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Impact of Anthropogenic Factor on Karst Landscape (Zemo Imereti Structural Plateau Case Study), Georgia, Caucasus

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Open Journal of Geology 2020年第7期10卷 771-783页

作者： Zaza Lezhava kukuri tsikarishvili Lasha Asanidze Nino Chikhradze Guranda Avkopashvili Tamari Tolordava Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia School of Natural Sciences and Medicine Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia Elevter Andronikashvili Institute of Physics Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia

The Zemo Imereti (Chiatura) Structural Plateau covers the easternmost part of the western Georgia limestone belt and is the only region of the platform karst in the entire Caucasus. Zemo Imereti Plateau’s complex structural studies revealed that the karst landscape has been completely transformed due to human strong economic activities, mainly related to the manganese unplanned, predatory extraction. The ore mining process completely destroyed the soil and vegetation cover thus creating “anthropo-badlands”. Due to manganese open-cast mining, the layers located over limestones are almost totally removed and heavy rains stipulate intense washout of substances from loose rocks. Intense washout of manganese extracted from mines and high contamination of river water streams take place directly in the river beds. Karst sinkholes and wells are common in the plateau, which are often used as waste fills-storages by the local population. Contaminated underground karst waters flowing into the above mentioned landforms are directly related to the karst springs used by the population and occasionally cause their turbidity and contamination, which is also confirmed by our indicator tests. As a laboratory study of the samples showed, mineralization of underground karst waters in the study area is 1.5 - 3 times higher than similar values in neighboring karst areas, which should be explained by the widespread of manganese open pits in the feeding basins of underground karst waters. According to the materials obtained from our surveys and calculations carried out, karst (chemical) denudation (surface 64.2 - 190.6 m3/km2/year, underground 1.5 - 117.0 m3/km2/year) has been increased in the study area than in other karst regions of Georgia, which is also related to technologic factors.

关键词： Karst Anthropogenic Factor Geoecology Georgia

Karst Relief Development History of Zemo Imereti Plateau, Georgia, Caucasus

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第3期9卷 201-212页

作者： Zaza Lezhava kukuri tsikarishvili Lasha Asanidze Nino Chikhradze Giorgi Chartolani Ani Sherozia Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography TSU Tbilisi Georgia School of Natural Sciences and Engineering Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia

The history of karst terrestrial development has been restored on the background of many years’ field, experimental and laboratory researches (underground water tracing, structural deciphering of aerophotocytes, analysis of boreholes and geological wounds) and analysis of the current literary sources carried out by us in the Zemo Imereti Plateau. Within the study area, karst and karst forms of the Jurassic-Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) and Post-Miocene (Sarmati) period were revealed. Lithobiostratigraphic analysis of cave subterranean sediments enabled us to identify the cave age. In Zemo Imereti Plateau, in the caves located on higher hypsometric levels, the sedimentation of subterranean sediments began in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene and it seemed that the caves’ formation was mainly completed in the mentioned territory.

关键词： Karst Cave Plateau Zemo Imereti Georgia

Sedimentological Study of Caves in the Zemo Imereti Plateau, Georgia, Caucasus Region

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第4期7卷 465-477页

作者： Lasha Asanidze Nino Chikhradze Zaza Lezhava kukuri tsikarishvili Jason Polk Giorgi Chartolani Vakhushti Bagrationi institute of Geography Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Department of Geomorphology Tbilisi Georgia School of Natural Sciences and Engineering Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia Center for Human Geo Environmental Studies Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Kentucky USA

The Zemo Imereti Plateau is located in the easternmost part of the limestone region of western Georgia and is Caucasus’ only karst plateau. It is centrally located in a relatively elevated part of the intermountain plain of the country of Georgia. Lithostratigraphical (petrographic, mineralogical, and XRD) research on terrigenous sediments found in caves in the region was conducted in the Upper Cretaceous limestones located at different hypsometric levels (400 - 700 m). This study focused on allochthonous deposits, which, due to sedimentological features, contains significant and complete information for paleogeographic reconstruction as opposed to the autochthonous sediments. Source provinces of the sediments’ origin were determined using petrographic analysis. Lithological study of the terrigenous sediments indicated their origin from the Racha range, as well as their transportation mechanisms, and sedimentation conditions during deposition. Approximate ages (the end of the Middle Pleistocene and the beginning of the Late Pleistocene) of ancient terrestrial sediments in Rganisklde Cave were achieved by taking into account the geological and geomorphological development of the region. Lithostratigraphical analysis of the cave deposits and modern archaeological data indicate that the formation of the caves in the Zemo Imereti plateau took place mainly during the end of the Middle Pleistocene and in the beginning of the Pleistocene;while on the southern slope of the Racha range and in the surrounding area of Ertso-Tsona (Caucasus southern slope), they formed in the Early Pleistocene.

关键词： Terrigenous Sediments Geomorphologic Evolution Zemo Imereti Plateau Georgia

Geoecological Monitoring of Karst Water in Georgia, Caucasus (Case Study of Racha Limestone Massif)

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第6期7卷 822-829页

作者： Lasha Asanidze Guranda Avkopashvili kukuri tsikarishvili Zaza Lezhava Nino Chikhradze Marika Avkopashvili Zurab Samkharadze Giorgi Chartolani Department of Geomorphology and Geoecology Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia Condensed Matter Physics Department Andronikashvili Institute of Physics Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia School of Natural Sciences and Engineering Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia Department of Geography Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia R. Agladze Institute of Chemistry and Electrochemistry Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia

Karst groundwater is the major natural resource of drinking water for many countries in the world. Especially in karstic regions, karst water requirements for settlements are provided from karst aquifers. Also, we should consider, that karst groundwater is becoming more and more valuable for drinking water supply. Thus, karst groundwater quality and permanent ecological monitoring are very important for populations. Moreover, if we consider that the karst landscape is the extremely sensitive system towards anthropogenic activities, since exaclty the anthropogenic activities largely identify the karst water pollution-turbidity causing factors. This paper presents a new study regarding the quality of the karst groundwater of the study area, which contains important resource of drinking water. In the mentioned study, 12 water samples were collected from different locations of the 4 main karst springs (Krikhula, Dolabistavi, Kidobana and Sakishore) during the spring and summer of 2014 and 2015 years. The main aim was to identify chemical compositions (Ni, Ag, Co, Cd, Zn, Pb, Al, Mg, Fe, F, Cu), and also, it was important to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli). Our research regarding all these chemical compositions shows that all the values are low and under the environmental limit according to the Georgian standards. We measured chemical parameters of all these samples by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) in the chemical laboratory of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, country of Georgia.

关键词： Karst Water Geoecological Monitoring Limestone Massif Georgia

Hydro-Meteorological Monitoring of Tskaltubo (Prometheus) Cave System’s Catchment Basin (Caucasus, Western Georgia)

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第12期7卷 1774-1785页

作者： Lezhava Zaza tsikarishvili kukuri Bolashvili Nana Chartolani Giorgi Chikhradze Nino Naskidashvili Akaki Dvalashvili Giorgi Dzagnidze Suliko Khomasuridze Zurab Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia School of Natural Sciences and Engineering Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia Akaki Tsereteli State University Kutaisi Georgia

Based on the present simultaneous hydrometeorological data and the analysis of the actual materials obtained by our studies, we can suppose the fact of the occurrence of powerful underground floodings in the hydrodynamic system of the Tskaltubo Cave. The simultaneous records of the water levels (discharges) of the underground rivers and atmospheric precipitation show that there are importantly clear peaks in the hydrographs, when the diurnal sums of precipitations reach or exceed 50 mm in all observation points (in all surface catchment basins defined by us). Though, a long-term observation revealed that only 50 mm of precipitation diurnal sum is not enough for the formation of strong underground flooding in the cave hydrodynamic system;a rainy period of several days should precede such kind of precipitation so that the soil was well saturated with water. Only under these conditions is expected a powerful flooding. As the analysis of the dangerous flooding formation mechanism showed, what is important is not the abundance of diurnal precipitation and their intensity, but the combination of factors such as: the total amount and duration of precipitation of the predecessor period, precipitation amount during the flooding maximum development days and the coverage rate of the cave system’s surface water catchment area.

关键词： Estavela Disaster Siphon Charge Flooding