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Patients’ Experiences of Trust in the Patient-Nurse Relationship——A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Open Journal of Nursing 2015年第3期5卷 195-209页

作者： kristine Rortveit Britt Satre Hansen Ingrid Leiknes Inge Joa Ingelin Testad Elisabeth Severinsson Stavanger University Hospital StavangerNorway Department of Health Studies Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of StavangerStavangerNorway Centre for Movement Disorders Stavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway Division of Psychiatry Regional Centre for Clinical Research in PsychosisStavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway Regional Centre for Age-Related Medicine(SESAM) Stavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway Department of Research Stavanger University HospitalStavangerNorway

Aims and Objectives: To report a synthesis of the literature on the meaning of trust in the context of patients’ experiences of nursing. The review question was “How do patients describe the meaning of trust in the nursing relationship?” Background: Trust is essential in nursing as it has the potential to create opportunities for the human being to gain faith, hope and meaning in life as well as open up for new experiences. Trust is an interpersonal and essential element of all patient-nurse relationships and requires nurses to create a trusting relationship with the patients. Design: Systematic qualitative literature review. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted for the period January 2002 to December 2012, updated in January 2014. 20 papers were included. Results: Four categories emerged: Attitudes related to trust, indicating that trust is fundamental and existential;Experiences of trust, concerning how trust can be sensed;The patient-nurse relationship, revealing the qualities of the person who creates trust;and Where trust occurs, illuminating the contextual relevancies of trust. Conclusions: Patients’ experiences of trust in nursing are dependent on the nurses’ knowledge, level of commitment in the dialogue to creating and developing the relationship and contextual issues. Implications for nursing practice: Reflection on a trusting relationship with the patient is necessary for a deeper conceptual understanding of trust in nursing. Clinical nurse researchers nurse supervisors, managers and nurse educatorsshould discuss different areas of trust during nursing supervision and focus-group meetings as well as with nursing graduates to ensure that nurses develop knowledge of how to create a trusting patient-nurse relationship.

关键词： Patient-Nurse Relationship Patient Experience Qualitative Literature Review Trust

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Diagnostic approach to patients with cholestatic jaundice

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World Journal of gastroenterology 1999年第3期5卷 252-262页

作者： Assy N Jacob g Spira g Edoute Y Liver Disease Unit and Department of Internal Medicine C Rambam Medical Center Haifa and Department of Anatomy the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to any form of hepatobiliary disease is essentially the result of impairment in bile formation and/or bile flow, a condition known as cholestasis[1,2].

关键词： AIDS cell US ERCP ggT Diagnostic approach to patients with cholestatic jaundice PBC TPN

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Influence of Rotational Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal AISI 304-AISI 4140 Continuous Drive Friction Welds

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2012年第10期19卷 64-73页

作者： g Subhash Chander g Madhusudhan Reddy A Venugopal Rao Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science and Technology Khammam 507002APIndia Defense Metallurgical Research Laboratory Kanchanbagh 500058APIndia

Fundamental investigation of continuous drive friction welding of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) and low alloy steel (AISI 4140) is described. The emphasis is made on the influence of rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, notch tensile strength and impact toughness of the dissimilar joints. Hardness profiles across the weld show the interface is harder than the respective parent metals. In general, maximum peak hardness is observed on the stainless steel side, while other peak hardness is on the low alloy steel side. A trough in hardness distribution in between the peaks is located on the low alloy steel side. Peak hardness on the stainless steel and low alloy steel side close to the interface increases with a decrease in rotational speed. All transverse tensile joints fractured on stainless steel side near the interface. Notch tensile strength and impact toughness increase with increase in rotational speed up to 1 500 r/min and decrease thereafter. The mechanism of influence of rotational speed for the observed trends is discussed in the torque, displacement characteristics, heat generation, microstructure, fractography and mechanical properties.

关键词： friction welding dissimilar metal joint austenitic stainless steel low alloy steel microstructure impact toughness tensile strength

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Injection molding of micro-porous titanium alloy with space holder technique

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Rare Metals 2011年第6期30卷 565-571页

作者： gülsah Engin Bülent Aydemir H.zkan gülsoy Marmara University Institute Graduate Studies Pure and Applied Sciences TUBITAK National Metrology Institute Marmara University Technical Education FacultyMaterials Department Tubitak-MRC Materials Technologies Research Institute

The powder space holder （PSH） and powder injection molding （PIM） methods have an industrial competitive advantage because they are capable of the net-shape production of micro-sized porous parts. In this study, micro-porous Ti6Al4V alloy （Ti64） parts were produced by the PSH-PIM process. Ti64 alloy powder and spherical polymethylrnethacrylate （PMMA） particles were used as a space holder material. After molding, binder debinding was performed by thermal method under inert gas. Debinded samples were sintered at 1250℃ for 60min in a vacuum （10-4 Pa）. Metallographic studies were conducted to determine densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The surface of sintered samples was examined by SEM. The compressive stress and elastic modulus of the rificro-porous Ti64 samples were determined. The effects of fraction of PMMA on the properties of sintered micro-porous Ti64 alloy samples were investigated. It was shown that the fraction of PMMA could be controlled to affect the properties of the Ti alloy.

关键词： powder injection molding titanium powder porous metal sintering

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Materials and technology of Chinese jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050―771 BCE)

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第4期51卷 467-480页

作者： Janet g DOUgLAS Department of Conservation and Scientific Research Freer Gallery of Art / Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Smithsonian Institution

Excavated jades dating to the Western Zhou period (1050―771 BCE) from the Xi’an area in Shaanxi Province, China, and contemporaneous jades in the collections of the Arthur M. Sackler gallery at the Smithsonian Institution have been studied to learn about the jade and stone materials and how they were worked during the Western Zhou period. Materials identification was carried out using a combination of techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Tool marks were studied using stereomicroscopy and examination of mold impressions using scanning electron microscopy. All of these objects were pro- duced through simple processes involving solid drilling, riffling, and sharp point abrasion; and no evidence was found for the use of rotary tools for incising or sawing.

关键词： jade nephrite stone China Western Zhou scanning electron microscopy materials technology tool marks

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glossary:A supplement to “Submarine fans:A critical retrospective(1950-2015)” in the Journal of Palaeogeography (2016,5[2])

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2016年第3期5卷 258-277页

作者： g.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at Arlington

In this gtossary, setected terms and concepts associated with submarine fans are defined.

关键词： Submarine fans Submarine canyons Submarine channeLs Submarine Lobes Abyssal plains

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Hadron spectroscopy from B-factories

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Chinese Physics C 2010年第9期34卷 1195-1200页

作者： g.Pakhlova Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics(Russia)

We review the recent experimental results on hadron spectroscopy from B-factories focusing on the exotic charmonium-like *** them we discuss the X（3872）,Y（3940）,Z（4430）＋,Z（4050）＋,Z（4250）＋ and Y（4140） states found in B-meson decays,the X（3940） and X（4160） states produced in double charmonium production,the Y（4260）,Y（4325）,Y（4660） and X（4630） states produced with initial-state radiation in e ＋ eannihilation and the X（3915）,Y（4350） states observed in two-photon collisions.

关键词： hadron spectroscopy charmonium charmonium-like states charm mesons cross section

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Recent results on hadron spectroscopy from BES

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Chinese Physics C 2010年第6期34卷 638-643页

作者： Klaus gtzen gSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung gmbH

The BES-Ⅲ Detector is a very versatile multipurpose device located at the Institute of High Energy Physics （IHEP） in Beijing, China. Concerning the physics program it ties stringently up to the past BES and BES-Ⅱ experiments. Since start of the data taking in the middle of 2008 the accumulated dataset of 200.10^6 J/ψ events and 100.10^6 ψ＇ events already exceeds the world data on these resonances. In addition to studies of the charmonium systems the data offers great opportunity for investigations in the light hadron sector. In detail it will be reported about the confirmation of the enhancement in pp invariant mass in radiative J/ψ decays, the search for decays Y（2175） → K＊0K＊0, observation of a charged K^± in K^±π^0 and observation of a new excited baryon N＊（2065） decaying to pπ^0 and charged onjugate. The first result is based on data taken by BES-Ⅱ and BES-Ⅲ, the latter three on data collected by BES-Ⅱ only.

关键词： light hadrons BES X(1860) Y(2175) k^+ N*(2065)

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An approach for optimization of the wall thickness (weight) of a thick-walled cylinder under axially non-uniform internal service pressure distribution

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2017年第3期13卷 150-157页

作者： Onur güngor MKE Kurumu Mühimmat Fabrikas Ar-ge Müdürlügü 71100 Merkez

Today, improving the weight/load carrying capacity ratio of a part is the matter of studies in most of the scientific and industrial *** dimensions, the amount of material removed from outer and inner radius while manufacturing and the service pressure applied affect the residual stress distribution throughout the wall thickness and hence the load-bearing capacity of a thick-walled cylinder. Calculation of residual stresses after autofrettage process and optimization of autofrettage outline dimensions by using the amount of service pressures applied are common issues in *** this study, mandrel-cylinder tube interference dimensions were renovated by using traditional methods for swage autofrettage process of a gun barrel. Also, the residual stresses in the cylinder after autofrettage process, inside and outside material removal process and the variable service pressure throughout the cylinder applied were taken into consideration and incorporated into the design. By using the constrained optimization method, wall thickness(thus the weight) was optimized(minimized)to achieve the specified safety factor along the length of the cylinder. For the same cylinder, the results of the suggested analytical/with residual stress calculation approach were compared to analytical/without residual stress calculation results and numerical topology optimization method calculation results. Since the experimental measurement results are not yet available, it was not possible to compare them with the calculation *** suggested approach enabled 22.9% extra weight reduction in proportion to numerical topology optimization and enabled 4.2% extra weight reduction in proportion to analytical/without residual stress *** this approach, the gain from residual stresses after autofrettage operation, the loss of residual stresses after material removal, and the effects of service pressures can be taken into account for each stage of design.

关键词：尺寸优化圆筒壁厚厚壁圆筒载重量残余应力分析非均匀应力计算方法自增强材料

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The landslide problem

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2015年第2期4卷 109-166页

作者： g.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at Arlington

The synonymous use of the general term ＂landslide＂, with a built-in reference to a sliding motion, for all varieties of mass-transport deposits （MTD）, which include slides, slumps, debrites, topples, creeps, debris avalanches etc. in subaerial, sublacustrine, sub- marine, and extraterrestrial environments has created a multitude of conceptual and nomen- clatural problems. In addition, concepts of triggers and Iong-runout mechanisms of mass movements are loosely applied without rigor. These problems have enormous implications for studies in process sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, palaeogeography, petroleum geol- ogy, and engineering geology. Therefore, the objective of this critical review is to identify key problems and to provide conceptual clarity and possible solutions. Specific issues are the fol- lowing：（1） According to ＂limit equilibrium analyses＂ in soil mechanics, sediment failure with a sliding motion is initiated over a shear surface when the factor of safety for slope stability （F） is less than 1. However, the term landslide is not meaningful for debris flows with a flowing mo- tion. （2） Sliding motion can be measured in oriented core and outcrop, but such measurement is not practical on seismic profiles or radar images. （3） Although 79 MTD types exist in the geological and engineering literature, only slides, slumps, and debrites are viable depositional facies for interpreting ancient stratigraphic records. （4） The use of the term landslide for high- velocity debris avalanches is inappropriate because velocities of mass-transport processes cannot be determined in the rock record. （5） Of the 21 potential triggering mechanisms of sediment failures, frequent short-term events that last for only a few minutes to several hours or days （e.g., earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, etc.） are more relevant in controlling deposition of deep-water sands than sporadic long-term events that last for thousands to millions of years （e.g.,

关键词： debris flows landslides mass-transport deposits (MTD) slides slumps soilstrength triggering mechanisms reservoir characterization

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