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Quantitative Easing: Money Supply and Commodity Prices of Oil, Gold, and Cocoa in Ghana

Open Journal of Statistics 2023年第5期13卷 663-693页

作者： Samuel kwaku Obeng Samuel Bassah Kofi Quansah Theresa Dowetin Ampem Darko Nsiah Ezekiel Nii Noye Nortey Ebenezer Okyere Research and Statistics Unit Minerals Commission of Ghana Accra Ghana SPARKX Ghana Ltd. Accra Ghana Datus International School Tema Ghana Statistics Unit CID Headquarters Accra Ghana Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana Research and Policy Unit Bank of Ghana Accra Ghana

This study investigates the dynamic relationships between the money supply (M2) and key commodity prices (Cocoa, Gold, and Crude) in the context of Ghana. Utilizing Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) analysis, we analyze the short-term and long-term Granger causality relationships among these variables, aiming to shed light on the potential linkages between monetary policy and commodity markets. The analysis covers the period from December 1999 to April 2023, using lag structures of 1 and 8 to capture both short-term and more enduring effects. Our findings reveal significant Granger causality relationships between the money supply and various commodities, with nuanced patterns emerging across different lags. In the short-run, our results suggest bidirectional causal relationships between COCOA and M2, CRUDE and M2, and GOLD and M2. Additionally, M2 Granger causes changes in COCOA, CRUDE, and GOLD. However, the causal relationship between COCOA and GOLD appears to be unidirectional, with COCOA not significantly Granger causing changes in GOLD. The short-term findings highlight the intricate interplay between monetary policy and commodity markets. In the long-run (lag 8), our analysis unveils robust Granger causality relationships between the variables. Past values of COCOA, CRUDE, and GOLD Granger cause changes in M2, indicating a notable influence of commodity markets on the money supply. Similarly, M2 Granger causes changes in CRUDE and GOLD. Notably, the findings underscore a more comprehensive and intertwined relationship between monetary policy and commodity prices in the long-run. Based on these results, we derive several policy implications. Policymakers should carefully consider the potential impact of monetary policy decisions, such as quantitative easing, on commodity markets and price dynamics. Measures to stabilize commodity prices, promote export diversification, manage inflation expectations, and enhance economic resilience are recommended. Additional

关键词： Quantitative Easing Money Supply Cocoa Gold Crude VECM

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Rooting Response of Air-Layered Shea (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>) Trees to Media and Hormonal Application under Two Different Climatic Conditions

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第9期5卷 1212-1219页

作者： Julius Yeboah Ben kwaku Branoh Banful Peter Yaw Boateng Frank Manu Amoah Bonaventure Kissinger Maalekuu Samuel Tetteh Lowor Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana Tafo-Akim Ghana Department of Horticulture Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. Family;Sapotaceae) indigenous to the Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa has great economic and ecological potential and attributes. Commercial cultivation of the tree is however, hampered by the poor rooting success of its planting material with adverse consequences on field establishment and total fruit yield. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design was carried out in 2012 at Bole in the Interior Savanna agro-ecological zone. The objective was to assess the rooting success of Shea shoots by the air-layering technique using two media types (palm fibre and Sphagnum moss) and three IBA hormone concentrations (0, 5000 and 10,000 ppm) under contrasting climatic (wet and dry) conditions. Layered shoots which were sprayed with 10,000 ppm IBA and wrapped with Sphagnum moss gave significantly (P < 0.05) higher rooting success in terms of more roots per cutting (73.3%) and longer roots per cutting (9.0 cm) than palm fibre at both 5000 ppm (30.0%;3.7 cm) and 10,000 ppm (46.7%;7.9 cm) concentrations. Higher rooting success was significantly achieved in the wet season than in the dry season. Sphagnum moss treated with 10,000 ppm IBA facilitated the translocation of higher levels of sugar and total free phenol (TFP) to the base of the layered shoots which resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of roots and better roots protection from fungal infection than the other treatments. Rooting of layered shoots was affected to a greater extent by low temperatures (Rooting = 836 – 34.2 Temp (low);R2 = 82%, p < 0.001) than by high temperatures (Rooting = 5250 – 175.0 Temp (high);R2 = 64.5%, p < 0.009). Rooting of layered shoots was also significantly and negatively affected by the spread of the canopy of the selected tree such that closed canopy trees resulted in higher and better rooting that open canopy trees (Rooting = 113.87-23.697(Canopy spread);R2 = 89%, p = 0.002;n = 9). Furthermore, significant and

关键词： Vitellaria paradoxa Rooting IBA Auxin Palm Fibre Sphagnum Peat Moss Air-Layering

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Assessment of the Contribution of Road Runoffs to Surface Water Pollution in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2016年第1期4卷 173-190页

作者： Louis Korbla Doamekpor Richmond Darko Raphael kwaku Klake Victus Bobonkey Samlafo Lord Hunuor Bobobee Cornelius Kwame Akpabli Vincent Kodzo Nartey Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana Department of Chemistry Education University of Education Winneba Winneba Ghana

Road runoffs were sampled from five highways and five urban roads located in the New Juaben Municipality during the late storm events in the month of November 2014 and the early storm events in January 2015. A variety of water quality parameters such as, pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), aqueous concentrations of Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (), Nitrate () and Sulphate () ions as well as the total concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr) were analysed for both periods. Although the results for the studied parameters, particularly the heavy metals varied for both sampling periods, the general trend indicated an increase in accumulation from November 2014 to January 2015. This was attributed to vehicular deposition as well as other natural and anthropogenic depositions on the road surfaces during the antecedent dry weather period between the two sampling months. The highest increase in pollutant loadings was associated with the heavy metals and some physico-chemical parameters such as TSS, TDS, EC and turbidity. Generally, EC, TDS, TSS and turbidity were above the permissible limits of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana for both sampling periods. However, almost all the mean concentrations of heavy metals recorded for both road runoffs and the control samples were within the permissible limits of the Ghana EPA with some few exceptions.

关键词： Early Storm Event Late Storm Event Road Runoff Highways Urban Roads New Juaben Municipality

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Family Planning Awareness, Perceptions and Practice among Community Members in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana

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Advances in Reproductive Sciences 2015年第1期3卷 1-12页

作者： Obed Ernest A. Nettey Yeetey A. Enuameh Emmanuel Mahama Abubakari Sulemana George Adjei Stephaney Gyaase Samuel Afari-Asiedu Robert Adda Abena Konadu Yawson Gifty Fosuaa Nuamah Edward Apraku Anane Livesy Abokyi Charles Zandoh Martha Abdulai Ellen Abrafi Boamah Kwame Adjei Seeba Amenga-Etego Francis Dzabeng Charlotte Tawiah-Agyeman Frank Baiden kwaku Poku asante Seth Owusu-Agyei Kintampo Health Research Centre Kintampo Ghana Drexel University School of Public Health Philadelphia USA

Family planning is known to prevent maternal deaths, but some social norms, limited supplies and inconsistent use makes this difficult to achieve in most low- and middle-income countries. In spite of the high fertility levels in most sub-Saharan African countries and the potential economic benefits of family planning, its patronage remains very low in the sub-region. This study was with the objective of identifying the levels of awareness, utilization, access to and perceptions about family planning and contraception. A cross-sectional study design was used for the study, with data collected from multiple sources using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Relevant findings included a marked disconnect between family planning/contraceptive knowledge and use. The pills and injectables were the most frequently used, but females in the study population poorly patronised emergency contraception. Supplies of most family planning methods were found to be health facility based, requiring clients to have to necessarily go there for services. Some respondents harboured perceptions that family planning was the responsibility of females alone and that it fuelled promiscuity among female users. Recommendations made include ensuring that health facilities had adequate staff and expertise to provide facility-based family planning services and also to disabuse the minds of community members of the negative perceptions towards family planning.

关键词： Family Planning Contraception Reproductive Health Kintampo Ghana

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Sand Storage, Extending the Shelf-Life of Fresh Sweetpotato Roots for Home Consumption and Market Sales

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Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2016年第4期6卷 227-236页

作者： Putri Emawati Abidin John Kazembe Richard A. Atuna Francis kwaku Amagloh[ Kwabena Asare EricKuuna Dery Edward Ewing Carey International Potato Center (CIP) c/o CSIR Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SAM) P.O. Box 3 785 Kumasi Ghana CIP P.O. Box 31600 Lilongwe 3 Malawi University for Development Studies (LIDS) P.O. Box TL 1350 Tamale Ghana

Uni-modal rainfall pattern has long dry spell wherein sweetpotato is scarce, expensive but cheap at harvest. The crop is mostly consumed, processed or sold. Extending shelf-life of roots is crucial for Malawi and Northern Ghana as the crop has high value. Trials were conducted in the countries at the community level. In the dry season, temperature is cool in Malawi while warm in Ghana, but thru harmattan, the night is cool with low relative humidity. In Malawi, orange-fleshed sweetpotato Zondeni var., white and yellow types were assessed in three types of storage, Afghan ventilated pit store, storage in dry sand of pit-steps, and of a granary In Ghana, local moistened heap and sandbox were compared. In Malawi, weight losses were calculated relative to the quantity stored at start, it was not cumulative. At 1.5 months no significant difference was among treatments. By 3.5 months the pit-steps method emerged to be superior and continued to 6.5 months. Losses in granary were due to shriveling, in the pit-stepsdue to termites and rats, and in ventilated pit due to termites, rats and Java black rot. Sprouting was high in pit-steps, but it was simply removed and roots returned to storage. At 6.5 months, the beta-carotene of Zondeni roots was traceable. Farmers gained high price when selling them as roots were scarce. Women favored the pit-steps because it was manageable. In Ghana, the sandbox was superior to local moistened heap. Methods designed were suitable for home consumption, but will require modification for commercialization.

关键词： Sand storage sweetpotato orange-fleshed sweetpotato local knowledge shelf-life of storage roots beta-carotene.

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Double Burden of Malnutrition: Toxic Metals in Breast Milk May Limit the Amounts of Micronutrients Available to Infants through Breast Milk

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第3期10卷 298-314页

作者： Adolf Kofi Awua Rose Boatin Theodosia Adom Edward Christian Brown-Appiah Akusika M. Diaba Dominic Datohe David kwaku Bansa Cellular and Clinical Research Centre Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission Accra Ghana Nutrition Research Centre Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission Accra Ghana

Background: The amounts of micronutrients in the diets of infants, and the factors that influence them needs to be monitored at the population level in order to avert detrimental developmental defects that impose lifetime-limitations on an infant’s regulatory and defense systems. This study therefore, sought to evaluate if increasing levels of the toxic metals, Hg, Pb and Cd in breast milk will result in reducing amounts of the micronutrients Zn, Se and Cu in breast milk. Methods: Breast milk samples of 114 women living in two mining areas (57 women each) in Ghana, whose babies’ amounts of breast milk intake at three months postpartum, and amounts of toxic metals had previously been determined in a prospective study, were analyzed for micronutrients by a combination of acid and microwave digestion, and quantifications were by two different modes (hydrogen and helium) of Octapole Reaction System Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (7500 ce. Agilent), equipped with an ASX-510 Auto-sampler (Cetac). Results: All the breast milk specimen collected contained detectable amounts of Cu, Zn, both at levels less than have been previously reported, and Se. For specimen that did not contain Pb the amount of Se ranged from about 110 to 245 ng/g of milk, however, as the amount of Pb increased, the corresponding highest detected amount of Se reduced steeply, resulting in a right-angle triangle-shaped scatter plot. Similar relationships were observed between other toxic metals and micronutrients studied. A curve fitting regression analysis showed significant quadratic and cubic relationships between the amounts of Hg and Se, as well as between Pb, As and Cu. Conclusion: The results clearly suggest a double burden of malnutrition in these mining areas, where high loads of maternal toxic metals in breast milk, related significantly with a progressive reduction in the amounts of the micronutrients Cu and Se in breast milk, potentially reducing in infants’ intake of these micro

关键词： Toxic Metals Micronutrients Breastmilk Mining Infant Nutrition

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Review of Dimension Reduction Methods

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Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing 2021年第3期9卷 189-231页

作者： Salifu Nanga Ahmed Tijani Bawah Benjamin Ansah Acquaye Mac-Issaka Billa Francis Delali Baeta Nii Afotey Odai Samuel kwaku Obeng Ampem Darko Nsiah Department of Basic Science School of Basic and Biomedical Science University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana SANA Research and Consult Accra Ghana University of Management Studies Weija-Accra Ghana Department of Mathematics and Statistics Ho Technical University Ho Ghana Health Information Unit Tema General Hospital Tema Ghana Department of Data Quality Monitoring Ghana Statistical Service Accra Ghana Criminal Investigation Department Ghana Police Service Accra Ghana

Purpose: This study sought to review the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses variants, applications areas and data types applied on the various Dimension Reduction techniques. Methodology: The most commonly used databases employed to search for the papers were ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore and Mendeley. An integrative review was used for the study where 341 papers were reviewed. Results: The linear techniques considered were Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Locality Preserving Projections (LPP), Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Project Pursuit (PP). The non-linear techniques which were developed to work with applications that have complex non-linear structures considered were Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS), Isomap, Locally Linear Embedding (LLE), Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Latent Vector Quantization (LVQ), t-Stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP). DR techniques can further be categorized into supervised, unsupervised and more recently semi-supervised learning methods. The supervised versions are the LDA and

关键词： Dimension Reduction Machine Learning Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques Non-Linear Reduction Techniques

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Domestication and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources of a Native Tree with High Economic Potential in Ghana

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Open Journal of Forestry 2015年第7期5卷 678-685页

作者： Theresa Peprah Kwame Antwi Oduro Daniel E. kwaku Addo Siaw Joseph Rexford Cobbinah Zacharia Tchoundjeu Anthony John Simons Ramni Jamnadass Daniel Aninagyei Ofori CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana Kumasi Ghana College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Sunyani Ghana World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Yaounde Cameroon World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi Kenya

Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev., an underutilized fruit tree species commonly found in tropical rainforest of West Africa, has potential for integration into agroforestry systems for economic and environmental benefits. The seed oil of A. parviflora is considered economically important but wild fruits collection produces an average of 40 tons of oil annually. However, over 100,000 tons of Allanblackia seed oil is needed annually by food and cosmetics industries. The need to domesticate and conserve A. parviflora to ensure adequate sustainable supply of seed oil and to sustainably manage the genetic resources is therefore critical. This paper reviews the current state-of-the art on domestication and sustainable use efforts of Allanblackia. Propagation methods have been developed to encourage large scale commercial cultivation, include grafting, rooting of stem cuttings and research into improved seed germination. Range-wide germplasm collection has been undertaken leading to establishment of 140 accessions in a gene bank for future source of germplasm. Mother blocks, i.e. established plots consisting of grafts, seedlings and cuttings, have been established at Rural Resource Centres with 58 elite clones, which have been recommended for distribution to farmers. The diversification of cropping systems to include A. parviflora trees is projected to contribute to community livelihoods development and poverty reduction through large-scale production and supply chain development of the species. Furthermore, the integration of A. parviflora into agroforestry systems is important for the conservation of the genetic resources of the species.

关键词： Agroforestry Conservation Germplasm Supply Chain Propagation

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First Nationwide Survey on the Resistance to First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Ghana

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2018年第1期6卷 68-80页

作者： Kennedy K. Addo Richard Owusu Christian Bonsu kwaku Owusu-Darko Samuel O. Addo Gloria I. Mensah Mercy J. Newman David Ofori-Adjei Frank A. Bonsu Department of Bacteriology Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research University of Ghana Accra Ghana Department of Microbiology School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana National Tuberculosis Control Programme Accra Ghana

Background/objective: A nationwide survey on the resistance to first line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs was conducted in Ghana from 2007-2008 by Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in collaboration with the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. We aimed to characterize mycobacterial species causing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and determine the resistance pattern to first line anti-TB drugs among newly diagnosed and previously treated PTB patients in Ghana. Methods: Two sputum samples from consented new smear positive PTB patients who had never been treated for TB or had been on anti-TB treatment for less than a month and patients who had been treated for TB previously for more than a month in selected diagnostic centres nationwide were collected for culture, identification and drug susceptibility test. Culture positive isolates were tested against streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R) and ethambutol (E) using the simplified proportion method and line probe assay (LPA). The LPA was performed in mid-2017. Results: Among 410 samples, 345 positive cultures were obtained and identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Of the 345 isolates, 133 were further differentiated by GenoType MTBC®as M. tuberculosis, 126 (94.7%) and M. africanum 7 (5.3%). The overall drug resistance patterns were as follows: 43/345 (12.5%), 6/345 (1.7%), 9/345 (2.6%) and 71/345 (20.6%) were resistant to H, R, E and S respectively and 5/345 (1.4%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusion: The results indicate high levels of resistance to S and H among new and previously treated TB patients. We recommend adequate surveillance systems including periodic national anti-TB drug resistance surveys.

关键词： Tuberculosis National Survey Drug Resistance Ghana

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Ecology, Distribution and Risk of Transmission of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers by Aedes Mosquitoes around the Port Areas of Tema in Southern Ghana

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Advances in Entomology 2022年第2期10卷 135-148页

作者： Kenechukwu C. Ojukwu Joseph Chabi Kwadwo Frempong Delphina A. Adabie-Gomez Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei Andy Asafu-Adjaye Sellase Pi-Bansa Michelle Adimazoya Kojo Y. Sakyi kwaku O. Akuoko Ruth Brenyah Maxwell A. Appawu Samuel Kweku Dadzie African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana Parasitology Department Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research University of Ghana Accra Ghana School of Veterinary Medicine University of Ghana Accra Ghana Department of Clinical Microbiology School of Medical Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

Aedes-borne diseases remain a public health challenge for many countries globally. The extent of spread of invasive species of Aedes mosquitoes and risk of transmission of the diseases especially around the point of entry of goods such as ports is not well known in Ghana. This study investigated the ecology, distribution and risk of transmission of viral haemorrhagic fevers by Aedes mosquitoes around the port areas of Tema, Southern Ghana. The mosquitoes from this study were collected using human landing catches, ovitraps and larval collections for a period of six months. A total of 1092 containers were inspected in both seasons and of these, 237 (21.7%) were positive for mosquito larvae or pupae in rainy season while 181 (16.6%) were positive in dry season. A total of 6498 mosquitoes were collected and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys. 6038 (92.9%) were Aedes aegypti, 337 (5.2%) were Culex spp. and 123 (1.9%) were Anopheles gambiae. The Ae. aegypti larvae were found breeding in a series of water-holding containers which included disposed plastic containers, earthenware pots, car tyres, plastic barrels, plastic basins, buckets, metal drums, jerrycans and poly tank. A high proportion of Aedes aegypti eggs were found in the ovitraps during the rainy season than in the dry season in the study sites. Ae. aegypti was the most common mosquitoes biting mostly outdoors (65.6%) with more bites occurring in the rainy season (63.6%) in the two residential sites (Tema Community One and Tema New Town). The risk of transmission of viral haemorrhagic fever in the study sites was assessed using House Index, Container Index, Breteau Index and was found to be higher in Tema New town area with seasonal variations within the sites. The man-vector contact rates for the two residential sites were also found to be higher in rainy season than the dry season. These observations indicate that the risk of transmission of viral haemorrhagic fevers in the study areas is high espe

关键词： Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers Tema Port Areas Aedes Risk of Transmission

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