery and bleb needling was299.9 ±616.4d for POAG and 167.1 ±272.2d for *** needling attempts were 1.9±1.4 and 2±1.6 for POAG and PACG respectively. In general, there was a statistically significant reduction of IOP ranging from21.9% to 26.8% from month 1 through to month 24. The complete success rates at month 6 were 70.0% for POAG and 65.7% for PACG. At month 12, this decreased to62.2% for POAG and PACG and at month 24, 57.9% for POAG and 63.0% for PACG respectively. The qualified success rates at month 6 for POAG and PACG were23.8% and 29.9% respectively, 32.2% and 29.2% at month12, and 34.7% and 29.6% at month 24. The success ratesbetween POAG and PACG were not significantly different(P >0.05 for complete and qualified success at months 6,12 and 24). An increased number of needlings and higher pre-needling IOP were associated with failure.·CONCLUSION: The 5-FU augmented bleb needling within one year of trabeculectomy in As

关键词： 5-fluorouracil bleb needling trabeculectomy Asian eyes

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缅甸Tarlay2011年地震与古特提斯缝合带的活动构造(英文)

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地球学报 2012年第S1期33卷 4-6页

作者： hla hla AUNG Myanmar Earthquake Committee MES BuildingHlaing University CampusHlaing TownshipYangonMyanmar

An earthquake of 6.8 magnitude struck the eastern Shan State in Myanmar at 20:29:30 Myanmar Standard Time(01:55:12 PM UTC) on 24 March *** is one of the earthquakes in plate-interior *** after-shocks occurred the same *** nucleation point of this earthquake was defined by an epicenter at 20 km west of Tarlay(20.705°N,99.949°E) at a depth of 10 km and its magnitude was *** earthquake damage was *** geological disasters were linearly distributed along the surface rupture *** earthquake produced cracks,arch bend,erupting sand,gush water,*** many *** a result of this strong earthquake,224-305 houses were seriously damaged,74 people were killed,124 *** event was named after the nearest village Tarlay and the NE-or ENE-striking Nan Ma fault was responsible for it.A detailed morphotectonic study was carried out in the area using satellite image 1:24,000 scale aerial photographs and 1:63360 scale topographic maps,to correlate the seismicity with *** is found that there are two prominent lineaments striking in NE-or ENE-and N-S or NNE-SSW *** present-day deformation of the Than Lwin suture zone is consistent with roughly NW-SE extension and NE-SW striking compression,but with more conjugate strike-slip faulting and only minor normal faulting.

关键词： Tarley Earthquake Active tectonics Myanmar Paleo-Tethys suture

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Origin and Evolution of Ultramafic Rocks along the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第1期34卷 122-132页

作者： Tomoaki Morishita Hnin Min Soe hla Htay Than Htut Lwin Juan Miguel Guotana Akihiro Tamura Tomoyuki Mizukami Khin Zaw 无 Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering Kanazawa UniversityKanazawa920-1192Japan Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia UniversityPalisadesNY10964USA Volcanoes and Earth’s Interior Research Center Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology2-15 NatsushimaKanagawa237-0061Japan Geology Department University of MandalayMandalay05092Myanmar Geology Department Dagon UniversityNorth Dagon11422Myanmar Taunggoke Degree College TaunggokeTaunggoke Township07161Myanmar Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaIshikawa920-1192Japan CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits University of TasmaniaTasmania7001Australia

The active Sagaing fault in Myanmar defines the boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate and causes seismic damage in the major cities of Myanmar. Small bodies of serpentinite occur along the fault. We for the first time investigated the highly sheared serpentinite bodies in the Sheinmagar area and Yega Inn area along the Sagaing fault. Extensively sheared/brecciated serpentinites and related rocks, such as talc and/or chlorite-bearing rocks contains small rock fragments of serpentinites. Serpentine texture and mineral chemistry indicate that the protolith of these serpentinites were mainly harzburgite with minor amounts of dunite, some of which are cut by gabbroic veins. No shape-preferred orientation of the antigorite is present, indicating that the serpentinization was occurred under relatively static conditions. Protolith and serpentine minerals are similar to those of the jadeitite-bearing serpentinites in the north of the Sagaing fault(the Jade Mine belt). Chemical variations of spinels in the studied area are within the compositional range of forearc peridotites and those in the mantle section of nearby ophiolites. After the formation of antigorite serpentinite under static conditions, these serpentinites were subsequently, but locally deformed, probably due to the activity of the Sagaing fault, resulting in the formation of serpentinite schist/brecciated rock. The presence of the less-deformed antigorite serpentinite in the sheared/brecciated zone indicates the strain localization mainly along the surrounding serpentine-talc(±chlorite) schistose rocks, which is probably formed by the reaction between serpentinite and country rocks. Further studies are needed to better understand whether the distribution of serpentinized peridotites cause variations in the activity of the Sagaing fault.

关键词： Sagaing fault serpentinite deformation ophiolite

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Cosmetic outcome of femtosecond laserassisted pterygium surgery

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Eye and Vision 2021年第1期8卷 59-66页

作者： Darren Shu Jeng Ting Yu-Chi Liu Yi Fang Lee Angel Jung Se Ji Tien-En Tan hla M.Htoon Jodhbir S.Mehta Academic Ophthalmology Division of Clinical NeuroscienceSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK Department of Ophthalmology Queen’s Medical CentreNottinghamUK Singapore Eye Research Institute SingaporeSingapore Singapore National Eye Centre 11 Third Hospital AvenueSingapore 168751Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeSingapore.

Background:To examine the cosmetic outcome of femtosecond laser-assisted pterygium surgery(FLAPS)with conjunctival autograft(CAG)and its potential predictive ***:This was a prospective interventional case series(NCT02866968).We included 29 patients(29 eyes)with primary pterygium who underwent *** outcome was graded by two graders(an ophthalmology resident and an experienced ophthalmologist)using Hirst classification system(1-4=excellent-poor).Weighted Cohen’s kappa analysis was performed to examine the intra-and inter-rater *** relationship between cosmetic outcome and various factors were determined by Spearman’s correlation coefficients(r).Results:The preoperative severity of pterygium(Tan grading system)was mild/atrophic(7%),moderate/intermediate(62%),and severe/fleshy(31%).An ultrathin CAG(mean thickness of 74.5±9.8μm)was fashioned *** excellent cosmetic outcome of FLAPS(median±IQR)was observed at 3 months(1.0±1.0)and remained similar at 6months(1.0±0.0)and 12months(1.0±0.0)*** final follow-up,27(93%)patients achieved good-to-excellent cosmetic outcome,with 1(3%)patient having a poor outcome due to incomplete pterygium *** kappa analysis of Hirst grading system showed excellent intra-rater(κ=0.86-0.95)and inter-rater reliability(κ=0.84-0.88).There was a weak and borderline significant correlation between good cosmetic outcome and reduced postoperative CAG thickness(r=0.38,P=0.06)but not with age,gender,preoperative pterygium severity,or intraoperative CAG ***:FLAPS can result in an excellent cosmetic outcome,which may be attributed to the beneficial effect of an ultrathin CAG.

关键词： Cosmesis Cosmetic outcome Femtosecond laser Pterygium Pterygium surgery

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Thermodynamic analysis of mixed and dry reforming of methane for solar thermal applications

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Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 2011年第6期20卷 568-576页

作者： Y. Sun T. Ritchie S. S. hla S. McEvoy W. Stein J. H. Edwards CSIRO Energy Technology P. O. Box 330 Newcastle NSW 2300 Australia CSIRO Energy Technology P. O. Box 883 Pullenvale QLD 4069 Australia CSIRO Energy Technology P. O. Box 136 North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia

Thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide alone （＂dry reforming＂） and with carbon dioxide and steam together （＂mixed reforming＂） is performed as part of a project which investigates the suitability of these endothermic reactions for the storage of solar thermal energy. The Gibbs free energy minimization method was employed to identify thermodynamically optimal operating conditions for dry reforming as well as mixed reforming with a desired H2/CO molar ratio of 2. The non-stoichiometric equilibrium model was developed using FactSage software to conduct the thermodynamic calculations for carbon formation, H2/CO ratio, CH4 conversion and H2 yield as a function of reaction temperature, pressure and reactant molar ratios. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that in the mixed reforming process, optimal operating conditions in a carbon-free zone are under H2O/CH4 /CO2 =1.0/1.0/0.5, p = 1 to 10 bar and T = 800 to 850℃ for the production of syngas with a H2 /CO molar ratio of 2. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum H2 yield of 88.0% is achieved at 1 bar and 850℃ with a maximum CH4 conversion of 99.3%. In the dry reforming process, a carbon formation regime is always present at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 for T = 700 1000℃ and p = 1-30 bar, whereas a carbon-free regime can be obtained at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio greater than 1.5 and T≥800℃.

关键词： mixed steam reforming of CH4 with CO2 CO2 reforming syngas solar thermal application

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硫酸锌和亚硒酸钠对水稻中锌和硒营养元素的影响研究

硫酸锌和亚硒酸钠对水稻中锌和硒营养元素的影响研究

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作者： hla hla Ei 四川农业大学

学位级别：硕士

硒(Se)和锌(Zn)是人体的生长发育和免疫系统的维持所必需的微量营养素。目前,全球有20亿人口面临微量营养素缺乏而导致严重的健康并发症的隐患,1/3的人存在硒和锌元素摄入量不足的情况,尤其是在以低富集硒和锌的水稻为主食的亚洲国家。... 详细信息

硒(Se)和锌(Zn)是人体的生长发育和免疫系统的维持所必需的微量营养素。目前,全球有20亿人口面临微量营养素缺乏而导致严重的健康并发症的隐患,1/3的人存在硒和锌元素摄入量不足的情况,尤其是在以低富集硒和锌的水稻为主食的亚洲国家。在中国,近70%的地区存在硒贫瘠,50%的地区面临锌缺乏的问题。为了解决缺锌和缺硒对人体健康的影响,我们通过盆栽试验来评估不同锌肥用量(0、5、10和15 mg/kg)对Z3055B和Z5097B(两种富硒水稻基因型)和R725(低硒水稻基因型)的籽粒不同部分(谷物,稻壳,糙米和精米)锌和硒含量、酶活性,谷物产量和籽粒精制过程中养分损失的影响,为选择具有作物生物强化能力的水稻基因型提供参考依据。实验一结果显示:施用10 mg锌可提高谷物产量、糙米中的锌和精米中的硒。水稻中锌的浓度为:籽粒>稻壳>糙米>精米。硒和锌在Z3055B和Z5097B的籽粒和外壳中积累较高。Z3055B在糙米中积累锌,而Z5097B在精米中仍保持大量的锌和硒含量。通过该实验,可以建议农民在移栽前施以42.86kg硫酸锌/英亩,以增加谷物的产量。水稻精米中锌的含量是今后育种中需要重点关注的问题,对水稻产业的精制程度应进行进一步研究。第二个实验以R725(低硒水稻)为试验材料进行田间盆栽,研究了单一锌处理和硒-锌复合处理土对水稻不同部位(谷物,稻壳,糙米和精米)硒和锌含量、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和关键酶活性的影响。此外,还评估了从该实验收获的种子的发芽率和幼苗生活力。结果表明,在硒-锌复合使用的情况下,硒和锌具有相互累积的作用,但硒增加得更多。锌的施用对不同部位的锌含量影响不大,但对类胡萝卜素和水稻产量的积极影响。单施锌显著增加籽粒和稻壳中的锌,锌-硒联合施用对类胡萝卜素,过氧化氢酶活性,谷物产量和总干物质都有积极影响。此外,单施锌和硒-锌复合使用对发芽率和幼苗生长都有积极影响。水稻中硒的积累为:谷物>糙米>精米>果壳。锌-硒复合使用为水稻提供了农艺和营养双重效益,与锌相比,硒大部分积累在可食用部分,但按中国国家硒标准(0.04-0.3毫克/千克),不建议向农民推荐2kg亚硒酸钠/英亩施肥种植水稻,但可以推荐作为药物种植。为了安全食用,需要更加关注田间施肥的用量。在水培试验中,以富硒水稻(Z3055B)和低硒水稻(R725)为材料,设置四种硒浓度:Se0、Se0.1、Se0.25 and Se1(mg/L)。评估18天后硒在水稻中亚细胞分布和化学形态,以了解硒在植物体内的分布情况及对人体健康的硒含量。本试验目的是:(1)探究硒肥对富硒水稻和低硒水稻硒吸收的影响;(2)探讨硒对富硒水稻硒吸收和转运影响的细胞机制;(3)研究不同硒水平对富硒水稻不同组织中硒形态的转化。根据结果显示,富硒水稻中的硒大部分积累在细胞壁和细胞器中,在无硒和低硒条件下均未观察到无机硒。因此,目前的研究结果表明富硒水稻的硒转运和吸收可能是细胞膜,细胞器可能具有较强的硒代谢能力。当前的研究应进一步了解富硒水稻中硒的吸收和转化,为在安全范围内提高谷物中的硒含量、补充人体硒营养提供理论依据。为了食品安全,我们应该更加关注精米中的有机硒和无机硒。

关键词：锌、硒生物强化富硒水稻精米关键酶粮食产量幼苗活力亚细胞分布化学形态

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Participation of private general practitioners in disease management of malaria in Myanmar

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2009年第5期2卷 71-76页

作者： Thein Tun Zaw Win Tun hla Soe Tint Khin Lin Thar Tun Kyaw Moe Kyaw Myint Department of Medical Research(Upper Myanmar) AnisakhanPyin Oo Lwin 05062Mandalay DivisionMyanmar VBDC Divisional Office 35th StreetMandalayMyanmar

Objective:Myanmar has been trying to improve the disease management of malaria through public health services. The involvement of private general practitioners(GPs) is recognized as one of the key contributory issues in malaria control,but no one has yet made an attempt to study the efficiency of their *** study aimed to assess the participation of GPs in improvement of disease ***:The study was conducted with all 32 GPs practicing at three randomly selected townships with high malaria load situated in Upper Myanmar from June 2006 to March 2007 using a pretest-posttest design to assess their knowledge of the disease management prior to and after *** intervention package consisted of a one-day workshop on diagnosis and treatment of malaria and the supply of facilities for *** filled in before and after tests were compared to assess the change of knowledge after the *** and treatment practice during the study period was analysed by review of registers kept by GPs,together with a follow-up survey of their patients for the reliability of ***:An overall improvement of knowledge was observed and significant changes were apparent for three variables:the criteria for referral of severe malaria,the effect of incomplete treatment and recommended treatment of Plasmodium ***-test results showed that only 65.6%of GPs perceived microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Test kits(RDTs) for confirmation of malaria necessary,while only 15.6%and 40.6%of the GPs knew the recommended treatments of falciparum and vivax malaria,respectively. However,after intervention 92%of the patients were diagnosed as malaria by RDTs and 3%by microscopy throughout the *** GPs prescribed artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACTs) to 95%of confirmed falciparum cases and treated 82.4%of RDT confirmed falciparum negatives with chloroquine and *** with our study,an international NGO,Population Service In

关键词： Malaria Myanmar Private health services Disease management Private general practitioners

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